英語語法總結(jié)

1、聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄

2、羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈

3、膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂

4、羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇

5、袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻

6、聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅

7、羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂

8、膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆

9、羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁

10、袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅

11、肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆

12、袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃

13、膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀

14、羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊

15、袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿

16、肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃

17、袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇

18、膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞

19、羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆

20、膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃

21、肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇

22、袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁

23、膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆

24、羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕

25、膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄

26、肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈

27、襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蕆羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蟻薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肅膀蚆袀罿腿蒞螞裊腿蒈袈膃膈薀蟻聿芇螞袆羅芆莂蠆袁芅蒄裊袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈節(jié)薁羈襖芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羈莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁蒞蚄螞羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蝕膂蒂薈裊

28、肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇 英語常用語法講與練第一節(jié) 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的典型用法（tenses）英語中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)常見的有16種,參見下表:體時(shí)間一般體進(jìn)行體完成體完成進(jìn)行體現(xiàn)在1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) do/does5)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are doing9)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has done13)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have/has been doing過去2)一般過去時(shí)did6)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were doing10)過去完成時(shí)had done 14)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)had been doing將來3)一般將來時(shí)shall/will do7)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)will be doing11)將來完成時(shí)will have

29、 done15)將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)will have been doing過去將來4)過去將來時(shí)should/would do 8)過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)would be doing12)過去將來完成時(shí)would have done16)過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)would have been doing就其用法各舉一例如下：1） water boils at 100.2） he went to beijing ten times in 2000.3） i will go before he comes.4） she would not leave until i returned.5） i will think

30、 it over while you are collecting materials.6） she told me to wake him up if he was sleeping.7） i will be sitting in front of the tv set this time tomorrow.8） he promised that he would be looking after my dog when i left here. 9） we havent heard from each other for three years.10) jane had learned c

31、hinese before she came to china.11) by the end of this term, i will have taught at his college for 10 years.12) yesterday mr. li said he would have been in this college for 10 years by the end of the term.13) he has been writing letters since his morning.14) after driving for a long time, she sudden

32、ly realized that she had been driving in the wrong direction all the afternoon.15) by the time the sun sets, they will have been working on the farm for 6 hours. 16) yesterday mr. li said he would have been teaching in this college for 10 years by the end of the term.1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) (the simple present tense

33、)1) 經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作:he smokes a lot.how often do you go swimming?2) 現(xiàn)時(shí)的情況與狀態(tài):i know you are busy.how do you like this city?3) 永恒的真理:summer follows spring.the sun rises in the east. 還常常用于靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞(表示一種狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞),代替使用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài): 如mean, seem, hate, surprise, guess, feel, hope, sound, need, know, understand, wish等. 表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)

34、刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作: 運(yùn)動(dòng)解說,演示說明,動(dòng)作描述,劇情介紹,舞臺(tái)動(dòng)作說明,用來指引道路,圖片說明. 表示將來情況: 表示規(guī)定,時(shí)間表,計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的事情,這時(shí)有一個(gè)表示未來時(shí)間的狀語,只限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞,如 arrive, be, begin, close, come, depart, dine, end, finish, go, leave, open, return, sail, start, stop. 另外在由if, unless, even if, when, after, before, as soon as, as long as, as等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間或條件從句中,一般只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

35、表示將來的動(dòng)作.turn off the lights before you leave.if we hurry, we may catch the bus. 表示過去動(dòng)作的用法,只限于少量動(dòng)詞,如hear, say, tell等.yes, you answer quite well.oh, i forget where she lives.此外,故事性讀物中戲劇性的描繪,報(bào)紙標(biāo)題中,小說章節(jié)的題目中,引用書面材料時(shí). 常常和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一道用的副詞和狀語.如 now, today, often, usually, normally, generally, weekly, seldom, nev

36、er, ever, at the moment, once a month, now and then等.2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) (the present continuous tense)1) 表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作:they are talking; they arent working.my head is aching.2)表示現(xiàn)在這個(gè)階段正在發(fā)生的事(但說話的一刻不一定在進(jìn)行):are you staying at the hotel?whats your daughter doing these days?在進(jìn)行時(shí)用于表示將來動(dòng)作的用法:如果主語是表示事物的名詞作主語,動(dòng)詞都以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

37、表示將來動(dòng)作,如果以人為主語,表示是安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,一般用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí).另外,還有be going to 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)常用來表示未來的情況,一是表示準(zhǔn)備,打算干什么,二是表示即將發(fā)生的情況.im going to buy some cassette tapes.oh dear! its ten to nine. im going to be late. 有在時(shí)間或條件從句中,有時(shí)會(huì)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示未來動(dòng)作.while you are traveling there, you must visit these places. 表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作的用法,這時(shí)都表現(xiàn)某類情緒.這類句子常帶有 always,

38、 constantly, forever, continually, perpetually這類副詞.she is forever complaining about her job.you are always leaving your clothes on the floor! 至有一些靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞也用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí).im hoping you will come. 除了以上這些,還可用于戲劇式的描繪,解說詞,暫時(shí)的情況,新聞標(biāo)題等. 3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(the present perfect tense)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是一個(gè)把過去和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來的時(shí)態(tài).談的都是已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事,但和現(xiàn)在都有某種關(guān)系,就是

39、指從過去某時(shí)到現(xiàn)時(shí),某事已完成或已經(jīng)發(fā)生.如:ive lost my passport.has he found her car key?這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)經(jīng)常和just, already, yet, ever, always, before, so far, for, since, how long等詞連用.ive already posted your letters.有時(shí)表示從過去到現(xiàn)在這一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的事.ive been there twice this year.有時(shí)表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài).ive waited a week for your answer. have gone to/have

40、 been to 和time連用的情況 have got to=have to 4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(the present perfect continuous tense)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)由過去某時(shí)起一直持續(xù)的動(dòng)作,這動(dòng)作可能剛剛停止,也可能正在進(jìn)行.如:the ground is wet. it has been raining.youre out of breath. have you been running?用這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)經(jīng)常有一個(gè)表示現(xiàn)在之前這一段時(shí)間的狀語,如all day, for some years, since, recently, how long, long, a

41、ll等.有時(shí)表示在持續(xù)的一段時(shí)間中動(dòng)作的多次重復(fù)(而動(dòng)作不一定在持續(xù)):jim has been phoning jerry every night for the past week.第二節(jié) 動(dòng)詞語態(tài)的典型用法 (voices)英語語態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語態(tài)(active voice)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)(passive voice)。一般來說，被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語是動(dòng)詞的承受者，即動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式是：be +過去分詞。常用的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成形式如下：一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在1）am/is/are done5）am/is/are being done7）have/has been done過去2）was

42、/were done6）was/were being done8）had been done將來3）shall/will be done_9) shall/will have been done過去將來4）should/would be done _10）should/would have been done舉例：1) a car is powered by gasoline.2) all eyes were turned upon him.3) other processes will be discussed briefly.4) the manager said that the mat

43、ter would be discussed at the next meeting.5) who is being operated on?6) at that time, i didnt know who was being operated on.7) no decision has been made about the matter yet.8) i was informed that the meeting had been postponed till next friday.9) hurry up, or the tickets will have been sold out

44、by the time we get there.10) he hid himself in a pile of dry weeds. otherwise he would have been discovered.除了以上這些,不定式,分詞,動(dòng)名詞也可有被動(dòng)態(tài).如:the obstacle has to be removed in the path. （不定式的被動(dòng)式）being attacked by criminals, he cried out for help. （分詞被動(dòng)式）he tried his best to avoid being misunderstood. （動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)

45、式）the building can be completed next week. （帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式）特別提示： 有些動(dòng)詞以主動(dòng)形式出現(xiàn)，卻有被動(dòng)含義。the knife cuts well.the cloth feels smooth. 短語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，介詞或副詞不可省略。more schools and hospitals will be set up in the near future.time must be made good use of. 主動(dòng)語態(tài)中，如果感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞(see, hear, watch, make, let)后的賓語補(bǔ)足語是動(dòng)詞，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞前

46、往往不帶to，但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中帶to。she was seen to pass by the window.he was heard to sing midnight. 主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義的幾種情況。a. 某些感官動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞加形容詞可以用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)意義，如look, smell, taste, feel, sound, prove, wear 等。the flower smells sweet.her voice sounds beautiful.b. 在want, need, deserve, require和worth后，可用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。the house wants

47、repairing. (= to be repaired)the novel is worth reading twice. (= to be read twice)c. 在某些做表語的形容詞后用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。he is hard to please.the passage is difficult to read. 有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示被動(dòng)意義。the breakfast is cooking.the book is printing.被動(dòng)語態(tài)除用“be+過去分詞”表達(dá)外，還可用“get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)。he got punished for his wrong do

48、ing.he got scolded by his parents.不及物動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如appear, die, happen, belong to等。及物動(dòng)詞大多數(shù)都能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但某些表示靜態(tài)意義的及物動(dòng)詞不能，如fit, cost, lack, suit, contain等。the book costs 10 yuan.the hat doesnt suit me.第三節(jié) 句子與從句 (sentences and clauses)1.英語的句子按使用目的可分為四類：陳述句 (declarative sentences)疑問句a一般疑問句 (general questions)

49、b特殊疑問句 (special questions)c選擇疑問句 (alternative questions)d反意疑問句 (disjunctive questions)祈使句 (imperative sentences)感嘆句 (exclamatory sentences)1) 陳述句用來陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)或者觀點(diǎn).mary arrived quite early this morning.2) 一般疑問句以助動(dòng)詞(do, does, did, have, had, be, will, would, shall, should),情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can, could, may, might, must

50、, ought to)開始,通常要求以yes或no回答。did mary arrive early this morning?3) 特殊疑問句通常以一個(gè)疑問詞開始,語序要倒裝: who, what, which, when, where, how(how long, how soon, how often).when did mary arrive this morning?4) 選擇疑問句一般用or來連接兩個(gè)選擇部分,不能用yes或no回答。would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?5

51、) 反意疑問句是指在陳述句之后,加一個(gè)簡短問句,對(duì)前面事實(shí)加以訂正,確認(rèn)或反詰的一種問句形式.mary arrived quite early this morning, didnt she?6) 祈使句上無主語句,表示請(qǐng)求,叮囑,命令,號(hào)召等.open the classroom for mary, please.7) 感嘆句用來表示強(qiáng)烈的感情或情緒,句首由what或how引導(dǎo),句末加感嘆號(hào). how early mary arrived this morning!what a hard-working girl mary is! 2. 英語的句子按結(jié)構(gòu)分，可分為三類：簡單句 (simple

52、 sentences)并列句 (compound sentences)復(fù)合句(complex sentences)a. 名詞性從句(noun clauses)a.主語從句 (the subject clauses)b.表語從句 (the predicative clauses)c.賓語從句 (the objective clauses)d.同位語從句 (the appositive clauses)b定語從句 (the attributive clauses)c狀語從句 (the adverbial clauses)1) 簡單句:句子各成分都只是由單詞或短語表示,而且句子中只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的

53、句子.其中主語可以是并列主語,謂語可以是并列謂語.mary is a good student.he rose, put on his coat and walked out of the office.mr. smith and mr. bank witnessed a car accident last evening.2) 并列句:包括由對(duì)等連接詞連接的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子.連接詞可以是and, or, but.sarah and kathy were good friends, but their friendship broke up in the end.environme

54、nt pollution is a worldwide problem and its hard to handle.hurry up or well miss the train.3) 復(fù)合句:由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)子句(從句)構(gòu)成的句子.句中主謂結(jié)構(gòu)不止一個(gè),但它們是有主從這種層級(jí)差別的.從句是主句的一個(gè)句子成分,可以擔(dān)當(dāng)主句的主語,表語,賓語,同位語,定語,狀語.主語從句 ( the subject clauses)： that he won the first prize is known to us all. which team has won the game is not kn

55、own yet. whoever leaves the room last should turn off the light. whether (or not) peter will attend the lecture hasnt been decided yet. what he said is true. who will chair the meeting has not been decided yet. whatever is worth doing should be done well. where to go for a picnic has not been decide

56、d. it is still a question whether he will come to help. 表語從句 (the predicative clauses)： the problem is that weve lost our way. the question is how we can get in touch with him. this is what he said to me. the question is whether it is worth trying. it seems that it is going to snow. the reason why i

57、 was angry is that he had repeated the same mistake. it is because that the plan should be carried out immediately. 賓語從句 (the objective clauses)： he said (that) he didnt like her. i dont know whether he will come. he asked whom i borrowed the money from. we didnt know why she didnt come.21 the picture reminde