人教版高中化學方程式大全

1、2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2 t 2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2 f 4Na+TiCl«矍 4NaCRTi2Mg+O2=2MgOMg+S=MgS高中化學方程式大全一.金屬單質(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu)的還原性2Na+H2=2NaH4Na+O2=2Na2O2Na2O+O2=2Na2O22Na+O基暨NazO22Na+S=Na2s(爆炸)2Na+2H2O-2Na+2OH-+H2t2Na+2NH3-2Na+2NH2-+H2fMg+Cl2£=MgCl2Mg+Br2=MgBr22Cu+S=Cu2S（Cu2s只能由單質制備）Mg+2RbcH=MgCb+2Rb2Mg+S

2、iO2=2MgO+SiMg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H2t2Mg+TiCl4S=Ti+2MgCl22Mg+CO2E=2MgO+CMg+H2S=MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2t占饞A2A1+3C12A1C134AR3O2=2A12O3（常溫生成致密氧化膜而鈍化，在氧氣中燃燒）4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O=2(A12O3.xH2O)+4Hg(鋁汞齊)4Al+3MnO2=S=2Al2O3+3Mn高溫2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe2A1+6HC1=2A1C13+3H2 t2A1+3H2SO4=A12(SO4)3+3H2 t高溫2A14-Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr(鋁熱反應

3、)2Al+3FeoS=Al203+3Fe2A1+6H+-2A13*+3H2t2A1+6H*-2A13*+3H2f2A1+6H2so，濃)=Ab(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷，濃的H2SO4,HNO3中鈍化)A1+4HNO3(W=A1(NO3)3+NOt+2H2OA1+4H+NO3-A13+NOt+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2t2A1+2OH-+2H2O-2A1O2-+3H2t2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr33Fe+2O2B=Fe3O42Fe+O2=S=2FeO(煉鋼過程)Fe+L=Fel2Fe+S=FeS(FeS既能由單質制備，又能由離子制備)3

4、Fe+4H2O(g)=Fe3O4+4H2tFe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2fFe+2H*-Fe2+H2fFe+CuCl2=FeCl2+CuFe+Cu2+-Fe2*+Cu；Fe+SnCk=FeC12+SnCb(鐵在酸性環(huán)境下,不能把四氯化錫完全還原為單質錫Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn1Fe+Sn2*-Fe2*+Snj三,非金屬敘化物(HF,HC1,H2(D,H2S,NH3)金屬氧化物(NaH)1、還原性：4HCl()+MnO2=MnC12+Cl2t+2H2O4H*+2Cr+MnO2=Mn2*+Cl2f+2H2O4HC1(濃)+PbO2=PbCb+Cbt+2H2O4H>+2Cr+PbO

5、r=Pb2*+Cl2t+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2=2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2t+8H2O16H*+10CF+2MnO4'-2Mn2+5Cl2f+8H2O6HCRKC1O3=KC1+3C12t+3H2O6H*+5Cr+ClO3-3Cl2f+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrC13+3C12t+7H2O14H*+6Cr+Cr2O72-=20+5012t+7H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+C）22HC1+F2=2HF+Cb（Fz氣與HCkHBr、HLH2S>NH3氣體不能共存）2HBr+Cb=2HCl+Br2（Cl

6、2氣與HBr、HLH2S>NH3氣體不能共存）占燃占燃2H2S+3C>2（足量）勺占2so2+2H2O2H2S+O2（少量）2s1+2H2O2H2S+SO2=3SJ+2H2OH2S+H2SCM濃）=S|+SO2t+2H2O3H2s+2HNC）3（?。?3S1+2NOt+4H2O3H2S+2H*+2NO3-3S|+2NOt+4H2O5H2S+2KMnC）4+3H2so4=2MnSO4+K2so4+5SI+8H2O5H2S+2MnO4"+6H*-2Mn2*+5S|+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2（SO4）3+K2SO4+3S；+7H2O3H2S+Cr2

7、O72-+8H*-2Cr3>+3S*+7H2OH2s+4Na25+2H2O=Na2so4+6NaOHH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O-8Na*+sOf+OH-加執(zhí)2NH3+3CuO=3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3C12=N2+6HC18NH3+3C12=N2+6NH4C1NH3+NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+N2t+2H2ONH3+NO2-HJN2t+2H2O占燃催化劑4NH3+3O2（M）=2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2=4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO=5N2+6H2O（用氨清除NO）NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2t（生氫劑）NaH+H2O-Na*+OH-+H2f4NaH+TiC

8、。圓叟=Ti+4NaCl+2H2tCaH2+2H2O=Ca（OH）2I+2H212、酸性：4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O（可測定礦樣或鋼樣中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻）4HF+Si=SiF4+2H2t2HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe=FeS|+H2tH2S+CuC12=CuSI+2HC1（弱酸制強酸的典型反應）H2S+Cu2+-CuSI+2H+H2s+2AgNO3=A&SI+2HNO3H2s+2Agfg2s；+2H+H2S+HgCl2=HgSI+2HC1HzS+H/JHgSI+2H+H2S4-Pb（NO3）2=PbSI+2HNO3（鉛試紙檢驗空氣中H2S）H2S+

9、Pb2+-PbSI+2H+H2s+2Ag=A&S+H2t（銀器在空氣中變黑的原因）2NH3（液）+2Na=2NaNH2+H2t（NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3t）3、NH3的堿性：NH3+HX=NH4X（X:F、Cl、Br>I、S）NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3nh3+h*-nh4+2NH3+H2so4=（NH4）2SO4NH3+HJNHJNH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCC）3+NH4c1（侯德榜制堿：用于工業(yè)制備小蘇打，蘇打）NH3+H2S=NH4HSnh3+h2s-nh/+hs-4、至逑定性： 2HF=H2+F2高溫2HC1-H2+C12高溫2H2O2H2+O

10、22H2O2=2H2O+O22HIH2+I2h2+s催化劑 2NH3VN2+3H2四.非金屬氧化物（SC）3、SO2、N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2O4、N2O5、CO、CO2、SiO2.P2O3、P2O5>C12O>CI2O3、Cg、C12O7C1O2）1、低價態(tài)的還原性：（SO2、CO、NO）2SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4（這是SO?在大氣中緩慢發(fā)生的環(huán)境化學反應）催化劑、2so2s。3SO+NO2=SO3+NOSO2+C12+2H2O=H2SO4+2HC1 SO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBr SO2+l2+2Hq=H2so4+2HI 2NO+O2=2

11、NO2C12+SO2+2H2O-4H*+SO42-+2C1-Br2+SO2+2H2O-4H*+SO42 - +2Br 一I2+SO2+2H2O-4H*+SO42 - +21 -NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的NO和NO2）NO+NO2+2OH-2NO2-占燃加熱2CO+O2=2CO2CO+CuO=Cu+CO2加熱催化劑、3CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2CO4-H2O=CO2+H27J9I/IIO2、氧化性:SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2O加執(zhí)SO3+2I<I=K2SO3+I2NO2+2KRH2O=NO4-I24-2KOH（不能用淀粉KI溶液鑒別溪蒸氣

12、和NO2）加熱N2O+Zn=ZnC）+N4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O加執(zhí)2NO2+Cu=4CuO+N2CO2+2MMgO+CSi5+2Hj喳=Si+2H2。 3、與水的作用： SO2+H2O=H2SO3 so3+h2o=h2so4（CO?不能用于撲滅由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃燒的火災）加執(zhí)SiO2+2Mg_2MgO+SiSO3+H2O-2H+SO42-3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO（NO2不是硝酸的酸酊）N2O5+H2O=2HNO3N2O5+H2O-2H*+2NO3一P2O5+H2CH冷水）=2HPO3P2O5+3H2O（熱水）=2H3P。4（P2O5極易吸水，可作氣體干

13、燥劑）P2O5+3H2so4（濃）=2H3PC）4+3SO3CO2+H2O=H2CO3C12O+H2O=2HC1OC12O7+H2O=2HC1O4C12O7+H2O-2H*+2C1O4-4、與堿性物質的作用：SO2+2NH3+H2O=（NH4）2SO3SO2+（NH4）2SO3+H2O=2NH4HSO32NH4HSO3+H2SO4=（NH4）2SO4+2H2O+2SO2t（硫酸工業(yè)尾氣處理）SO2+Ca（OH）2=CaSO3I+H2O（不能用澄清石灰水鑒別SO?和CQ可用品紅鑒別）SO3+MgO=MgSO4SO3+Ca（OH）2=CaSO4!+H2OCO2+NH3+H2O=NH4HCO3CC）

14、2+2NH3（過量）+H2O=（NH4）2CC）3 CO2+2NH3 催化劑（NH J2co+H2O CO2+2NaOH（過量）=Na2cO3+H2O CO2（過量）+NaOH=NaHCC）3 CC）2+Ca（OH）2（過量）=CaCO3+H2。 2co人過量）+Ca（OH）2=Ca（HCC）3）2 CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca（HCO3）2催仲卻I（NHJCO3（NHJ2co+2也0（工業(yè)制取尿素）2OH+CO2-CO32-+H2OOH+CO2-HCO3-Ca2+2OH-+CO2-CaCO3|+H2OOH-+CO2-HCO3-CO2+CaCO3+H2O-Ca2*+2HCO3-CC）2（不

15、足）+2NaA!O2+3H2O=2Al（OH）31+Na2cO3co2+3h2o+aio2=ai（oh）3J+co32-CC）2（足）+NaAK）2+2H2O=Al（OH）31+NaHCO3CO2+2H2O+A1O2-A1（OH）3；+HCO3-CO2+CcH5ONa+H2O=CcH5OHJ+NaHCO3CO2+C6H5O-+H2O-C6H5OHI+HCCVSiO2+CaOC：aSiO3（煉鋼造渣）SiC>2+2NaOH=Na2SiC）3+H2O（常溫下強堿緩慢腐蝕坡璃）SiO2+Na2CO3SNa2SiO3+CO2（制取坡璃）SiO2+CaCO3iCaSiO3+CO2（制取玻璃）2NO

16、2+2NaOH=NaNO2+NaNO3+H2O2NO2+2OH-NO3-+NO2"+H2ONO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2+H2O（制取硝酸工業(yè)尾氣吸收）NO+NO2+2OHFNO3-+周。五.金屬氧化物1、低價態(tài)的還原性：6FeO+O2=2Fe3O4FeO4-4HNO3=Fe（NO3）3+NO2+2H2OFeO+4H+NO3-Fe3"+NO2t+2H2O2、氧化性：Na2O2+2Na=2Na2O（此反應用干制備Na?。）MgO,AI2O3幾乎沒有氧化性，很難被還原為Mg,Al.一般通過電解制Mg和Al.Fe2C）3+3H丹=2Fe+3H2/制還原鐵粉）Fe3O4+4

17、H2坦=3Fe+4H2。CuO+H2=Cu+H2O2Fe3O4+16HI=6FeI2+8H2O+2I22Fe3O4+16H*+4r=6Fe24+8H2O+2I2Fe2O3+Fe直且3FeO（煉鋼過程中加入廢鋼作氧化劑）FeO+cS號Fe+CO（高溫煉鋼調節(jié)C含量）2FeO+Sifi且2Fe+Si6（高溫煉鋼調節(jié)Si含量）3、與水的作用：Na2O+H2O=2NaOHNa2O+H2O-2Na*+2OH'2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2t2Na2O2+2H2O-4Na+4OH-+02t（此反應分兩步：Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O2H2O2的制備

18、可利用類似的反應:BaOz+H2sO,稀尸=BaSO4+H25）MgO+Hq=Mg（OH）2（緩慢反應）4、與酸性物質的作用：Na2O+SC）3=Na2sO4Na2O+CC）2=Na2CO3MgO+SO3=MgSO4NaQ+2HCl=2NaCl+HQNa2O+2H*-2Na*+H2O2Na2O2+2CC）2=2Na2c。3+。2tNaOz+H2soJ冷，稀）=Na2sO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2OMgO+ZHMg2"%。A12O3+3H2SO4=A12（SO4）3+3H2OA12O3+6H+-2A13+3H2OAl2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O（A1

19、2O3兩性氧化物）AI2O3+2OH-2AIO2-+H2OFeO+2HCl=FeCl2+H2OFeO+2H*-Fe2*+H2OFe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OFe2O3+6H+-2Fe3+3H2OFe3O4+8HCl=FeCl2+2FeCl34-4H2OFe3O4+8H+-2Fe3*+Fe2+4H2O六.含弧酸1、氧化性：4HC1O3+3H2s=3H2so4+4HC1C1O3"+3H2S-6H+SO42-+crHC1O3+HI=HIO3+HC1C1O3-+I-TO3-+C1-3HC1O+HI=HIO3+3HC13HClO+r-IO3-+3HFC1-HC1O+H2SO3=H

20、2SO4+HC1HC1O+H2SO3-3H+SO42-+C1-HC1O+H2O2=HCRH2O+O2tHClO+H2O2=H*+Cr+h2o+o2t（氧化性:HC1O>HC1O2>HC1O3>HC1O4,但濃，熱的hcio4氧化性很強）2H2so，濃）+C=CC>2t+2SO2t+2H2O2H2so式濃）+S=3SC>2t+2H2OH2sO4+F3AI）室溫下鈍化6H2SO4（）+2Fe=Fe2（SO4）3+3SO2t+6H2O2H2SO4（）+Cu=CuSO4+SO2t+2H2OH2sCM濃）+2HBr=SC）2t+Br2+2H2O（不能用濃硫酸與NaBr制取H

21、Br）H2so£濃）+2HI=SC>2t+I2+2H2O（不能用濃硫酸與Nai制取HI）H2so4（稀）+Fe=FeSC）4+H2t2H*+Fe-Fe2+H2fH2so3+2H2s=3SJ+3H2O4HNC>3（濃）+C=CC）2t+4NO2t+2H2O6HNC>3（濃）+S=H2SC）4+6NO2t+2H2O5HNC>3（濃）+總H3Po4+5NO2t+H2O5HNC>3（?。?3P+2H2O=3H3Po4+5NOf5H+5NO3-3P+2H20MH3Po4+5NOf6HNC）3（濃足）+Fe=Fe（NO3）3+3NC）2t+3H2O4HNC>3

22、(濃)+Fe(足)=Fe(NO3)2+NC)2t+2比0(先得F6，在Fe過量時再生成Fe?的鹽)4HNC>3(稀足)+Fe=Fe(NC)3)3+NOt+2H2O4H*+NO3-+Fe=Fe3*+NOf+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3N2Ot+15H2O30H*+6NO3-+8Fe-8Fe34+3N2Ot+15H2O36HN03+10Fe=10Fe(N03)3+3N2f+18H2O36H*+6NO3-+10Fe=8Fe3*+3N2f+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O30H*+3NO3-+8Fe-8Fe3*+3NH/+9H2

23、O4Zn+10HNO3()=4Zn(NO3)2+N2Ot+5H2O4Zn+10H+2NO3'=4Zn2*+N2Ot+5H2O4Zn+10HNO3(W=4Zn(NO3)2+NH4NO3+3H2O4Zn+10H+NO3-4Zn2+NH4+5H2O2、還原性：H2SO3+X2+H2O=H2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)h2so3+x2+h2o«4h*+so42-+x-2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO42H2SO3+O2-4H*+SO42-H2sO3+H2C)2=H2sO4+H2Oh2so3+h2o2-2H>+so42-+h2o5H2so3+2KMnO4=2MnSC

24、)4+K2so4+2H2so4+3H2O5H2SO3+2MnO4-2Mn2*+4H+3SO42-+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3+2Fe3*+H2O-4H+2Fe2*+SO42-（不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸） （不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸） （不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸） （不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸） （強酸制弱酸酸）（工業(yè)制磷肥）3、酸性：H2so4(濃)+CaF2旦CaSO4+2HFfH2SO4()+NaCl=NaHSO4+HCltH2so4(濃)+2NaCl=Na2so4+2HCItH2so4(濃)+NaNO3=NaHSO4+HNC)3t3H2S

25、O4()+Ca3(PO4)2=3CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SCM濃)+Ca3(PO4)222CaSO4+Ca(H2POj23HNC)3+Ag3PO4=H3Po4+3AgNC)33HrAaPOlH3Po4+3Ag+2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO212H*+CaCO3-Ca2+H2O+CO21(用HNO3和濃H2sO不能制備H?S,HI,HBr,S。等還原性氣體)4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)24Ca(H2Po4)2(重鈣)H3PO4()+NaBr旦NaH2PO4+HBrt(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸，磷酸是非氧化性酸)H3P。4(濃)+NaI=NaH2PO4+HIt4、不

26、穩(wěn)定性：2HC1O2HCRO2f（保存在棕色瓶中）4HNO厘曼4N（%t+。2t+2H2O（保存在棕色瓶中）H2SO3=H2O+SO2t（在加熱或酸性條件下分解）H2coH2O+CO2t（在加熱或酸性條件下分解）H4SiO4=H2SiO3+H2OH2SiO3=SiO2!+H2OH2s20AH2O+SI+SO2f（在加熱或酸性條件下分解）七.堿1、低價態(tài)的還原性：4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)32、與酸性物質的作用：2NaOH+SCM少量)=Na2sO3+H2Ooh-+so2-so32-+h2oNaOH+SC>2(足)=NaHSC)3oh-+so2(b)-hso3-2Na

27、OH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2OOH+SiO2-SiO32-+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2OH-+A12O3-2A1O2-+H202KOH+C12=KC1+KC1O+H2Oci2+2OH-cr+cio-+h2oNaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2OH'+OH"-H2ONaOH+H2s(足)=NaHS+Hqoh-+h2s-hs-+h2o2NaOH+H2s(少量)=Na2S+2H2O2OH-+H2S-S2-+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH)3I+3NaCl3OH-+A13+-A1(OH)3；NaOH4-Al(OH)3=NaAlO2+2H2O

28、(A1C13和A1(OH)3哪個酸性強？)OH-+A1(OH)3-A1O2-+2H2OCa(OH)2+2NH4Cl=2CaCl2+2NH31+2H2O(實驗室制NH3)NaOH+NH4Cl=NaCl+NH31+H2OMg(OH)2+2NH4Cl=MgCl2+2NH3-H2O(A1(OH)3+NH4C1不溶解)Ba(OH)2+H2SO4=BaSO4I+2H2O2H*+2OH-+Ba2*+SO42-BaSO412H2OaFe+Fe-SFe2+2AgOH=Ag2O+H2O3、不穩(wěn)定性：Mg(OH)2=MgO+H2O2Fe(OH)3=Fe2O3+3H2O八.&1、氧化性：(在水溶液中)2FeC

29、l3+Fe=3FeCl22Al(OH)3aAi2O3+3H2OCu(OH)CuO+H2O2FeC13+Zn(少量)=2FeCb+ZnC12 FeCl3+Ag=FeC12+AgCl !Fe2(SO4)3+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4 1 2FeCh+H2s=2FeCb+2HCl+S I 2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2F eCl2+Mg=F e+MgCl22FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻銅線路版)2Fe3*+Cu-2Fe2"+Cu2*2Fe3+Zn-2Fe2"+Zn2>2Fe3*+cr+2Ag-2Fe2*+2AgCl；(較難反

30、應)Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反應2Fe3+H2s=2Fe2*+2H*+S|2Fe3*+2F-2Fe2+I2Fe+Mg-Fe+Mg2+NaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2t+2H2O(實驗室制氮氣)NH4+NO/-N2f+2H2O2、還原性：2FeCl2+3Cl2=2FeCl3(在水溶液中不需加熱)2Fe2+3Cl2-2Fe3+6Cr3Na2s+8HNCM稀)=6NaNO3+2NOt+3S+4H2O3S2+8H+2NO3-2NOt+3S+4H2O3Na2so3+2HNC>3(稀)=3Na2so4+2NOf+H2O3SO32+2H+2NO3-3SO42+2NOf+H2O2Na2SO3+O2

31、=2Na2SO4(Na2SO3在空氣中易變質)Na2SO3+SNa2S2O3Na2S+Cl2=2NaCl+SI(在水溶液中)S2-+C12=2C1+S；3、與堿性物質的作用：Ca(OH)2+CuSO4=Cu(OH)2!+CaSO4!(波爾多液)MgCl2+2NH3-H2O=Mg(OH)2；+2NH4clMg2+2NH3-H2O=Mg(OH)2|+2NHJAICI3+3NH3H2O=A1(OH)3J+3NH4clA13*+3NH3-H2O-A1(OH)2I+3NHJFeCl3+3NH3-H2O=Fe(OH)31+3NHQ1Fe3*+3NH3-H2O-Fe(OH)3；+3NHJCuSO4+2NH3

32、-H2(D(不足)=Cu(OH)21+(NH4)2SO4Cu2*+2NH3-H2O-Cu(OH)2I+2NHJ銅氨溶液總方程式 銅氨溶液Cu(OH)2+4NH3-H2O=Cu(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OCu(OH)2+4NH3-H2O-Cu(NH3)42+2OH-+4H2O，CuSO4+4NH3H2(D(足)=Cu(NH3)4SO4+4H2。Cu2*+4NH3H2O-Cu(NH3)42*+4H2OAgNO3+NH3H2O=AgOH|+NH4NO32AgOH=Ag2O(灰黑色)+H2OA&O+4NH3H2O-2Ag(NH3)2r+2OH-+3H2OAgNO3+2NH3H2O=Ag(N

33、H3)2NO3+2H2OAg+2NH3-H2O-Ag(NH3)2+2H2OZnSO4+2NH3H2CX不足)=Zn(OH)2I+(NH4)2SO4ZF+2NH3H2O-Zn(OH)21+2NHJZn(OH)2+4NH3H2O=Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZnSO4+4NH3H2CM足)=Zn(NH3)4SO4+4H2。Zn2*+4NH3-H2O=Zn(NH3)42*+4H2O銀氨溶液總方程式總方程式PO43+2H+-H2PO4- hpo42-+h+-h2po4-H2PCU+H'H3PO4 CO32'+H+-HCO/ hco3+h*-co2 t +H2O4、與酸性物質的作

34、用：強酸制弱酸，或不揮發(fā)性酸制揮發(fā)性酸Na3Po4+2HCl=Na2Hpe)4+2NaClNa2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO44-HCl=H3PO4+NaClNa2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaCiNaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2t3Na2CO3+2AlC13+3H2O=2Al(OH)3I+3CO2t+6NaCl(物質之間的雙水解反應)3CO32-+2A13+3H2O-2A1(OH)3I+3CO2f3Na2co3+2FeCh+3Hq=2Fe(OH)3I+3CO2+6NaCl3CO32+2Fe3+3H2O-2Fe(OH)3|+3CO2t3NaHCO3+

35、AlCl3=Al(OH)3I+3CO2t3HCO3-+A13*-2A1(OH)3；+3CO2t3NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe(OH)3；+3CO2t3HCO3-+Fe3*-2Fe(OH)3I+3CO2t3Na2S+A12(SO4)3+6H2O=2Al(OH)3I+3H2st3S2>2A13+3H2O-2A1(OH)3；+3H2Sf（物質之間的雙水解反應）（物質之間的雙水解反應）（物質之間的雙水解反應）（物質之間的雙水解反應）（物質之間的雙水解反應）3NaAlO2+AlC13+6H2O=4Al(OH)3I+3NaCl3A1O2-+A13+6H2O=4A1(OH)3I3NaAlO2+FeC

36、l34-6H2O=3Al(OH)3I+Fe(OH)3!+3NaCl3A1O2-+Fe3*+6H2O-3A1(OH)3I+Fe(OH)3；NaAlO2+NH4Cl+2H2O=Al(OH)3I+NH3H2O+NaClA1O/+NH4+2H2O-A1(OH)3；+NH3-H2ONa2CO3+H2O+CO2=2NaHCO3CO32-+H2O+CO2-2HCO3-Na2CO3+H2O+2SO2=2NaHSO3+CO21(1:2)CO32+H2O+2SO2-2HSO3+CO2t2Na2co3(足)+H2(D+SO2=Na2so3+2NaHCC>3(CO2中的SC不能用Na2c。3洗氣)2CO32-+

37、H2O+SO2-SO32-+2HCO3-(2:1)Na2cO3+SC)2=Na2sO3+CO2(1:1)co32-+so2-so32-+co2NaHCO3+SO2=NaHSO3+CO2(CO2中的SO2可能用NaHCC)3洗氣)2HCO3+SO2-2HSO3+CO22NaHCO3+SO2=Na2SO3+2CO2+H2O2HCO3-+SO2-SO32-+2CO2+H2ONa2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3I+NaCl或Na2SiO3+2HCRH2O=H4SiO41+2NaClSiO32+2H+-H2SiO3|或SiO32-+2H+H2O-H4SiO4；Na2SiO3+CO2+2H2O=H2Si

38、O31+Na2CO3SiO32-+CO2+2H2O-H4SiO4I+CO32-5、鹽與鹽復分解反應Na2SO4+BaCl2=BaSO41+2NaCl(沉淀不溶于鹽酸、硝酸)SO32+Ba2*-BaSO41Na2SO3+BaCl2=BaSO31+2NaCl(沉淀溶于鹽酸，在硝酸中生成新的沉淀,沉淀不消失)SO32+Ba2*-BaSO3INa2CO3+BaCl2=BaCO3I+2NaCl（沉淀溶干鹽酸、沉淀消失）CO32-+Ba24-BaCO3；(NaHCC)3不反應)Ag*+Cl-AgCl ；Ag+Br-AgBr |Ag+r-Agi 1Na2cO3+CaCb=CaCO31+2NaClCO32-+

39、Ca24-CaCO3；AgNO3+NaCi=AgClI+NaNO3AgNO3+NaBr=AgBrI+NaNO3AgNO3+KI=AgCl!+KNO33AgNO3+Na3PO4=Ag3PO41+3NaNO33Ag+PO43-Ag3PO4；CuSO4+Na2S=CuS1+Na2SO4Cu2+S2'=CuS|FeCl3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN)3+3KClFe3+3SCN-Fe(SCN)3(血紅色，用于Fe?+的特性檢驗)6、不穩(wěn)定性：Na2s2O3+H2sC)4=Na2sO4+S4+SO2t+H2OS2O32-+2H+-S；+S02t+H2ONH4C1=NH3t+HC1fNH4WNH3t

40、+HIt2HIH2+I2NH4I=NH3t+H2t+Ltnh4hco3=nh3t+h2o+co2t2KNO3=2KNO2+O2t2Cu(NO3)3=2CuO+4NO2t+O2t光昭2AgNO32Ag+2NO2t+。2M保存在棕色瓶中)5NH4NO3=4N2t+2HNO3+9H2O10NH4NO38N2t+4N5t+5t+20H2Ot(硝酸核爆炸反應)2KMnO4=K2MnO4+MnO2+O2t2KC1O3=2KC1+3O2t2NaHCO3=Na2CO3+H2O+CO2tCa(HCO3)2=CaCO3+H2O+CO2tCaCO3iCaO+CO2tMgCOfiMgO+CO?t九、電寓方程式1、酸的

41、電離(H2SC)4、HNO3、HCKHBr、HLH3PO4、HF、H2so3、CH3coOH、H2co3、H2SHNO2、CcH5OH>HCN、HC1O)H2SO4=2H-+SO42-或：H2SO4+2H2O=2H3O+SO42-HNO3=H+NO3-或：HNO3+H2O=H3O+NO<(以下雷同)HC1=H+CrHBr=H0Br-HI=H+rH3Po4H+H2Po；H2PO；:-HPO,H+PO：HFHFF-H2so3=H，+HSO；HSO；：CH3coOH；=H*+CH3coO-H2co3=H+HCO；HCO；=H+CO；-H2s=H+HS-HS-S2-HNO2；H+NO；Cg

42、H50HmHFCgHsO(苯酚不是酸，顯酸性)HCNj=H"CN-HCIOHFC。2H2O=H3O+OH-2、堿的電離(NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)2>Mg(OH)2.A1(OH)3>NH3-H2O)NaOH=Na+OH-KOH=IC+OH-Ba(OH)2=Ba2+2OH-Mg(OH)2Mg2+2OH-A1(OH)3=A13+3oh-酸式電離：A1(OH)3KH+A10：+H2O一NH3H2ONH；+2OH-Ca(OH)2=Ca2+2OH-(澄清石灰水)Ca(OH)2=Ca2+2OH-(石灰懸濁液)3、鹽的電離(NaCkNa2so八NaHSC、Na2sO3、NaHSO3

43、>MgSO4CaSO4A12(SO4)3>CuSO4Al*AgNO3xCH3coONa、NH4NO3、FeCi3>Na2co3、NaHCO3>Na2SNaHS、NaH2Po4、Na2HPO4Na3Po仆KLNaBr、NaClO、AgCKCaCO3)NaCl=Na-+CNa2SO4=2Na+SOfNaHSO4=H-+Na+SO;Na2so3=2Na+SO：NaHSO3=NaHSO3-(錯誤書寫：NaHSO3=Na+HSO42-)MgSO4=Mg2*+SOjAl2（SO4）3=2Al3+3SOfCuSO4=Cu2+SOfAlCl3=Al3+3CrAgNO3=Ag+NO3CH

44、3COONa=CH3COO-+Na-NH4NO3=NH4+NO3-FeCl3=Fe3+3CrNa2co3=2Na+CO；-NaHCC）3=Na"HCO；（錯誤書寫：NaHCO3=NaH-+CO;）Na2s=2NarS”NaHS=Na+HS-（錯誤書寫：NaHS=Na*+H+S?-）NaH2PO4=Na+H2PO；Na2HPO4=2Na+HPOf（錯誤書寫：Na2HPO4=2NaH+4-PO）Na3Po4=3Na+PO：KI=K-+LNaBr=Na+Br-NaClO=Na+ClO-AgCl=Ag+C（難溶、微溶物質在水中發(fā)生微弱電離）CaCO3Ca2+COf（錯誤書寫：CaCO3=Ca

45、2+COj"）CaSO4Ca2+SO；（錯誤書寫：CaSO4=Ca2>+SO）3、熔融電離Nacp空也Na，+CPMgC12=Mg2+2CPNa2O=2Na+O2-A12O3=2A13+3O2-十、水解反應1、單水解一可逆水解NH4C1+H2ONH3h2o+hcinh4+h2oh*+nh3-h2oFeCl3+3H2OFe（OH）3+3HClFe3+3H2OFe（OH）3+3H*A1C134.3H2O；A1（OH）3+3HC1Al3+3H2O=iAl（OH）3+3H*CuSO4+2H2OCu（OH）2+H2SO4（金屬活動順序表中Mg?-以后的陽離子均水解）NaHCO3+H2OH

46、2CO3+NaOH（NaHSO不水解，NaHSO?電離大于水解）Na2CO3+H2O；NaHCO3+NaOHCO32-+H2O=iHCO3+OH-NaHCCh+EOnH2cCVNaOH（第一步遠遠大于第二步，二步不能疊加）Na2SO3+H2ONaHSO3+NaOHSO32-+H2OHSO3-+OH-NaHSO3+H2O=H2s03+NaOH（第一步遠遠大于第二步，二步不能疊加）HSO3-+H2O=H2SO3+OH-Na2S+H2ONaHS+NaOHS2+H2OHS+OH-NaHS+HzO=HzS+NaOH（第一步遠遠大于第二步，二步不能疊加）HS+H2O=H2S+OH-Na3PO4+H2ONa

47、2HPO4+NaOHPO43-+H2OHPO42-+OH-Na2HPO4+H2O=NaH2PO4+NaOHHPO42-+H2POr+OH-NaH2PO4+H2OH3PO4+NaOHH2PO4+H2OH3PO4+OH-CH3coONa+HzOJCH3coOH+NaOHCH3COO+H20CH3COOH+OH-CcH5ONa+H2OCcH5OH+NaOHC6H5O+H2OC6H5OH+OH-2、雙水解CH3coONH4+H2O=CH3coOH+NH3H2ONH4F+H2O；HF+NH3h2oA12S34-6H2O=A1(OH)3!+h2st(隔絕空氣，密封保存)Mg3N2+6H2O=Mg(OH)2

48、I+N/f(隔絕空氣，密封保存)Na3P+3H2O=3NaOH+PH3f(隔絕空氣，密封保存)Zn3P2+6H2O=Zn(OH)21+PH3f(Zn3P2一種老鼠藥，PH3劇毒神經毒劑)CaC24-2H2O=Ca(OH)3I+C2H?M隔絕空氣，密封保存)C2H5ONa+H2O=C2H5OH+NaOH十一、電解及電極方程式1、電解質溶液在惰性電極條件下，或陰極是較活潑金屬電極，陽極是惰性電極條件下的電解申解2NaCR2H2O2NaQH-<-H2t+C12t(-)2H2O+2e-=H2t+2OH-或2H+2e=H2t(+)2Cr-2e-=Cl2t申解2C1-+2Hq-2OH+H2t+C12

49、t申解CuCl2Cu+Cbt(-)Cu2+2e-=CuJ(十)2"-2e-=Cbt申解Cu2+2C1-=Cu1+ci2t電解2CuSO4+2H2O2CuI+O2f+2H2SO4(-)2Cu2+4e-=2CuI(+)2HzO-4e-=C)2+4IT或:40H.4e=C)21+2H.O4H2(D4H+40H.申解2Cu2+2H2O2Cu；+O2t+4H+曲解2H2O=2H2t+O2t(-)4H+4e-=2H2t(+)4OH-4e-=O2t+2H2O中性電解4H9；=4H+4OH2Hq電解«2t+O2t酸性水解:(-)4H+4e=2H2f(+)2H2O-4e=O2t+4H+4OH

50、-4e-=O2t+2H2O2H2O-H2f+O2t堿性水解：(-)4H2O+4e-=2H2t+4OH*或：4H+4e=2H2t(+)4OH=4e=O2t+2氏。申解2H2O-H21+O2t2、電鍍：鍍件作陰極，被鍍金屬作陽極，被鍍金屬的含氧酸鹽作電解質溶液鍍銅：CuSO,電鍍液鍍件(-)Cu2+2e=Cu純銅(+)Cu-2e=Cu2+鍍鋅：ZnSO4電鍍液鍍件(-)Zn2+2e=Zn|純鋅(+)Zn-2e=Zn2+鍍銀：AgNC>3電鍍液鍍件(-)Ag-+e=Ag|純銀(+)Ag-e*=Ag+鍍鏢：NiSC電鍍液鑲件(_)Ni2+2e=Ni1純銀(+)Ni-2e=Ni2+3、熔融狀態(tài)下的

51、電解：申解2NaCl(熔融y2Na+Cl2t(-)2Na+2e-=2Na(+)2Cl-4e=Cbt申解2Na-+2cl(熔融UNa+CNt2Al2。3(熔融J電解4A1+2C)2t(-)4Al3+12e-=4Al(+)6O2-12e-=3O2t熔融電解4Al3+602-4A1+3O2t電解NaHFz(熔融)H?t+?2t(-)2H+2e-=H2t(十)2F:2e-=F2t2HF電解H2t+F2t十二、原電池反應XY(電解質溶液)或X/電解質溶液Y(1)不可逆電池蘇打電池：Zn-Cu(H2SO4)Zn極(-)Zn-2e=Zn2+(氧化反應)Cu極(+)2H+2e=H2t(還原反應)離子方程式Zn

52、+2H+=H2t+Zn2+化學方程式Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2t鐵碳電池：FlC(H2co3)Fe極(-)Fe-2e=Fe2+(氧化反應)C極(+)2H-+2e-=H2t(還原反應)離子方程式Fe+2H-=H2t+Fe2+(析氫腐蝕)鐵碳電池：FlC(H2。、O2)Fe極(-)2Fe-4e=2Fe2+(氧化反應)C極(+)O2+2H2O+4e-=4OH-(還原反應)化學方程式2Fe+C)2+2H2O=2Fe(OH)2(吸氧腐蝕)4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3=Fe2O3-nH2O+(3-n)H2O(鐵銹的生成過程)鋁停電池：AlNi(NaCl溶液、O2)Al極(-)4Al-12e=4Al3+(氧化反應)Ni極(+)302+6%0+12=12014-(還原反應)化學方程式4A1+3O2+6H2O=4A1(OH)3(海洋燈標電池)干電池：ZnMnCMNH4cl糊狀物)NH4C1+H2O=NH3-H2O+HC1Zn極(-)Zn-2e=Zn2+(氧化反應)Cu極(+)2MnO2+2H+2e-=Mn2O3+H2O(還原反應)化學方程式Zn+2NH4Cl+2MnO2=ZnC12+Mn2O3+2NH3t可逆電池鉛蓄電池：Pb-PbCM濃硫酸)放電Pb極(-)Pb+H2s。4_2e=