英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法-句子成分分析及練習(xí)(DOC)

1、英語(yǔ)句子成分分析一個(gè)句子至少由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，它們是句子的主要成分。句子 的次要成分包括 賓語(yǔ)（包括雙賓語(yǔ)中的直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)）， 表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)（包 括前置定語(yǔ)及后置定語(yǔ)），狀語(yǔ)，同位語(yǔ)（包括限制性同位語(yǔ)及非限制性同位語(yǔ)）， 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。一主語(yǔ)：是一句話的中心，一個(gè)句子中需要加以說(shuō)明或描述的對(duì)象如：They were teachers他們?cè)抢蠋?。）Time flies.（時(shí)光飛逝。） 這兩句話中分別由代詞They，名詞Time作主語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)的位置：一般位于句首，由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞、短語(yǔ)等 充當(dāng)。The school is far from here.名詞做主語(yǔ)She goe

2、s to school by bike.代詞做主語(yǔ)Eight is a lucky nu mber.數(shù)詞做主語(yǔ)The bli nd n eed more help.名詞化的形容詞做主語(yǔ)Predicti ng the future is in terest ing.動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)To be a doctor is my dream.不定式短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)That he forgot to tell me the time for the meeti ng caused lots of trouble.他忘了告訴我開(kāi)會(huì)的時(shí)間給我?guī)?lái)了很多麻煩。（從句）It is very clear that the e

3、lepha nt is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)從句是真正主語(yǔ)）謂語(yǔ)：是對(duì)主語(yǔ)加以陳述，表示人或事物（主語(yǔ)）的動(dòng)作和存在的狀態(tài)英語(yǔ)中由動(dòng)詞be、動(dòng)詞have和行為動(dòng)詞來(lái)充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往往由一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加上主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成。謂語(yǔ)必須由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)， 因此動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞， 不能作謂語(yǔ)。且 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以體現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)，單復(fù)數(shù)的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象。如:They were teachers.他們?cè)抢蠋?。）He enjoys singing songs（他喜歡唱歌。） 這兩句話分別由動(dòng)詞were（are的過(guò)去式），en

4、joys singing（enjoy doing動(dòng)詞 短語(yǔ)）作謂語(yǔ)。 其中were體現(xiàn)出句子的時(shí)態(tài)為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)， 且主語(yǔ)的人稱為第一 人稱，enjoys singing體現(xiàn)出句子的時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，且主語(yǔ)的人稱為第三人 稱。三.賓語(yǔ)：表示動(dòng)作的承受者。賓語(yǔ)放在及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞之后。如：I play with him.（我和他玩。）I like Chinese food.（我喜歡中國(guó)菜。）這兩句話中分別由人稱代詞him，名詞food作賓語(yǔ)。直接賓語(yǔ)與間接賓語(yǔ)：有的動(dòng)詞能夠接雙賓語(yǔ)，直接賓語(yǔ)指的是動(dòng)詞所涉及的物，間接賓語(yǔ)是指受益 于動(dòng)詞所表示行為的人。如：He gave me a book.（他給了

5、我一本書）這句話中a book為直接賓語(yǔ)，me為間接賓語(yǔ)。又如：My mother bought a schoolbag to me.我媽媽買了一個(gè)書包給我。）這句話中schoolbag為直接賓語(yǔ)，me為間接賓語(yǔ)。及物動(dòng)詞必須跟賓語(yǔ).及物動(dòng)詞：直接接賓語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.不及物動(dòng)詞：不能直接帶賓語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.賓語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句構(gòu)成.I saw a plane in the sky just now.名詞做賓語(yǔ)I want three.數(shù)詞做賓語(yǔ)I like going shopp ing.動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)We think predicting the future is ha

6、rd.賓語(yǔ)從句四賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（賓補(bǔ)）：對(duì)賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充有些及物動(dòng)詞除了要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)之外，還須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如果沒(méi)有補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（賓 補(bǔ)）,有時(shí)候句子的意思就不完整。這就是補(bǔ)語(yǔ)與定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)的關(guān)鍵區(qū)別。充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)的有：We elected him monitor.（名詞）We will make them happy.（形容詞）We found nobody in.（副詞）Please make yourself at home.（介詞短語(yǔ)）Don t let him do that.（省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson（帶t

7、o不定式）Don t keephe lights burning.（現(xiàn)在分詞）Ill have my bikrepaired.（過(guò)去分詞）五.表語(yǔ)：用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)接在系動(dòng)詞之后，其中接在系動(dòng)詞be后是最常見(jiàn)的情況。如They were teachers.他們?cè)抢蠋?。）He is kind.（他心地善良。）這兩句話分別由名詞teachers形容詞kind作表語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ)的位置：用在動(dòng)詞be和系動(dòng)詞的后面。常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞1. be動(dòng)詞:am is are2.與感覺(jué)有關(guān)的動(dòng)詞look, sou nd, smell, taste, feel等3.表示狀態(tài)變化的動(dòng)詞，意為變得”變成”如

8、get, grow, turn等名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞等都可以和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)Your pen is onthe desk.My dream is to have a robot.He got very an gry.My sister is a nurse我姐姐是一個(gè)護(hù)士。 （n urse名詞表身份）This table is long.這個(gè)桌子是長(zhǎng)的。（Iong形容詞表特征）Children fall asleep easily.（形容詞asleep表狀態(tài)）Seventy-our! You dont Jfcok（代詞）Five and five is ten.（數(shù)詞）T

9、he picture is on the wall.（介詞短語(yǔ)）The questi on is whether they will come.俵語(yǔ)從句）六.定語(yǔ)：是用來(lái)說(shuō)明或限制名詞的成分可分為前置定語(yǔ)和后置定語(yǔ)，常用形容詞或者相當(dāng)于形容詞的短語(yǔ)或從句擔(dān)任。 形容詞放在名詞之前，構(gòu)成前置定語(yǔ)；相當(dāng)于形容詞的短語(yǔ)或從句放在名詞的后 面，構(gòu)成后置定語(yǔ)。如：This is red sun.這是個(gè)紅太陽(yáng)）這句話由形容詞red作前置定語(yǔ)，修飾sun.又如：Hiswork in the hospital is very hard.他在這個(gè)醫(yī)院的工作很辛苦。）這句話由相當(dāng)于形容詞的介詞短語(yǔ)in the h

10、ospital作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾work。This is a red sun這是個(gè)紅太陽(yáng)。（形容詞red修飾限定sun）He is a tall boy.他是個(gè)高個(gè)子男孩。（形容詞talI修飾限定boy）Da Ming is a chemistry teacher.（名詞）He is our frie nd.（代詞）We belong to the third world.（數(shù)詞）The man over there is my old friend.副詞）The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.介詞）The trees planted la

11、st year are growing well now過(guò)去分詞）I have an idea to do it well（不定式）You should do everything that I do.（定語(yǔ)從句）七.狀語(yǔ)：是用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞或整個(gè)句子的成分。常由副詞擔(dān)任。修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)可以放在動(dòng)詞之前， 也可以放在動(dòng)詞之后；修飾形容 詞或副詞時(shí)放在它們之前。區(qū)別狀語(yǔ)與定語(yǔ)的關(guān)鍵就是看其所修飾的部分，定語(yǔ) 修飾名詞，且起說(shuō)明、限制作用。狀語(yǔ)是修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞或整個(gè)句子的成分。它可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方 式、比較、程度、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件和讓步等。充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)的有副詞、介詞 短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞

12、不定式、分詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞、名詞詞組和從句等）常由副詞擔(dān)任。修 飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)可以放在動(dòng)詞之前，也可以放在動(dòng)詞之后；修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)放在它 們之前。如：The students study hard學(xué)生努力學(xué)習(xí)）這句話由副詞hard作study的狀語(yǔ)。又如：Pan das only live in Chi na.（熊貓僅生活在中國(guó)。） 這句話由介詞短語(yǔ)in China作live的狀語(yǔ)。再如：In the afternoo n, I we nt to swim.下午，我去了游泳。）這句話由介詞短語(yǔ)in theafternoon作整個(gè)句子的狀語(yǔ)。I will go there tomorrow.（時(shí)間狀

13、語(yǔ)）The meeting will be held in the meeting room.（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）The meat went bad becauseof the hot weathe（原因狀語(yǔ)）He studies hard to learn English well.（原因狀語(yǔ)）Hedidnt study haerd that he failed in the exam.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）If you study hard, you willpass the exam.（條件狀語(yǔ)）He goes to school by bike.（方式狀語(yǔ)）狀語(yǔ)的位置1.在一般情況下，用于句末。We l

14、ike our school very much.2.為了強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ),可以把它放在句首.I usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight.3.表頻度的副詞通常用于句中，如always, usually, often, hardly, never,用于行為動(dòng)詞前，be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后I usually get up early.He is ofte n late.一些副詞,如already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost, really, suddenly,ce

15、rtainly等用法相似/ sometimes, now可以位于句首，句中或句末/ only在句中的 位置比較靈活，但位置不同，意義也不同.The actor only sang a song. Only the actor sang a song.The actor sang only one song.兩個(gè)或多個(gè)狀語(yǔ)同時(shí)修飾時(shí)的 順序1.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)在前，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)在后.We will have a meet ing in Room 202 tomorrow.2.較小單位的狀語(yǔ)在前，由小到大Mr. Li lives at 88 Chon gwe n Rd., Suzhou, Jia ngsu.3

16、.一個(gè)句子有幾個(gè)不同種類的副詞作狀語(yǔ)，其順序大都是：程度副詞，方式副詞，地點(diǎn)副詞，時(shí)間副詞She sang very well at the meeting last night.時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)也可以位于句首，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或使上下文更為連貫Usually I read the newspapers in the morning, but yesterday I read them in the evening.八.同位語(yǔ)：一個(gè)名詞（或其它形式）對(duì)另一個(gè)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行修飾,限定或說(shuō)明.同位語(yǔ)與被它限定的詞常常緊挨在一起。限制性同位語(yǔ)與非限制性同位語(yǔ)：限制性同位語(yǔ)中同位語(yǔ)與被它限定的詞之間不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)

17、，非限制性同位語(yǔ)則用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。如：My uncle Mike is kind.（我的叔叔馬克心地善良）這句話中，Mike作my uncle的限制性同位語(yǔ)。又如：He is interested in sports, especially ball games.（他對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)感興趣，特別是球類運(yùn)動(dòng)。）這句話中ball games作sports的非限制性同位語(yǔ)。綜上所述，通常情況下，句子的成分分布如下:（定語(yǔ)） 主語(yǔ) （狀語(yǔ)） 謂語(yǔ) （定語(yǔ)） 賓語(yǔ) （狀語(yǔ)）女口：(The tall) boy (often) go to the ( big) zoo. (Thehappy) child went (hi

18、s) home(yesterday).英語(yǔ)句子成分歌主謂賓表真呀真實(shí)在；定語(yǔ)同位（語(yǔ)）專把名詞踹。（踹表示修飾的意思） 忽右忽左英語(yǔ)句子八呀八大塊，補(bǔ)語(yǔ)跟著賓語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)跑， 狀語(yǔ)的位置它自由自在, 渾身的毛病真呀真不少,隨心所欲擺。前后亂竄它還會(huì)加塞。劃分句子成分練習(xí)題（1）I. They are working on the farm now.2.See ing is believ ing3.AII of us like Kobe Brya nt very much4.She became a doctor in 19985.The book lying on the floor are min

19、e6.Sudde nly it beg ins to rain7.To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday8always find her happy9. He wonders If I still study English10. Theletter whichI received the day before yesterdaywas a friend ofmineII.We always work hard at En glish.12. He said he did nt come.13. They love each other.14.

20、 What did you bye?15.She watched her daughter play ing the pia no.16.your job today is to help the old.17.Speak ing does nt mean doing.18. Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left.19. The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary oftheir marriage.20.lt takes me an hour

21、 to get there.劃分句子成分練習(xí)題（2）（一）挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)1My brother hasnt done his homework.2People all over the world speak English.3You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.4How many new words did you learn last class?5Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how aboutyou?6The old man sittin

22、g at the gate said he was ill.7They made him monitor of the class.8Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.9You will find it_useful after you leave school.10They did nt know who Father Christmas really is.（二）挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ)1They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name.2What is your given n

23、ame?3On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.4I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.5The man downstairs was trying to sleep.6I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!（三）挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)1She likes the children to read newspapers and books inthe reading-room.2He asked her to take the boy

24、out of school.3She found jt difficult to do the work.4They call me Lily sometimes.5saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.6Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?（四）挑出下列句中的狀語(yǔ)1There was a big smile on her face.2Every night he heard the noise upstairs.3He began to learn English when he w

25、as eleven.4The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast.5With the medici ne box un der her arm, Miss Li hurried off.6She loves the library because she loves books.7I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it.8The stude nts followed Un cle Wang to see the other machi ne.（五）劃出句中的直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓

26、語(yǔ)1Please tell us a story.2My father bought a new bike for me last week.3Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.4Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.5Did he leave any message for me?答案：練習(xí)一仃hey（主語(yǔ)）are working（系表結(jié)構(gòu)做謂語(yǔ)）on the farm（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）now（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）.2.Seeing（動(dòng)詞ing做主語(yǔ)）is（謂語(yǔ)）believing（賓語(yǔ)）3.AII of us（主語(yǔ)）like（謂語(yǔ)）Kobe Bryant（賓語(yǔ)）very much（程度副詞狀語(yǔ)）4.She（主語(yǔ)）became（謂語(yǔ)）a doctor（賓語(yǔ)）