探析我國機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展方向

1、探析我國機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展方向摘要：機(jī)械制造技術(shù)不僅是衡量一個國家科技發(fā)展水平的重要標(biāo)志，也是國際間科技競爭的重點。本文對我國機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀及技術(shù)特點進(jìn)行分析，并簡述了21世紀(jì)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向。 我國正處于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時期，制造技術(shù)是我們的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。只有跟上先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的世界潮流，將其放在戰(zhàn)略優(yōu)先地位，并以足夠的力度予以實施，才能盡快縮小與發(fā)達(dá)國家的差距，才能在激烈的市場競爭中立于不敗之地。 一、我國機(jī)械制造技術(shù)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀分析 機(jī)械制造技術(shù)是研究產(chǎn)品設(shè)計、生產(chǎn)、加工制造、銷售使用、維修服務(wù)乃至回收再生的整個過程的工程學(xué)科，是以提高質(zhì)量、效益、競爭力為目標(biāo)，包含物質(zhì)流、信息流和

2、能量流的完整的系統(tǒng)工程。 20世紀(jì)70年代以前，產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)相對比較簡單，一個新產(chǎn)品上市，很快就會有相同功能的產(chǎn)品跟著上市。20世紀(jì)80年代以后，隨著市場全球化的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，市場競爭變得越來越激烈。 20世紀(jì)90年代初，隨著cims技術(shù)的大力推廣應(yīng)用，包括有cims實驗工程中心和7個開放實驗室的研究環(huán)境已建成。在全國范圍內(nèi)，部署了cims的若干研究項目，諸如cims軟件工程與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、開放式系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)與發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，cims總體與集成技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計自動化、工藝設(shè)計自動化、柔性制造技術(shù)、管理與決策信息系統(tǒng)、質(zhì)量保證技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)與數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)以及系統(tǒng)理論和方法等均取得了豐碩成果，獲得不同程度的進(jìn)展。但因大部分大

3、型機(jī)械制造企業(yè)和絕大部分中小型機(jī)械制造企業(yè)主要限于cad和管理信息系統(tǒng)，底層基礎(chǔ)自動化還十分薄弱，數(shù)控機(jī)床由于編程復(fù)雜，還沒有真正發(fā)揮作用。因此，與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家相比，我國的制造業(yè)仍然存在一個階段性的整體上的差距。 目前，我國已加入wto，機(jī)械制造業(yè)面臨著巨大的挑戰(zhàn)與新的機(jī)遇。因此，我國機(jī)械制造業(yè)不能單純的沿著20世紀(jì)凸輪及其機(jī)構(gòu)為基礎(chǔ)采用專用機(jī)床、專用夾具、專用刀具組成的流水式生產(chǎn)線剛性自動化發(fā)展。而是要全面拓展，面向五化發(fā)展，即全球化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、虛擬化、自動化、綠色化。 二、機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的特點做好基礎(chǔ)自動化的工作仍是我國制造企業(yè)一項十分緊迫而艱巨的任務(wù)。但加工中心無論是數(shù)量還是利用率都很低?？?/p>

4、編程控制器的使用并不普及，工業(yè)機(jī)器人的應(yīng)用還很有限。因此，我們要立足于我國的實際情況，在看到國際上制造業(yè)發(fā)展趨勢的同時扎扎實實地做好基礎(chǔ)工作。 1.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)是一個系統(tǒng)工程 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)特別強(qiáng)調(diào)計算機(jī)技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、傳感技術(shù)、自動化技術(shù)、新材料技術(shù)和現(xiàn)代系統(tǒng)管理技術(shù)在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計、制造和生產(chǎn)組織管理、銷售及售后服務(wù)等方面的應(yīng)用。它要不斷吸收各種高新技術(shù)成果與傳統(tǒng)制造技術(shù)相結(jié)合，使制造技術(shù)成為能駕馭生產(chǎn)過程的物質(zhì)流、能量流和信息流的系統(tǒng)工程。 2.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)是一個綜合性技術(shù) 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)應(yīng)用的目標(biāo)是為了提高企業(yè)競爭和促進(jìn)國家經(jīng)濟(jì)和綜合實力的增長。因此，它并不限于制造過程本身，它涉及產(chǎn)品從市場調(diào)研

5、、產(chǎn)品開發(fā)及工藝設(shè)計、生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備、加工制造、售后服務(wù)等產(chǎn)品壽命周期的所有內(nèi)容，并將它們結(jié)合成一個有機(jī)的整體。以便提高制造業(yè)的綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會效益。 3.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)是市場競爭要素的統(tǒng)一體 市場競爭的核心是如何提高生產(chǎn)率。隨著市場全球化的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，20世紀(jì)80年代以后，制造業(yè)要贏得市場競爭的主要矛盾已經(jīng)從提高勞動生產(chǎn)率轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐詴r間為核心的時間、成本和質(zhì)量的三要素的矛盾。先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)把這三個矛盾有機(jī)結(jié)合起來，使三者達(dá)到了統(tǒng)一。 4.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)是一個世界性技術(shù) 20世紀(jì)80年代以來，隨著全球市場的形成，發(fā)達(dá)國家通過金融、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技手段爭奪市場，傾銷產(chǎn)品，輸出資本，使得市場競爭變得越來越激烈，為適

6、應(yīng)這種激烈的市場競爭，一個國家的先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)應(yīng)具有世界先進(jìn)水平，應(yīng)能支持該國制造業(yè)在全球市場的競爭力。同時，機(jī)械制造技術(shù)是面向21世紀(jì)的技術(shù)，應(yīng)與現(xiàn)代高新技術(shù)相結(jié)合，應(yīng)是有明確范疇的新的技術(shù)領(lǐng)域。 三、我國機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)是制造技術(shù)的最新發(fā)展階段，是由傳統(tǒng)的制造技術(shù)發(fā)展起來的，既保持了過去制造技術(shù)中的有效要素，又要不斷吸收各種高新技術(shù)成果，并滲透到產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的所有領(lǐng)域及其全部過程。 20世紀(jì)80年代，隨著掃描顯微鏡的發(fā)明和使用，人類認(rèn)識世界和改造世界的能力進(jìn)入納米尺度，納米技術(shù)是指實現(xiàn)納米級精度，是一種在納米尺度上研究原子和分子結(jié)構(gòu)，物質(zhì)特性及相互作用與運動，并運用這種技術(shù)為

7、人類服務(wù)的高新技術(shù)，納米技術(shù)對制造業(yè)產(chǎn)生了很大的影響，其應(yīng)用范圍將非常廣泛，包括納米材料技術(shù)、納米加工技術(shù)、納米裝配技術(shù)和納米測量技術(shù)等。 超精密加工的加工精度在2000年已達(dá)到納米級，在21世紀(jì)初開發(fā)的分子束生長技術(shù)、離子注入技術(shù)和材料合成、掃描隧道工程（ste）可使加工精度達(dá)到0.00030.0001m，現(xiàn)在精密工程正向其終極目標(biāo)原子級精度的加工逼近，也就是說，可以做到移動原子級別的加工。 現(xiàn)代機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展主要表現(xiàn)在兩個方向上：一是精密工程技術(shù)，以超精密加工的前沿部分、微細(xì)加工、納米技術(shù)為代表，將進(jìn)入微型機(jī)械電子技術(shù)和微型機(jī)器人的時代；二是機(jī)械制造的高度自動化，以cims和敏捷制造等

8、的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展為代表。 1.精密成形技術(shù)成形制造技術(shù)包括鑄造、焊接、塑性加工等。精密成形技術(shù)包括：精密鑄造（濕膜精密成形鑄造、剛型精密成形鑄造、高精度造芯）、精密鍛壓（冷濕精密成形、精密沖裁）、精密熱塑性成形、精密焊接與切割等。 2.無切削液加工無切削液加工的主要應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域是機(jī)械加工行業(yè)，無切削液加工簡化了工藝、減少了成本并消除了冷卻液帶來的一系列問題，如廢液排放和回收等等。 3.快速成形技術(shù)快速原型零件制造技術(shù)（rpm），其設(shè)計突破了傳統(tǒng)加工技術(shù)所采用的材料去除的原則，而采用添加、累積的原理。其代表性技術(shù)有分層實體制造（lom），熔化沉積制造（fdm）等等。 由于以上工藝和技術(shù)不僅減少了原材料和

9、能源的耗用量或縮短了開發(fā)周期、減少了成本，而且有些工藝的改進(jìn)對環(huán)境起到保護(hù)作用，因此被稱為綠色制造工藝。綠色制造是人類社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展在制造業(yè)中的體現(xiàn)。這一切除了工藝革新外，還必須依靠信息技術(shù)，通過計算機(jī)的模擬、仿真，才能實現(xiàn)。 四、結(jié)論 現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)是現(xiàn)代技術(shù)和工業(yè)創(chuàng)新的集成，是國家制造業(yè)的水平的主要標(biāo)志，也是國家工業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)和支柱。隨著社會的發(fā)展，人們對產(chǎn)品的要求也發(fā)生了很大變化，要求品種要多樣、更新要快捷、質(zhì)量要高檔、使用要方便、價格要合理、外形要美觀、自動化程度要高、售后服務(wù)要好、要滿足人們越來越高的要求，就必須采用先進(jìn)的機(jī)械制造技術(shù)。因此，我們應(yīng)抓住機(jī)遇，了解我國機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，

10、把握現(xiàn)代機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢，使我國現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)與世界發(fā)達(dá)國家站在同一起跑線上。analysis of chinas machinery manufacturing technology and development status abstract: the mechanical manufacturing technology is not only a measure of a country an important indicator of the level of technological development is the focus of international tec

11、hnological competition. in this paper, the status of chinas machinery manufacturing technology and technical features were analyzed and summarized in the 21st century machinery manufacturing technology development. china is in a critical period of economic development, manufacturing technology is ou

12、r weak link. only to keep up with the world trend of advanced manufacturing technology, put it in the strategic priority and be implemented with sufficient intensity can to narrow the gap with the developed countries, to the fierce competition in the market in an invincible position. first, the deve

13、lopment of chinas machinery manufacturing technology analysis machinery manufacturing technology is the study of product design, production, processing, manufacturing, selling and use, maintenance services and even the whole process of recycling the engineering disciplines, is to enhance quality, ef

14、ficiency, competitiveness as the goal, including material flow, information flow and energy flow complete system works. 20th century, 70 years ago, the technology is relatively simple product, a new product, will soon follow the same functional product market. after 80 years of the 20th century, wit

15、h the further development of the globalization of markets, market competition becomes increasingly fierce. 20th century, early 90s, with the application of cims to promote technology, including experimental cims engineering research center and 7 laboratory of the research environment has been built.

16、 nationally, the deployment of a number of cims research projects, such as the cims software engineering and standardization, open system architecture and development strategy, cims overall and integrated technology, product design automation, process design automation, flexible manufacturing techno

17、logy, information management and decision system, quality assurance, network and database technology and system theory and methods swift progress fruitful results, with varying degrees of progress. but most of the large machinery manufacturers and most of the small and medium enterprises are mainly

18、limited to the cad machinery manufacturing and management information systems, the underlying basis for automation is still very weak, because the complexity of programming cnc machine tools, has not really play a role. therefore, compared with the industrialized countries, chinas manufacturing sect

19、or remains a gap between the whole stage. at present, china has joined wto, machinery manufacturing industry faces enormous challenges and new opportunities. therefore, chinas machinery manufacturing industry can not simply along the 20th century, based on the cam and its agencies use special tools,

20、 special fixtures, special tool consisting of water production line - rigid automation. but to develop a comprehensive, five-oriented development, namely, globalization, networking, virtualization, automation, green. second, the mechanical characteristics of manufacturing technology work to do basic

21、 automation manufacturing enterprises in china is still a very urgent and arduous task. however, both the quantity and processing center utilization is very low. not widespread use of programmable controllers, application of industrial robots is still very limited. therefore, we should be based on t

22、he actual situation in china, seeing the trend of the international manufacturing industry base, while a solid job of work. 1. machinery manufacturing technology is a systematic project special emphasis on advanced manufacturing technology, computer technology, information technology, sensor technol

23、ogy, automation technology, new materials technology and modern systems management technology in product design, manufacturing and production organization and management, sales and after-sales service and other applications. it will continue to assimilate the results of various high-tech and traditi

24、onal manufacturing technology, the manufacturing technology into the production process to control material flow, energy flow and information flow in systems engineering. 2. machinery manufacturing technology is a comprehensive technology application of advanced manufacturing technology, the goal is

25、 to increase competition and promote national economic growth and overall strength. therefore, it is not limited to the manufacturing process itself, which involves products from the market research, product development and process design, production preparation, manufacturing, service and other pro

26、duct life cycle, all the content, and combine them into an organic whole. in order to enhance the comprehensive economic and social benefits the manufacturing sector. 3. machinery manufacturing technology elements of the continuum of market competition market competition is the core of how to improv

27、e productivity. with the further development of the globalization of markets, 80 years after the 20th century, the manufacturing industry to win the main contradiction of market competition to improve labor productivity has been changed from the time the core of the time, cost and quality of the thr

28、ee elements of the conflict. advanced manufacturing technology to combine these three conflicts, the three reached unity. 4. machinery manufacturing technology is a worldwide technology 80 years since the 20th century, with the formation of global markets, the developed countries through financial,

29、economic, scientific and technological means for the market, dumping products, export of capital, the market competition becomes increasingly fierce, as fierce competition in the market to adapt to this, advanced manufacturing technology of a country should have the world advanced level, the manufac

30、turing sector should be able to support the countrys competitiveness in the global market. meanwhile, the mechanical manufacturing technology is 21st century technology, should be combined with modern high-tech, should be a clear area of new technology areas. third, chinas machinery manufacturing te

31、chnology development manufacturing technology of advanced manufacturing technology is the latest stage of development is determined by the traditional manufacturing technology developed, while maintaining the manufacturing technology in the past the effective elements, but also continue to absorb a

32、variety of high-tech achievements, and to penetrate into all areas of production and the whole process. 80 years of the 20th century, with the invention and use of scanning microscopy, of human knowledge and transform the worlds ability to enter the nanometer scale, nanotechnology is the nanoscale p

33、recision that implements, is a research in nano-scale atomic and molecular structure, physical properties and interaction with the campaign, and the use of this technology for human services a high-tech, nano technology manufacturing industries had a great impact, it will be very broad range of appl

34、ications, including nano-materials, nano processing technology, nano-assembly technologies and nano-measurement technology. ultra-precision machining of the machining accuracy in 2000 has reached the nanometer scale development in the 21st century, the growth of molecular beam techniques, ion implan

35、tation technology and materials synthesis, scanning tunneling engineering (ste) will enable precision machining 0.0003 0.0001m, now sophisticated project forward the ultimate goal - the atomic level precision processing approach, that is, move the atomic level can do the processing. the development

36、of modern machinery manufacturing technology mainly in two directions: first, precision engineering technology to the forefront of ultra-precision machining parts, micro-machining, nano-technology as the representative, will enter the micro-electronics and micro-mechanical era of the robot; ii machi

37、nery manufacturing is highly automated to cims and the further development of agile manufacturing as the representative. 1. precision forming technology forming manufacturing technology, including casting, welding, plastic processing. precision forming technology include: precision casting (wet film

38、 forming precision casting, precision forming just type casting, precision-made core), precision forging (cold and wet precision molding, precision blanking), precision thermoplastic forming, precision welding and cutting. 2. no cutting fluid processing without cutting fluid for processing major app

39、lications is the machining industry, no cutting fluid processing simplifies the process, reduce costs and eliminate a series of problems caused by the cooling fluid, such as emissions and waste recycling, etc. . 3. rapid prototyping technology rapid prototyping parts manufacturing (rpm), designed to

40、 break through the traditional processing techniques adopted the principle of material removal, while the use of add, the principle of accumulation. the representation of technology has laminated object manufacturing (lom), melting deposition manufacturing (fdm) and so on. because of these techniques and technologies not only reduces the consumption of raw materials and energy