入冬安全注意事項(xiàng)

1、Working in winter冬季工作1 Body temperature1 體溫Effects of cold environment寒冷環(huán)境的影響A cold environment challenges the worker in three ways:寒冷的環(huán)境對工人的影響來自三個方面：air temperature空氣溫度air movement due to wind由風(fēng)所引起的空氣運(yùn)動air humidity空氣濕度In order to work safely, these challenges have to be counterbalanced by:為了能夠安全的進(jìn)行

2、工作，我們需要通過以下途徑來應(yīng)對這些影響：proper insulation of protective clothing適當(dāng)?shù)慕^緣防護(hù)服physical activity身體活動controlled exposure to cold by a work and rest schedule.通過合理安排作息日程表來控制暴露在寒冷環(huán)境的時間。Moreover, working conditions can be more dangerous due to the presence of snow or of ice on the roads and on the pathways.此外，當(dāng)?shù)缆飞?/p>

3、有雪或者有冰時，工作條件會更加危險。Wind-chill temperature風(fēng)寒溫度At any temperature, the sensation of cold is higher when the wind speed increases. The combined effect of cold air and wind speed is expressed as wind-chill temperature. It gives a correspondence between the actual temperature with its conditions of wind a

4、nd a temperature that would have the same effects without any wind.當(dāng)溫度一定時，風(fēng)速越大，人們就感覺越寒冷。因此，人們用風(fēng)寒溫度來表示冷空氣和風(fēng)速的綜合影響。如下表所示，實(shí)際溫度和風(fēng)力的綜合影響與無風(fēng)時某一溫度的影響存在著一一對應(yīng)的關(guān)系。Wind-chill temperature (Celsius degrees)風(fēng)寒溫度（攝氏度）Wind00-5-10-15-20-25-30-40-50speed10-3-9-15-21-27-33-39-51-63(km/s)風(fēng)速20-5-12-18-24-31-37-43-56-683

5、0-7-13-20-26-33-39-46-59-7240-8-14-21-27-34-41-48-61-7450-8-15-22-29-35-42-49-63-7660-9-16-23-30-37-43-50-64-78Slight riskModerated riskHigh riskImmediate risk輕微危險中度危險高危險即刻危險(Figures from French National Institute of Research on Safety, INRS)（數(shù)據(jù)來自法國國家安全研究所）It means that:從圖中我們可以看到：as soon as wind-chi

6、ll temperature is less than - 5 degrees there is a slight risk.當(dāng)風(fēng)寒溫度低于零下 5攝氏度時，屬于輕微危險。as soon as wind-chill temperature is less than25 degrees there is a moderated risk, for instance with a temperature of -15 degrees and a wind speed over 30 km/s當(dāng)風(fēng)寒溫度低于零下 25攝氏度時，屬于中度危險，例如，當(dāng)空氣溫度為零下15攝氏度，風(fēng)速高于 30 km/s時

7、。as soon as wind chill temperature is less than40 degrees there is a high risk for instance with a temperature of -25 degrees and a wind speed over 40 km/s當(dāng)風(fēng)寒溫度低于零下 40攝氏度時，屬于高度危險，例如，當(dāng)空氣溫度為零下25攝氏度，風(fēng)速高于 40 km/s時。as soon as wind-chill temperature is less than -55 degrees there is an immediate danger.當(dāng)風(fēng)

8、寒溫度低于零下 55攝氏度時，屬于非常危險。Means of prevention預(yù)防手段For continuous work in temperatures below zero degree, heated warming rest rooms should be available. The work should be studied to avoid excessive sweating. Proper rest periods in a warm area should be allowed.對于低于零攝氏度環(huán)境下的連續(xù)工作，需要配有加熱保暖的休息室。在工作中要學(xué)會避免過度出汗。

9、應(yīng)當(dāng)允許在溫暖的區(qū)域進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)男菹?。The risk of cold injury can be minimized by proper equipment design, safe work practices and appropriate clothing:通過正確的裝備設(shè)計、安全工作實(shí)踐和妥當(dāng)?shù)囊轮?，可以把寒冷損傷的危險降到最低。Equipment Design: For work below the freezing point, metal handles and bars should be covered by thermal insulating material. Also

10、, machines and tools should be designed so that they can be operated without having to remove mittens or gloves裝備設(shè)計：對于冰點(diǎn)溫度以下的工作， 應(yīng)使用絕熱材料覆蓋金屬把手和欄桿。同樣，在設(shè)計機(jī)器和工具時，應(yīng)保證在操作時不需要脫掉手套。Surveillance and Monitoring: When outdoor temperature is below the freezing point, temperature and air speed should be monitor

11、ed at least every 4 hours.溫度檢測：當(dāng)室外溫度低于冰點(diǎn)時，應(yīng)至少每四小時檢測一次溫度和風(fēng)速。Emergency Procedures: Procedures for providing first aid and obtaining medical care should be clearly outlined. For each shift, at least one trained person should be assigned the responsibility of attending to emergencies.緊急應(yīng)變程序：明確闡述急救和獲得醫(yī)療保

12、健的程序。每個班組都應(yīng)至少有一個受過緊急情況培訓(xùn)的人。Training: Workers and supervisors involved with work in cold environments should be informed about symptoms of adverse effect exposure to cold, proper clothing habits, safe work practices, physical fitness requirements for work in cold, and emergency procedures in case of

13、cold injury. While working in cold, a buddy system should be used. Look out for one another and be alert for the symptoms of hypothermia.培訓(xùn)：在寒冷環(huán)境下工作的員工和管理者應(yīng)當(dāng)了解暴露在寒冷天氣里的不良癥狀、正確的穿衣習(xí)慣、安全工作實(shí)踐、寒冷環(huán)境中工作的體能要求以及寒冷凍傷后的緊急應(yīng)變程序等。 當(dāng)在寒冷條件下工作時， 應(yīng)當(dāng)使用兩人同行制，各負(fù)責(zé)另一人的安全，以警惕發(fā)生低溫癥狀。PPE for working in the cold : Protective

14、clothing is needed for work below 4C. Clothing should be selected to suit the temperature, weather conditions, the level and duration of activity, and job design. Clothing should be worn in multiple°layers which provide better protection than a single thick garment. The air between layers of cl

15、othing provides better insulation than the clothing itself.個人防護(hù)裝備：在低于 4攝氏度下工作時，需要穿著防護(hù)服。在防護(hù)服的選擇上應(yīng)考慮到溫度、天氣情況、勞動程度、持續(xù)時間以及工作設(shè)計。相對只穿一件厚衣服來說，穿多層衣服可以得到更好的保護(hù)。各層衣服間的空氣所起到的隔熱作用要超過衣服本身。Effects of cold on work performance寒冷在工作業(yè)績方面的影響Uncomfortably cold working conditions can lead to lower work efficiency and hig

16、her accident rates. Cold impairs the performance of complex mental tasks. Manual tasks are also impaired because the sensitivity and dexterity of fingers are reduced in the cold. At even lower temperatures, the cold affects the deeper muscles resulting in reduced muscular strength and stiffened join

17、ts. Mental alertness is reduced due to cold-related discomfort. For all these reasons accidents are more likely to occur in very cold working conditions. Women are generally at a greater risk of cold injury than men. Diseases of the blood circulation system, fatigue, consumption of alcohol or some m

18、edications, smoking can increase the risks.不幸的是，寒冷的工作條件不僅使工作效率降低，還會增加發(fā)生事故的幾率。寒冷會削弱復(fù)雜的腦力勞動的表現(xiàn)。手工勞動同樣會受到影響，因?yàn)楹鋾档褪种傅撵`敏度和靈活性。當(dāng)溫度更低時，寒冷甚至?xí)绊懙礁畹募∪猓率辜∪饬α拷档秃完P(guān)節(jié)僵硬。寒冷帶來的不適會降低神經(jīng)的警覺性?；谏鲜鲈颍诜浅：涞臈l件下是很容易發(fā)生事故的。女性比男性更容易受到寒冷損傷。血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的疾病、疲勞、酒精或服用某些藥物、吸煙都使上述風(fēng)險增大。Health effects of exposure to cold對健康的影響Cooling of

19、 body parts may result in various cold injuries - non-freezing injuries, freezing injuries - and hypothermia which is the most serious.身體各部分受冷后會引起各種各樣的寒冷損傷 非凍傷、凍傷以及最嚴(yán)重的低體溫癥。Toes, fingers, ears and nose are at greatest risk because these areas do not have major muscles to produce heat. In addition, t

20、he body will preserve heat by favouring the internal organs and thus reducing the flow of blood to the extremities under cold conditions. Hands and feet tend to get cold more quickly than the torso because:腳趾、手指、耳朵和鼻子是最容易受到寒冷損傷的器官，因?yàn)樗鼈儧]有可以產(chǎn)生熱量的肌肉。此外，在寒冷的環(huán)境里，身體會降低流向四肢的血液流動速度來為內(nèi)部器官保留熱量。人的手腳比軀干冷的更快的原因有

21、：they lose heat more rapidly since they have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, and因?yàn)槭趾湍_的表面積與體積的比例更大，所以它們更容易散失熱量；they are more likely to be in contact with colder surfaces than other parts of the body.與身體其它部分相比，手和腳接觸寒冷表面的機(jī)會更多。If the eyes are not protected with goggles in high wind chill conditio

22、ns, the corneas of the eyes may freeze.在高風(fēng)寒的條件下，如果沒有佩戴護(hù)目鏡的話，眼角膜可能會被凍住。The most severe cold injury is hypothermia which occurs from excessive loss of body heat and the consequent lowering of the inner core temperature (internal temperature of the body). Hypothermia can be fatal.低體溫癥是最嚴(yán)重的寒冷損傷，由于體內(nèi)熱量的大

23、量流失，內(nèi)部核心溫度（身體內(nèi)部溫度）持續(xù)降低。低體溫癥將是致命的。First aid for frostbites凍傷急救First aid for frostbite includes:凍傷急救包括：If possible, move the victim to a warm area.如果可能的話，將傷者轉(zhuǎn)移到溫暖的區(qū)域。Loosen or remove constricting clothing or jewellery that may restrict circulation.放松或脫掉緊身的衣服或首飾以避免限制血液流通。Loosely cover the affected area

24、 with a dressing. Place some gauze between fingers and toes to absorb moisture and prevent them from sticking together.用衣服覆蓋在受傷的部位上。在手指和腳趾之間放上紗布吸收濕氣以防止它們粘結(jié)在一起。Quickly transport the victim to an emergency care facility.把傷者快速運(yùn)送到急救設(shè)備上。Do not attempt to rewarm the affected area on site, but do try to st

25、op the area from becoming any colder. Without the proper facilities, tissue that has been warmed may refreeze and cause more damage.在現(xiàn)場不要試圖使受傷部位重新暖和起來，但是要盡量去阻止這些部位變的更冷。在沒有合適的設(shè)備時， 變暖的紙巾可能會結(jié)冰， 從而帶來更大的損害。Do not rub area or apply dry heat.不要摩擦受傷部位或者提供干熱。Do not allow the victim to drink alcohol or smoke.

26、不要讓傷者喝酒或吸煙。2 Weather conditions2 天氣情況Winter conditions冬季工況Snow-falls can greatly reduce visibility, create hazardous road conditions, even knock down trees and power lines or roof collapses from snow loads.降雪會使能見度嚴(yán)重降低，產(chǎn)生危險路況，積雪甚至?xí)旱箻淠尽㈦娋€，或使屋頂坍塌。Rain in winter can have serious impacts when it falls o

27、n an existing snowpack or on frozen ground.冬季下雨會產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的影響，它將使地面上有積雪或結(jié)冰。Freezing rain is precipitation that falls in liquid form at first but then falls through a layer of cold air. If this layer of cold air is thick enough and the air temperature is below freezing, the precipitation freezes on contact

28、 with the ground (or an object that is below freezing temperature), forming a coating of ice on its surface. Driving and even walking can be dangerous in such conditions. As well, ice coated utility lines or poles can be brought down due to the excess weight of the ice.凍雨降水的初始狀態(tài)是液態(tài)的，并隨后進(jìn)入冷空氣層。當(dāng)冷空氣層足

29、夠厚且空氣溫度低于冰點(diǎn)時， 降水在與地面 （或者某個低于冰點(diǎn)的物體）接觸的時候就會結(jié)成冰，并在表面形成一層薄冰。在這種條件下駕車或是步行都是非常危險的，此外，覆冰的公用線路或電線桿可能會因?yàn)楸闹亓窟^重而被壓倒。Fog reduces visibility due to suspended water droplets. Driving any vehicle in low visibilities due to fog can be hazardous, therefore speeds should be reduced accordingly。由于懸浮小水滴的影響，霧使能見度降低。在能見

30、度很低的霧天開車將是非常危險的，所以車速要根據(jù)具體的情況有所降低。Risks due to weather conditions and related preventions 由天氣狀況造成的風(fēng)險及相關(guān)預(yù)防措施All these weather conditions increase the risks of slips and trips when walking in the plant and the risk of car accidents. Internal roads and pathways must be cleaned as soon as possible and sa

31、lt can be spread on the roads to lower the freezing point of the water. Drivers must adapt the speed of their cars to the external conditions.以上天氣狀況都會增加在工廠行走時滑倒或被絆倒以及發(fā)生車禍的風(fēng)險。工廠內(nèi)部的道路要盡快的進(jìn)行清理，并在道路上撒鹽以提高冰點(diǎn)溫度。司機(jī)同志則要根據(jù)外部條件的情況來控制車速。Leakages of water or steam can create ice stalactites. They are very dange

32、rous when they are hung up in racks or on the edges of roofs, over pathways. They must be removed as soon as possible, and if it is not possible barricades must be set up to avoid circulation under them.水或者蒸汽的泄漏可能會形成冰柱。當(dāng)這些冰柱懸掛在道路上方的架子或是房頂邊緣時，將是非常危險的。它們必須盡快被清理掉，如果不能清理的話，那就必須設(shè)置路障以避免行人路過。To clean froze

33、n process equipments, workers use frequently steam provided by a hose linked to a steam pipe. There are risks of burn, especially if the connexion between the hose and the pipe is not adequate and so that the hose can be thrown-out of the connexion. Connexion must be adapted according to Blue Star H

34、eadquarters requirements.對于結(jié)冰工藝設(shè)備的清理，工人經(jīng)常使用的工具是一根連在蒸汽管上的軟管。在使用時有被燙傷的危險，特別是當(dāng)軟管與蒸汽管連接的不太合適的時候，軟管可能會被甩出去。因此，軟管與蒸汽管的連接必須要符合藍(lán)星集團(tuán)總公司的要求。Equipments containing water can be deteriorated by inside freezing. Insulation and automatic drain conditions must be checked before the arrival of low temperatures.含水的設(shè)備

35、可能會由于設(shè)備里的冰而受損。在氣溫降低之前，必須對保溫和自動排水的情況進(jìn)行檢查。Reduction of slipping避免滑倒Slipping can be reduced if employees:要避免滑倒，員工需做到以下一點(diǎn)：wear adapted shoes that provide enough traction on the ground穿著合適的能提供足夠附著力的鞋take time and pay attention to where they are going花時間關(guān)注一下目的地take special care while walking in wet weathe

36、r and at night and when walking across lawns, parking lots, and walkways. Whenever possible, keep off the grass because, when frozen, it does not provide enough traction to prevent a slip當(dāng)天氣潮濕的晚上，行走在草坪、停車場和人行道上時，要格外的小心。盡可能避開結(jié)冰的草，因?yàn)樗荒芴峁┳銐虻哪Σ亮肀苊饣?。walk on level surfaces whenever possible.盡可能的走在水平的地面

37、上。adjust their stride to a pace that is suitable for the walking surface and the tasks they are doing. Take short, flat steps, keeping the heels and soles of the shoes in contact with the soil調(diào)整步伐以適應(yīng)行走路面以及正在進(jìn)行的工作。步幅短且平，保持鞋跟和鞋底與地面的接觸。walk with the feet pointed slightly outward走路時腳尖稍稍沖外。make wide turn

38、s at corners.轉(zhuǎn)彎時盡量拐的大一點(diǎn)。take short cuts is dangerous and must be avoided.走捷徑是危險的，應(yīng)當(dāng)被禁止Use handrails when available.有扶手時，請使用扶手。Fire Safety消防安全The risk of indoor fires increases during the winter when people spend more time inside and sometimes use standard electric heaters with inadequate electric co

39、nnexions.冬季更容易發(fā)生室內(nèi)火災(zāi)，因?yàn)槿藗儠ǜ嗟臅r間呆在屋子里，而且有些時候人們雖然使用的是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電加熱器，但并沒有正確的進(jìn)行連接。3 Driving in winter3 冬季駕駛Travel preparation行前準(zhǔn)備Plan driving in advance提前對駕駛進(jìn)行計劃Avoid driving when tired不要疲勞駕駛Check weather conditions before travel臨行前檢查天氣狀況Plan arrival time at a destination by taking into account any delays due

40、 to slowertraffic, reduced visibility, roadblocks, collisions, .預(yù)計到達(dá)目的地的時間時要考慮一切可能的延誤， 如：交通緩慢、能見度低、路障、碰撞，等。Warm up vehicle before driving off. It reduces moisture condensing on the inside of the windows.開車前，先著車升溫。這樣可以減低車窗里濕氣的凝結(jié)。Never warm up vehicle in a closed garage.不要在關(guān)閉的車庫里預(yù)熱車輛。Remove snow and i

41、ce from vehicle. It helps to see and also to be seen.清理車上的雪和冰，這樣有助于你的觀察，別人也比較容易注意到你。Inspect your windshield wipers to ensure they move freely and make full contact with the windshield, and make sure the windshield washer antifreeze reservoir is full.檢查擋風(fēng)玻璃上的雨刷，保證它們可以正?；顒忧遗c擋風(fēng)玻璃完全接觸，并且要確保擋風(fēng)玻璃的清洗防凍液是滿的

42、。Check the strength of car batteries as part of the vehicle maintenance program 把汽車電池電量的檢查作為車輛維修保養(yǎng)程序的一部分。Driving駕駛Buckle up safety belt before driving. Keep safety belt buckled at all times 駕駛前帶好安全帶，時時刻刻保持扣緊安全帶。Slow down: indicated speed limits are for ideal travel conditions. Driving at reduced spe

43、eds is the best precautionary measure against any misfortune while driving on slippery roads減速：最高限速是指在理想的駕駛條件下可以達(dá)到的速度。在濕滑的路面路面上駕駛時，減速是最好的預(yù)防措施。Be alert時刻警惕Reduce speed while approaching intersections covered with ice or snow當(dāng)接近有冰或雪的十字路口時，一定要減速。Allow for extra travelling time or even consider delaying

44、 a trip if the weather is inclement如果天氣非常惡劣，應(yīng)延長旅行時間，甚至考慮延誤行程。Drive with low-beam headlights on. This makes your vehicle more visible駕駛時請使用近光前燈，這會使別人更容易看到你。Lengthen your following distance behind the vehicle ahead of you. Stopping distance on an icy road is double that of stopping on a dry one. For e

45、xample, from around 50 meters at the speed of 60 km/h, to 100 meters on an icy road surface增大與前車之間的距離。結(jié)冰路面的制動距離是在干燥路面的兩倍，也就是說，以 60km/h 的速度行駛，如果干燥路面的制動距離是 50米的話，那么結(jié)冰路面的制動距離將是 100米。Stay in the right-hand lane except when passing and use turn signals when changing lanes請呆在右車道除非你要超車，變換車道時請打轉(zhuǎn)向燈。Steer wit

46、h smooth and precise movements. Changing lanes too quickly and jerky steering while braking or accelerating can cause skidding平穩(wěn)且精確得轉(zhuǎn)向?？鞊Q車道和急動轉(zhuǎn)向時的制動或加速可以導(dǎo)致汽車打滑。Be aware and slow down when seeing a sign warning a bridge. Steel and concrete bridges are likely to be icy even when there is no ice on the

47、 asphalt surface過橋時要格外注意，并要減速。即使瀝青路面上沒有冰，鋼筋混凝土的橋梁也很容易打滑。Be patient and pass other cars only when it is safe to do so. 行車時要耐心，只有在確保安全的情況下才可以超車。 If you start to skid, do not brake and do not accelerate 當(dāng)你的車開始打滑時，不要剎車，也不要加速。4 Process4 工藝工程Drains are particularly exposed to freezing. They must be specifically monitored. They must be totally checked in autumn before the occurrence of freezing temperat