Combating academic fraud論文抄襲之戰(zhàn).

1、3. Combating Academic Fraud Guidelines: nUbiquity(普遍性）普遍性）of academic fraud nVariety of academic fraud nCauses and consequences nStrategies to combat it It is commonly known that Examination has an evil twin called Cheat. Exam cheats and academic fraud are nothing new to education. What is new, perh

2、aps, is the ways in which these misconducts permeate education and academic circle and how they have flourished with the invention of new technologies and changes in consumer culture. (1) Ubiquity of academic fraud The prevailing exam cheats and academic fraud appears to be on the increase across th

3、e world. It is an epidemic virus influencing all aspects of education world and the whole society as well. It is a costly threat to societies, to the public trust in the reliability and security of educational institutions and personal integrity. (2)The prevailing variety of academic fraud Fraud in

4、academic life can take many forms. It occurs in schools at different levels just as in various sectors of the broader society beyond the academic world. The perpetrators(犯罪者犯罪者) include students, teachers, educational administrators, and other professionals. Examination cheating (high stakes examina

5、tions): Students cheating on tests is the most familiar type of misconduct in education. Students smuggle unauthorized material into the exam room. Candidates hide notes in their socks or pockets, or write them on arms. Now, however, technology makes it possible to import information in small electr

6、onic devices and even to transmit exam questions and answers within seconds to candidates in an exam room as well as to other locations within and even outside the country. In addition to theft and sale of exam papers, offences include bribery of invigilators(監(jiān)考者監(jiān)考者) and examiners, impersonation (gu

7、nners), forgery and falsification(篡改篡改)of the results. Leakage Leakage of information on exam papers is widespread, all the way from administrative offices to local exam sites. In the case of exam for entry to higher education, backdoors means such as bribery and personal or political influence are

8、common in many places. Plagiarism pled,rzm Plagiarism in academic and professional activity has become more and common as the demand for faculty productivity has grown and the volume of publication has increased. Students at all stages in education are able to purchase course papers and even doctora

9、l theses over the Internet and are thus initiated into the market for ready-made academic products. Even experienced professionals have been culpable(應(yīng)受責(zé)備應(yīng)受責(zé)備 的的)of misconduct, whether due to deliberate actions or simple carelessness and neglect, and have suffered damage to their reputations for it.

10、 Causes and consequences The reasons for fraudulent（欺騙的）欺騙的） behavior are not hard to identify. Our society attaches more and more prominence to academic degrees and credentials（資質(zhì)等級證書）資質(zhì)等級證書） for educational, occupational and social advancement. Success in school and in academic life has great valu

11、e. Success in exams opens the door to higher education and professional training. It promises better opportunities toward the higher position in academic ladder. As the society has become more and more competitive, so has academic competition. Along with such increased competitiveness, numerous and

12、complex forms of misconduct have developed, amounting to academic fraud. For example, researchers are motivated by the prestige that comes from being first a scientific discovery, or the financial rewards of marketing a new drug. Teachers are motivated by promotion in academic titles. In former time

13、s, cases of academic misconduct had been limited to individual instances and to a few kind of fraud. But nowadays number and range of these practices has extended to widespread misconduct, individual and systematic, organized and institutional. nAdvances in electronic communication have added to the

14、 problems. Exam candidates now have access to devices such as miniature receivers to obtain the right answers. Computer as a fast and effective aid to cheating is more and more popular. The possibilities of plagiarism are enhanced by web sites where finished papers are available for purchase and eas

15、y transfer to students. nThe consequences of academic fraud are a decline in trust and integrity in individuals and the educational institution as well. Combating academic fraud toward a culture of integrity nSociety in general and the educational world in particular is becoming aware of this proble

16、m and looking for ways to limit it. nIn the academic world, the battle against cheating seems both overwhelming and enduring. Different countries have different approaches to tackle the problem. nTo deter this rampant business which damages academic integrity, educational institutions are drafting a

17、 set of national standards concerning ghostwriters（為人代寫的為人代寫的 作者）作者）, impersonation（替考）（替考）in exams and plagiarism. nOfficial agencies should be involved in the research on control and detection of academic misconduct at all levels. nStrict penalties should be imposed. Authorities are seeking ways to prevent cheating in the Chinese civil service examinations by searching candidates for crib（抄襲抄襲 ）not