2021屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀七選五解題技巧演練題專題1宏觀通視_讀文解題把握“二線索三原則”

1、第一講宏觀通視讀文解題把握“二線索三原則”閱讀七選五題型實(shí)質(zhì)上就是句子復(fù)位題。解答此題型最快捷實(shí)用的解題步驟是先定性，再定位：先定性即先初讀文章，根據(jù)空格所處的位置及文意初步判定空格處的句子是主題句、結(jié)論句還是過渡句或細(xì)節(jié)句；再定位即再精讀文章，根據(jù)上下文語意關(guān)系和邏輯關(guān)系確定填哪一個(gè)選項(xiàng)。 一、通讀文章和題目，關(guān)注“二線索”對(duì)于每篇文章，作者總是按照一定的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)來布局謀篇，只有掌握了文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)，才能從宏觀上把握作者的行文思路，達(dá)到快速理解文章的目的?？忌诮獯痖喿x七選五題型時(shí)，要學(xué)會(huì)從宏觀視角分析語篇結(jié)構(gòu)。首先，要辨別文章的體裁，通常為說明文。說明文一般采用“總分總”或“總分”結(jié)構(gòu)。作

2、者通常在文章的開頭部分提出要說明的問題，在中間部分進(jìn)行說明或闡釋，此部分要注意使用何種說明方法，采取哪些策略，如何解決問題，在結(jié)尾部分作出總結(jié)或得出結(jié)論。有些說明文沒有結(jié)尾總結(jié)部分。其次，要剖析作者是以何種語篇結(jié)構(gòu)模式來行文的?？忌挥邪盐樟苏Z篇的結(jié)構(gòu)模式才可以站在一定的高度，梳理語篇的脈絡(luò)，獲悉主要信息對(duì)主題的支撐和論證功能，為準(zhǔn)確掌握語篇的發(fā)展方向和主旨大意奠定基礎(chǔ)，從而降低閱讀時(shí)的焦慮心理。此外，考生也可以自己畫出語篇的結(jié)構(gòu)框架圖，即思維導(dǎo)圖。再次，考生要學(xué)會(huì)尋找各段的主題句。英語語篇通常采用“開門見山”的模式，段落主題句一般會(huì)出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭。主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾，對(duì)段落起總結(jié)概括的作

3、用。找到段落主題句，把握文章的主旨大意，有利于縮小選擇的范圍，減小冗余信息對(duì)考生的影響，提高解題的正確率。下面我們以2019年全國(guó)卷的閱讀七選五為例，進(jìn)行宏觀視角語篇結(jié)構(gòu)分析示范。典例is fresh air really good for you?we all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.” _36_ according to recent studies, the answer is a big yes, if the air quality in your camping area is

4、 good._37_ if the air youre breathing is clean which it would be if youre away from the smog of cities then the air is filled with lifegiving, energizing oxygen.if you exercise out of doors, your body will learn to breathe more deeply, allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles (肌肉) and your b

5、rain.recently, people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing (治愈)_38_ in these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.it turns out that just looking at green, growing things can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and put people into a bette

6、r mood (情緒)greenery is good for us.hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead._39_ it gives us a great feeling of peace._40_ while the suns rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial

7、 vitamin dto make sure you get enough vitamin d but still protect your skin put on sunscreen right as you head outside.it takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and thats plenty of time for your skin to absorb a days worth of vitamin d.afresh air cleans our lungs.bso what are you wa

8、iting for?cbeing in nature refreshes us.danother side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.ebut is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?fjust as importantly, we tend to associate fresh air with health care.gall across the country, recovery centers have begun building heali

9、ng gardens.宏觀視角分析文章體裁：說明文主旨大意：文章闡述了呼吸新鮮空氣和接近大自然有益于身心健康。語篇結(jié)構(gòu)：本文采用了“總分”式結(jié)構(gòu)。文章的語篇模式是典型的“一般到具體”模式。此篇文章的語篇模式如下：broad statement：(paragraph 1)the fresh air is really good for you if the air quality in your camping area is good. go out and get some fresh air.specific statement 1：(paragraph 2)fresh air clean

10、s our lungs.specific statement 2：(paragraph 3)the natural world helps patients healing.specific statement 3：(paragraph 4)another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.文章五個(gè)空格有2處位于段首，3處位于段中。第37題和第40題為段落主題句，第36題為過渡句，第38題和第39題為細(xì)節(jié)句。從宏觀視角把握好這篇文章之后，有利于預(yù)測(cè)和推斷文章的走向，進(jìn)而提高解題的正確率。作者在寫文章時(shí)，為了服務(wù)于文章主題的需要，常有意無

11、意地在文章中設(shè)置一些重復(fù)信息來達(dá)到詳盡細(xì)致地闡明主題的目的，依據(jù)這些重復(fù)信息，就能快速找到空格與選項(xiàng)的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。重復(fù)信息一般有以下幾種：1.原詞重復(fù)信息原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是詞匯的一種銜接手段，即同一個(gè)詞(常為動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞)或短語在文章的不同位置出現(xiàn)。這些詞會(huì)以不同詞類、詞性、數(shù)、格、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)等形式出現(xiàn)。如：“l(fā)ooks”與“l(fā)ooking” “l(fā)ooked”；“go”與“going” “went”等。根據(jù)語言習(xí)慣，第一句的賓語往往是第二句的主語，或者前后句有相同、重疊的詞語。因此，要學(xué)會(huì)尋找空格前后句子中的相同關(guān)鍵詞。典例1(2020全國(guó)卷)_37_ some people register a

12、 list of things they want or need for their new home at a local store or stores.some common things people will put on a gift registry include kitchen tools like knives and things like curtains.even if there isnt a registry, a good housewarming gift is something to decorate the new house with, like a

13、 piece of art or a plant.athis isnt usual though.bit is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party.cyou can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.dif youre lucky enough to receive gifts, keep them in a safe place.eit also gives people a chance to see what the new home loo

14、ks like.fthe best housewarming parties encourage old friends to get together.gthis was so that the person could keep their home warm for the winter.分析：本題可用原詞重復(fù)信息解題，根據(jù)本段中多次出現(xiàn)的“gift”可知，該段的主題應(yīng)該是帶禮物。b項(xiàng)“帶禮物去喬遷聚會(huì)是傳統(tǒng)”概括了本段內(nèi)容。b項(xiàng)中的“gift”與下文多次出現(xiàn)的“gift”為原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。故選b。為了避免與上文提到的名詞重復(fù)，常用不同的代詞指代上文提到的人、事物或事件。如：it指代單數(shù)名詞、

15、不可數(shù)名詞、句子；they指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞；ones泛指復(fù)數(shù)名詞。還有反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞等。典例2(2019全國(guó)卷)recently, people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing (治愈)_38_ in these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery .afresh air cleans our lungs.bso what are you waiting for?cbeing in

16、nature refreshes us.danother side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.ebut is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?fjust as importantly, we tend to associate fresh air with health care.gall across the country, recovery centers have begun building healing gardens.分析：根據(jù)設(shè)空處后

17、的“in these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.”可知，在這些地方，病人在康復(fù)期間可以接近大自然。these places應(yīng)指代設(shè)空處提到的地點(diǎn)，g項(xiàng)中的healing gardens為these places指代的地點(diǎn)，且healing為上文中healing的復(fù)現(xiàn)，故g項(xiàng)符合語境。派生詞，望文生義，就是由詞根加詞綴構(gòu)成的詞。派生重復(fù)信息就是這類詞在句中的復(fù)現(xiàn)。典例3(2019全國(guó)卷)_40_ while the suns rays can age and harm our skin, they

18、 also give us beneficial vitamin dto make sure you get enough vitamin d but still protect your skin put on sunscreen right as you head outside.it takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and thats plenty of time for your skin to absorb a days worth of vitamin d.afresh air cleans our l

19、ungs.bso what are you waiting for?cbeing in nature refreshes us.danother side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.ebut is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?fjust as importantly, we tend to associate fresh air with health care.gall across the country, recovery centers h

20、ave begun building healing gardens.分析：本題從兩個(gè)角度分析：(1)下文中的“beneficial”與d項(xiàng)中的“benefit”屬于同根詞，屬于派生詞重復(fù)信息；(2)本段介紹了陽光的多種好處。d項(xiàng)中的“sunlight”與空格后的“suns rays”相呼應(yīng)，符合邏輯通順原則。故選d。這里的同義多指意義相同或相近的詞、詞組或句子。如：room與space。典例4(2017全國(guó)卷)rethink mornings.now that you know why you want to wake up, consider rearranging your mornin

21、g activities.if you want time to have breakfast with your family, save some time the night before by setting out clothes, shoes, and bags._38_thats a quarterhour more you could be sleeping if you bought a coffee maker with a timer.aget a sleep specialist.bfind the right motivation.ca better plan for

22、 sleep can help.dand consider setting a second alarm.eif the steps you take are working, keep it up.fstick to your set bedtime and wakeup time, no matter the day.greconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the cafe to get coffee.分析：本題可用兩種方法解答：(1)空格后一句中的“a quarterhour”和g項(xiàng)中的“15 minutes”屬于同一范疇的同義信息

23、，是信息提示詞；(2)本題選項(xiàng)符合邏輯通順原則。根據(jù)空后“如果你買了一臺(tái)帶有計(jì)時(shí)器的咖啡機(jī)，你可以多睡一刻鐘”可知，g項(xiàng)“重新考慮你(是否要)在咖啡館排隊(duì)15分鐘買咖啡”與下文為遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，符合語境，邏輯通順。故選g。顧名思義，就是上下文中有互為相反詞義的單詞、短語或者意思相反的句子。典例5(2020全國(guó)卷)there is also the matter of tone (語氣)who hasnt received an email so annoying that it ruined an entire day? _39_.emoji can help communication feel

24、friendlier, and even a serious note can be softened with an encouraging smile.amessage with emojis feel more conversationalbeven a formal email can seem cold and unfriendlycsending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strangedthe popularity of these platforms is spreading globallyegiving employees t

25、he tools enables them to communicate honestlyfstudies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplacegan easy way to bring all work generations together is with a chat platform分析：本題可以從兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行考慮：(1)根據(jù)空格前一句“誰沒有收到令人煩惱的郵件而毀掉一整天？”，及空格后“表情符號(hào)可以讓交流感覺更友好”可知，此處需要一個(gè)句子來承上啟下，要從邏輯上進(jìn)行考慮。b項(xiàng)“即使是一封正式的電

26、子郵件也會(huì)讓人覺得冷冰冰、不友好”，承上啟下，符合語境；(2)根據(jù)空格后的“friendlier”和b項(xiàng)中的“unfriendly”語義相反可知，空后是表情符號(hào)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，空處是沒有表情符號(hào)的電子郵件的缺點(diǎn)。故選b。二、解題和復(fù)驗(yàn)答案，堅(jiān)持“三原則”“閱讀七選五”題型的考查實(shí)質(zhì)就是“句子復(fù)位”，是將一篇完整的短文通過在不同位置設(shè)空，考查學(xué)生對(duì)語篇的宏觀把握能力和語句表達(dá)的邏輯能力。所以，無論在選項(xiàng)初判之時(shí)，還是在做完題復(fù)驗(yàn)答案之時(shí)，都應(yīng)遵循以下“三項(xiàng)基本原則”。位置優(yōu)先原則是指根據(jù)空格所在的位置，在選擇時(shí)針對(duì)其題目特征進(jìn)行優(yōu)先考慮。如果段首設(shè)空，這個(gè)句子可能是該段的主題句，或者是本段與上段的過渡句

27、，其形式往往比較特別，標(biāo)注有關(guān)鍵信息詞。解題時(shí)，利用位置優(yōu)先原則，尋找和前后段落形式統(tǒng)一，具有較強(qiáng)概括性的語句。如果空格在段尾，則多為承上啟下句或總結(jié)、概括句。解題時(shí)，利用位置優(yōu)先原則，查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論及總結(jié)性的線索詞語。如：to conclude, in a word, thus, therefore, in short, so等。典例1(2020全國(guó)卷)_37_ do not follow the people who make you feel notgoodenough.why do you follow them? are you hoping that eventually yo

28、u will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs? know that your life is your own; you are the only you in this world.afeeling upset again?bwhere do you start?cnothing is too small to celebrate.dremember, you are only human.eset an intention for selfacceptance.fstop comparing yourself w

29、ith others.gwhen does the comparison game start?分析：分析空格可得出兩個(gè)信息：(1)空格處在段首位置，可能是該段的主旨句，或者是本段與上段的過渡句，考慮使用位置優(yōu)先原則；(2)根據(jù)空后內(nèi)容可知，本段主要講述不要把自己和別人作比較，因?yàn)樯钍俏覀冏约旱模覀冊(cè)谑澜缟鲜仟?dú)一無二的。故f項(xiàng)“停止把自己和別人進(jìn)行比較?！备爬吮径蔚闹髦?，適合做主旨句。故選f。典例2(2018全國(guó)卷)the large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors.whether

30、 youre looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant._40_.awhile all of them are usefulbwhatever youre looking forcif youre experimenting with a colordsmall color choices are the ones were most familiar witheits not really a good idea to use too man

31、y small color piecesfso it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first timegcolor choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways分析：空格設(shè)在段尾，根據(jù)位置優(yōu)先原則，查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論的詞。根據(jù)空格前“投入的時(shí)間、精力和相關(guān)費(fèi)用都是有意義的”可知，f項(xiàng)“因?yàn)槟阆氲谝淮尉桶咽虑樽龊?，所以付出肯定是值得的”，?duì)上文進(jìn)行了總結(jié)， so為關(guān)鍵詞，引出結(jié)論。故選f。邏輯通順原則是指選項(xiàng)具有聯(lián)系

32、上下文的功能，在句中找到句間邏輯，抓住了邏輯關(guān)系線索詞，也就掌握了解題的關(guān)鍵線索。常見的邏輯關(guān)系主要包括因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、條件關(guān)系、并列關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系、例證關(guān)系等。這些邏輯關(guān)系常常有各自的標(biāo)志詞。典例3(2020全國(guó)卷)housewarming parties get their name from the fact that a long time ago people would actually bring firewood to a new home as a gift._40_ now most homes have central heating and dont us

33、e fires to keep warm.athis isnt usual though.bit is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party.cyou can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.dif youre lucky enough to receive gifts, keep them in a safe place.eit also gives people a chance to see what the new home looks l

34、ike.fthe best housewarming parties encourage old friends to get together.gthis was so that the person could keep their home warm for the winter.分析：空前一句介紹了喬遷聚會(huì)名稱的由來。根據(jù)“bring firewood to a new home as a gift”可知，人們會(huì)帶柴火作為禮物；空格后“現(xiàn)在人們不用火取暖”是與以前作對(duì)比。g項(xiàng)“這樣人們就可以在冬天的時(shí)候保持家里溫暖”說明了帶柴火的目的，承上啟下，邏輯通順，符合語境。故選g。典例4(20

35、19全國(guó)卷)we all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.” _36_ according to recent studies, the answer is a big yes, if the air quality in your camping area is good.afresh air cleans our lungs.bso what are you waiting for?cbeing in nature refreshes us.danother side benefit of g

36、etting fresh air is sunlight.ebut is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?fjust as importantly, we tend to associate fresh air with health care.gall across the country, recovery centers have begun building healing gardens.分析：根據(jù)空格后的“the answer is a big yes”可知，該空應(yīng)該是一個(gè)一般疑問句；再根據(jù)空格

37、前的“people tell us”可知，e項(xiàng)中的“your mother always said”與之呼應(yīng)，符合邏輯通順原則。故選e。此處所謂的“就近一致原則”不是主謂一致的就近一致原則。此原則更適用于針對(duì)上下文所講的“重復(fù)信息”的處理，也就是說我們解題時(shí)空前和空后的關(guān)鍵詞就是就近一致原則的核心。典例5(2020全國(guó)卷)in asia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly, with users in the hundreds of millions, both at work and play._36_.its been reported tha

38、t 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.amessage with emojis feel more conversationalbeven a formal email can seem cold and unfriendlycsending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strangedthe popularity of these platforms is spreading globallyegiving employees th

39、e tools enables them to communicate honestlyfstudies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplacegan easy way to bring all work generations together is with a chat platform分析：根據(jù)空前“在亞洲，信息平臺(tái)正在迅速發(fā)展”，空后“據(jù)報(bào)道，在一些西方國(guó)家，76%的員工在工作中使用表情符號(hào)”可知，d項(xiàng)“這些平臺(tái)的受歡迎程度正在全球蔓延”與前后句相呼應(yīng)，且d項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞“globally”與空前關(guān)

40、鍵詞“in asia”和空后關(guān)鍵詞“in some western countries”一致，符合就近一致原則。故選d。典例6(2019全國(guó)卷)dont openly express annoyance at a professor or class._40_ when a student attacks a professor on the social media, the language used actually says more about the student.if there is truly a concern about a professors professiona

41、lism or ability, be sure to use online course evaluations to calmly offer your comments.athats what they are for.bturn to an online instructor for help.cif more information is needed, they will ask.dremember that online professors get a lot of emails.ebelow are some common dos and donts for online l

42、earners.feveryone has taken a notsogreat class at one time or another.gask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.分析：根據(jù)空格前“dont openly express annoyance at a professor or class.”中的“annoyance”和“a professor or class”及常識(shí)可知，f項(xiàng)“每個(gè)人都可能曾經(jīng)上過不太好的課”承接上文，選項(xiàng)中的“notsogreat class”與空前的關(guān)鍵詞相呼應(yīng)，由

43、關(guān)鍵詞就近一致原則，應(yīng)選f。隨堂體驗(yàn)落實(shí) feel like youre working hard but still cant reach your study goals? dont worry._1_study with a partner or in groups. group studying helps you engage and process the information more deeply and actively, which not only helps you learn, but makes studying more enjoyable.for exampl

44、e, play charades guessing the characters of the great catsby; race to solve an algebra problem first and discuss it afterwards.have fun with it._2_step into your teachers shoes.you have probably experienced your teachers tests by now.and you know your teachers expect you to memorize the notes they feel important and that