動(dòng)詞的分類及用法詳解學(xué)習(xí)資料

1、動(dòng)詞的分類及用法詳動(dòng)詞的分類及用法are這個(gè)詞的詞義“是”在句子中常常不譯出第一節(jié)動(dòng)詞的定義與分類、什么是動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞是表示人或事物的動(dòng)作、存在、變化的詞。動(dòng)詞是用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)做什么（即行為動(dòng)詞），或表示主語(yǔ)是什么或怎么樣（即狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞）的詞，例如：The boy runs fast.（這個(gè)男孩跑得快。）runs表示主語(yǔ)的行為He is a boy.（他是個(gè)男孩。）is與后面的表語(yǔ)a boy表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)二、動(dòng)詞的分類動(dòng)詞可以按照含義及它們?cè)诰渲械淖饔梅殖伤念?，即行為?dòng)詞（也稱實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）、連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。（一）行為動(dòng)詞行為動(dòng)詞（實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）是表示行為、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞。它的詞義完整，可以單獨(dú)作

2、謂語(yǔ)。例如：I live in Beijing with my mother.（我和我媽媽住在北京。）live，住It has a round face.（它有一張圓臉。） has,有（二）連系動(dòng)詞連系動(dòng)詞是表示主語(yǔ)“是什么”或“怎么樣”的詞，它雖有詞義，但不完整，所以不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，必須跟表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成合成謂語(yǔ)，例如：We are in Grade Two this year.（今年我們?cè)趦赡昙?jí)。） are,是連系動(dòng)詞可具體分為三類：1、 表示“是”的動(dòng)詡e。這個(gè)詞在不同的主語(yǔ)后面和不同的時(shí)態(tài)中有不同的形式，is,am，are, was，were，have/has beer等要特別予以注意。例

3、如：He is a teacher.（他是個(gè)教師。）He was a soldier two years ago.（兩年前他是個(gè)士兵。）We are Ch in ese.（我們是中國(guó)人。）2、 表示“感覺(jué)”的詞，如ook （看起來(lái)），feel （覺(jué)得，摸起來(lái)），smell （聞起來(lái)），sou nd （聽(tīng)起來(lái)），taste （嘗起來(lái)）等，例如：She looked tired.（她看一去很疲勞。）I feel ill.（我覺(jué)得不舒服。）Cotton feels soft.（棉花摸起來(lái)很軟。）The story sou nds in teresti ng.（這個(gè)故事聽(tīng)起來(lái)很有趣。）The flow

4、ers smell sweet.（這些花聞起來(lái)很香。）The mixture tasted horrible.（這藥水太難喝了。）3、 表示“變”、“變成”的意思的詞,b如come, get, grow, turn,都解釋為“變”、“變得”，例如：She became a college stude nt（她成了一名大學(xué)生。）He feels sick. His face turns white.（他感到不舒服，他的臉色變蒼白了。）The weather gets warmer and the days get Io nger whe n spri ng comeS 春天來(lái)了，天氣變得暖和些了

5、，白天也變得較長(zhǎng)些了。）He grew old.（他老了。）難點(diǎn)解釋注意區(qū)別以下一些動(dòng)詞的用法，它們既可以作為行為動(dòng)詞，又可以作為連系動(dòng)詞。1、look看；看起來(lái) He is looking at the picture.（他正在看這圖片。）行為動(dòng)詞It looks beautiful.（它看上去很美麗。）連系動(dòng)詞2、fell摸；感覺(jué)I felt some one touch my arm.（我感到有人碰我的手臂。）行為動(dòng)詞Are you felling better today than before?（你今天比以前感到好些了嗎？）連系動(dòng)詞3、smell嗅；聞起來(lái)My little brot

6、her likes to smell the apple before he eats it.（我的小弟弟喜歡在吃蘋(píng)果前聞一聞。）行為動(dòng)詞Great! The flowers smell nice.（這些花聞起來(lái)多香?。。┻B系動(dòng)詞4、sou nd弄響，發(fā)音；聽(tīng)起來(lái)The letter h”n hour is not sounded.（在hour這個(gè)詞中字母h是不發(fā)音的。）行為動(dòng)詞The gun soun ded much closer.（槍聲聽(tīng)起來(lái)更近了。）連系動(dòng)詞The soup tastes terrible.（這湯嘗起來(lái)味道太差了。）連系動(dòng)詞6 get得到，獲得；變There are s

7、ome bananas on the table. Each of you can get one桌上有些香蕉，你們每個(gè)人可以拿一個(gè)。）行為動(dòng)詞7、grow生長(zhǎng)，種植；變Do you grow rice in your country?（你們的國(guó)家種水稻嗎？）行為動(dòng)詞It too late. Itsgrowi ng dark.（太遲了，天漸漸變暗了。）連系動(dòng)詞8、turn轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，翻動(dòng)，使變得；變The earth turns around the sun.（地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。）行為動(dòng)詞When spri ng comes, the trees turn gree n and the flowers

8、 come out 春天來(lái)了，樹(shù)葉變經(jīng)綠了，花兒開(kāi)了。）連系動(dòng)詞上述句子中的動(dòng)詞如grow、get、turn等，既可以作連系動(dòng)詞，又可以作行為動(dòng)詞。如何來(lái)辨別它們呢？有一個(gè)最簡(jiǎn)便的方法，即用連系動(dòng)詞be替換句子中的這些動(dòng)詞，句子仍然成立就是連系動(dòng)詞；反之，不能替換的，就是行為動(dòng)詞。例如：The trees turn/are gree n whe n spri ng come（春天來(lái)臨，樹(shù)葉變綠。）The earth turns around the sun.（地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。）5、taste辨味；嘗起來(lái)（三）助動(dòng)詞Please taste the soup.請(qǐng)嘗一口湯。）行為動(dòng)詞這第二句句子中

9、的turn是行為動(dòng)詞，意為“轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)”。無(wú)法以is替換。這類詞本身無(wú)詞義，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，只能與主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，表示不同的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、表示句子的否定和疑問(wèn)，例如：He does not speak En glish well.（他英語(yǔ)講得不好。）句中的does是助動(dòng)詞，既表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，又與 not 起構(gòu)成否定形式。A dog is running after a cat.（一條狗正在追逐一只貓。）句中的is是助動(dòng)詞，和run的現(xiàn)在分詞一起構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。Did he have any milk and bread for his breakfast ?（他早餐喝牛奶、吃面包嗎？）句中的di

10、d是助動(dòng)詞，既表示一般過(guò)去時(shí)，又和動(dòng)詞have一起構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)。（四）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞這類詞本身雖有意義，但不完整。它們表示說(shuō)話人的能力、說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣或情態(tài)，如“可能”、“應(yīng)當(dāng)”等。這類動(dòng)詞有an, may, must, n eed, dare, could, migh等。它們不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，必須與行為動(dòng)詞（原形）一起作謂語(yǔ)，表示完整的意思，例如：I can dance.（我會(huì)跳舞。）can,能,會(huì)He can walk because he is a baby.（因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)嬰兒，不會(huì)走路。）cant,不必May I come in ?（我可以進(jìn)來(lái)嗎？） may,可以第二節(jié)及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞行為動(dòng)詞（即

11、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）按其是否需要賓語(yǔ)，可以分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。一、及物動(dòng)詞后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)，意思才完整，例如：Give me some ink, please.（請(qǐng)給我一些墨水。）If you have any questions, you can raise your hands（如果你們有問(wèn)題，你們可以舉手，。）二、不及物動(dòng)詞后面不能跟賓語(yǔ)，意思已完整。不及物動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可以加上副詞或介詞，構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，相 當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞。例如：He works hard.（他工作努力。）Jack runs faster than Mike.（杰克跑步比邁克要快些。）Please look at the blac

12、kboard and liste n to me.請(qǐng)看黑板，聽(tīng)我說(shuō)。）He got and A” this time because he went over his lessons carefully.這次他得了個(gè) “A”，因?yàn)樗屑?xì)地復(fù)習(xí)了功課。）難點(diǎn)解釋1、許多動(dòng)詞可用作及物動(dòng)詞，也可用作不及物動(dòng)詞，他閱讀中必須仔細(xì)體會(huì)和區(qū)別，例如：Who is goi ng to speak at the meet in g?（誰(shuí)打算在會(huì)上發(fā)言？） speak,不及物動(dòng)詞Few people outside Chi na speak Chi nese（在中國(guó)外很少人講漢語(yǔ)。） speak及物動(dòng)詞2、要

13、特別注意有些動(dòng)詞英漢之間的差異。某些詞在英語(yǔ)中是不及物的，而在漢語(yǔ)中卻是 及物的。有時(shí)則相反。例如：He is waiting for you.（他在等你。）英語(yǔ)wait為不及物動(dòng)詞，漢語(yǔ)“等”為及物動(dòng)詞。Exercise 1Serve the people.（為人民服務(wù)。）英語(yǔ)serve為及物動(dòng)詞，漢語(yǔ)“服務(wù)”為不及物動(dòng)詞。指出下列各句中劃線部分是什么動(dòng)詞，并說(shuō)明詞義，例如：All of us study hard. (vi.學(xué)習(xí))1、 He began to work at seven this morning.()2、 I have left the key at home.( )3、

14、We must take the old woman to the hospital at once.( )4、Billy felt very sad when he heard the bad news.()5、Think it over, and you will have a good idea.()6、Don th ink of yourself ； think of others.()7、We are college students now, but we were at the factory two years ag(.)8、Mr. Black got angry when h

15、e saw Jenny come to school late again( )9、Please wash your hands before each mea)10、 Li Mi ng ofte n works for the wall-n ewspaper after school.( )Exercise 2區(qū)別下列多組句子中的動(dòng)作，指出下列劃線動(dòng)詞是連系動(dòng)詞還是行為動(dòng)詞，并寫(xiě)出詞義:1、She looks well.()She tried to look at the blackboard but saw no thi ng.()2、The students felt unhappy.(

16、)4、The teacher asked the student to turn it over. )The leaves of the trees tur n gree n whe n spri ng come(.)5、The young trees grow fast.()It began to grow dark.()& The bell sounded at 12 oclock for lunch.()The music sounds ni ce.()第三節(jié)持續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞英語(yǔ)的行為動(dòng)詞有持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和瞬間性動(dòng)詞之分，使用中應(yīng)注意兩者的區(qū)別。一、持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作可以持續(xù)一段時(shí)間或

17、更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。常見(jiàn)的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive,write, clean, slean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, kee等。二、瞬間性動(dòng)詞表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在一瞬間，非常短暫。亦稱終止性動(dòng)詞。常見(jiàn)的有begi n, start, fin ish, go,come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, l

18、end, happe n, jo in, I ose, re new, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/o等。三、用法I felt some one touch my back.()1、以上兩類動(dòng)詞都能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已結(jié)束，例如:3、It was snowing hard when he got to the city.()He has studied English for three years.(他學(xué)英語(yǔ)已有 3 年了。)It stoo late. Itsgetting darker and darker

19、.( )以上已集中了初中教材的大部分持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及瞬間性動(dòng)詞。He has joined the Party.（他已入黨了。）Mum isn at home. She has gone to the library 媽媽不在家，她去圖書(shū)館了。）2、持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中能與表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，而瞬間性動(dòng)詞則不能。例如：His pare nts talked with the teacher for half an hour/他的父母跟老師談了半個(gè)小時(shí)。）My mother has lain in bed for 3 days.（我母親生病臥床已經(jīng)三天了。）My pare nts have

20、lived in Sha nghai si nee 1950.（我父母親從 1950 年起就住在上海了。）3、瞬間性動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中如要與表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，通常有兩種方法：（1）用意思相當(dāng)?shù)某掷m(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)替換，例如：He has been in the army/a soldier for three years.他參軍已有 3年了。）不能用 has joinedShe has bee n up for quite some time.（她起床已有好久了。）不能用 has got upHas your brother bee n away from home for a long tim

21、e?（你哥哥離家已有好久了嗎？）不能 用 has left常用瞬間動(dòng)詞相應(yīng)持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞關(guān)系如下：1、gobe away 2 comebe here3、come backbe back 4 leavebe away （be not here5、buyhave6 borrowkeep7、diebe dead 8 beginbe on9、finishbe over 10 openbe open11、closebe closed 12 losebe lost13、get to knowknow 14、turn onbe on15、get upbe up 16 sit downsit/be seated1

22、7、 joi nbe in （）或 be a-member18、becomebe（2）用it is since結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)替換瞬間動(dòng)詞，例如：電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)映5分鐘了。（兩種方法）The film has been on for five minutes.It s five minutes since the film beg an他離開(kāi)上海已有3天了。（兩種方法）He has bee n away from Shan ghai for three days. It is three days since he left Shan ghai. 這本書(shū)我還給圖書(shū)館已有兩周了。（一種方法）It s two

23、weeks si nee I returned the bookto the library.他找到他妹妹已有多久了？（一種方法）How long is it si nee be fou nd his sister?4、瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，例如：I have nt see n you for a long time.（好久沒(méi)見(jiàn)到你了。）補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明1、本書(shū)基本上已把初中課本中的持續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間性動(dòng)詞羅列出來(lái)，可供教師參考使用。2、關(guān)于持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與瞬間性動(dòng)詞的用法，可以結(jié)合現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的教學(xué)一起進(jìn)行。Exercise 3一、選擇正確的答案：1、Alice has （come,

24、 been） back for a week.2、His grandmother has (been dead, died) for ten years.3、When we got to the cinema, the film had (begun, been on) for a few minutes.4、The lights have (turned on, been on) for over half a day.5、Have you (bought, had) the book on grammar for a week? Yes, since last Sun day.二、用sin

25、ce和for翻譯下列句子：1、這本書(shū)我已借了兩周了。2、她離開(kāi)這兒有5分鐘了嗎？3、我弟弟入團(tuán)已有半年多了。4、Joan來(lái)到我校已有兩個(gè)月了。5、他們相識(shí)有很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間了。第四節(jié)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有 can （could）, may （might）, must, have to, shall （should, will （would）, dare （dared）, need （needed）, ought to等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無(wú)人稱和數(shù)的變化；不能單獨(dú)使用，必須與其后的動(dòng) 詞原形構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主要特征試比較下列幾組句子，看情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)：1、He borrows some boo

26、ks from the library.（他常從圖書(shū)館借些書(shū)。）He can borrow some books from the library.（他可以從圖書(shū)館借至U些書(shū)。）can,可以2、 I run fast.（我跑得快。）I canrun fast （我跑得不快。）can,不會(huì)，不能3、 Must he go now?（他必須現(xiàn)在走嗎？） must,必須 Did he go last night?（他昨晚去了嗎？）4、 They may be there.（他們可能在那兒。） may,可能 They weren there.（他們不在那兒。）從上述四組句子中，可以看出以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1

27、、can、may、must都有各自的詞義，表示能力、可能、允諾、愿意、請(qǐng)求等情態(tài)，因詞義不完全，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，只能和動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。2、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，通常放在主語(yǔ)前面（見(jiàn)例 3）;構(gòu)成否定句時(shí)，not放在這些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后（見(jiàn)例2）?？捎盟鼈兊目s寫(xiě)形式（cant, cannot,mustn 等）。二、具體用法一、can, could1）表示能力（體力、知識(shí)、技能）。Can you lift this heavy box?（體力）Mary can speak three Ian guages.（知識(shí)）Can you skate?（技能）此時(shí)可用be able t

28、o代替。Can只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去式；而 be able to則有更多的時(shí) 態(tài)。I ll not be able to come this after noon.當(dāng)表示經(jīng)過(guò)努力才得以做成功某事”時(shí)應(yīng)用be able to,不能用Can。如：He was able to go to the party yesterday eve ning in spite of the heavy rain.2）表示請(qǐng)求和允許。Can I go now?Yes, you can. / No, you can t.此時(shí)可與may互換。在疑問(wèn)句中還可用 could,might代替，不是過(guò)去式，只是語(yǔ)氣更委婉，不

29、能用于肯定句和答語(yǔ)中。-Could I come to see you tomorrow?Yes, you can. （ No, I m afraid not.）3）表示客觀可能性（客觀原因形成的能力）。They ve cha nged the timetable, so we can go by bus in stead.This hall can hold 500 people at least.4）表示推測(cè)（驚訝、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度），用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句和感嘆句中。Can this be true?This can t be done by him.How can this be tru

30、e?二、may, might1）表示請(qǐng)求和允許。might比may語(yǔ)氣更委婉，而不是過(guò)去式。否定回答時(shí)可用 或mustn，表示 不可以，禁止”。-Might/ May I smoke in this room?-No, you mustn t.-May/Might I take this book out of the room?Yes, you can. （No, you can t / mustn t.）用May I. ?征徇對(duì)方許可時(shí)比較正式和客氣，而用Can I.？在口語(yǔ)中更常見(jiàn)。2）用于祈使句，表示祝愿。May you succeed!3）表示推測(cè)、可能性（不用于疑問(wèn)句）might不

31、是過(guò)去式，它所表示的可能性比 may小。1. He may /might be very busy now.2. Your mother may /might not know the truth.三、must, have to1）表示必須、必要。You must come in time.在回答引出的問(wèn)句時(shí)，如果是否定的，不能用mustn t禁止，不準(zhǔn)），而用needn t, don thave to （不必）.-Must we hand in our exercise books today?Yes, you must.No, you don t have to / you needn t

32、.2）must是說(shuō)話人的主觀看法，而have to則強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要。Must只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，have to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)形式。1. The play isn t interesting, I really must go now.can t2. I had to work when I was your age.3）表示推測(cè)、可能性（只用于肯定的陳述句）1. You re Tom s good friend, so yausirknow what he likes best.2. Your mother must be waiting for you now.四、dare, n eed1）dare

33、作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，常用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句和條件從句中，過(guò)去式形式為dared1. How dare you say I m unfair?2. He daren t speak English before such a crowd, dare he?3. If we dared not go there that day we couldn t get the beautiful flowers.2）need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，常用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,should 代替。1. You needn t come so early.2. -

34、Need I finish the work today?Yes, you must. / No, you needn t.3）dare和need作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。在肯定句中，dare后面常接帶to的不定式。在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中，dare后面可接帶to或不帶to的不定式。而need后 面只能接帶to的不定式。1.1 dare to swim across this river.2. He doesn t dare （to） answer.3. He n eeds to finish his homework today.五、shall, should1）shall用于第一人

35、稱，征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)。What shall we do this eve ning?2）shall用于第二、三人稱，表示說(shuō)話人給對(duì)方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅。1. You shall fail if you don t wok）hard.（2. He shall have the book when I finish it.（允諾）3. He shall be puni shed.威脅）六、will, would1）表示請(qǐng)求、建議等，would更委婉。Will / Would you pass me the ball, please?僅供學(xué)習(xí)與交流，如有侵權(quán)請(qǐng)聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除 謝謝92）表示意志、愿

36、望和決心。1.1 will n ever do that aga in.2. They asked him if he would go abroad.3）would表示過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或某種傾向。would表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣時(shí)比used to正式，且沒(méi)有現(xiàn)已無(wú)此習(xí)慣”的含義。1. During the vacation, he would visit me every other day.2. The wound would not heal.4）表示估計(jì)和猜想。It would be about ten o clock when she left home.七、should, ought to

37、1）should, ought to表示 應(yīng)該” ought to表示義務(wù)或責(zé)任，比should語(yǔ)氣重。1. I should help her because she is in trouble. 2. You ought to take care of the baby.2）表示勸告、建議和命令。should, ought to可通用，但在疑問(wèn)句中常用 should。1. You should / ought to go to class right away.2. Should I ope n the win dow?3）表示推測(cè)should , ought to （客觀推測(cè)），must

38、（主觀推測(cè)）。1. He must be home by now. 斷定他已至U家）2.He ought to/should be home by now.不太肯定）3. This is where the oil must be.直爽）4. This is where the oil ought to/should be.含 蓄）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法否定式疑問(wèn)式與簡(jiǎn)答can能力（體力，智力，技能） 允許或許可（口語(yǔ)中常用） 可能性（表猜測(cè)，用于否定句 或疑問(wèn)句中）can not / cannot /can t doCan do ？ Yes,can. No,can t.couldco

39、uldn t domay可以（問(wèn)句中表示請(qǐng)求）may not doMay do? Yes,may. No,mustn t/can t.might可能，或許（表推測(cè)） 祝愿（用于倒裝句中）might not doMight do? Yes,might No,might not.must必須，應(yīng)該（表主觀要求） 冃疋，想必（冃疋句中表推 測(cè)）must no t/must n doMustdo? Yes,must No,needn t/don t ha to.have to只好，不得不（客觀的必須， 有時(shí)態(tài)人稱變化）don t have to doDo- - have to do ？Yes,do.N

40、o,d on t.ought to應(yīng)當(dāng)（表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，口語(yǔ)中多用shouldought not to/oughtn t to deOught to do ？ Yes, ought.No, - oughtn t.shall將要，會(huì)用于一三人稱征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn) 用于一三人稱表示許諾、命 令、警告、威脅等shall no t/sha nShall do？ Yds,Sall.No,shan t.should應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該（表義務(wù)責(zé)任） 本該（含有責(zé)備意味）shouldnot/shouldn t doShould do？will意愿，決心請(qǐng)求，建議，用在冋句中would比較委婉will not/won t cW

41、ill do？ Yep,will.No,wo n t.wouldwould no t/would n dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句 中）dare no t/dare nDare do ？Yes,dare. No, darenn eed需要必須（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句 中）n eed not/n eed n Need do ？Yes,must. No, needrused to過(guò)去常常（現(xiàn)在已不再）usednot/usedn t/usen to dodidn t use to doUsedto do ？Yes,used.No,t use(d)n t.Did use to do ？ Yes,

42、did.No, - didn t.t.t.第五節(jié) 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)1動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下:現(xiàn)在時(shí)過(guò)去時(shí)將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進(jìn)行am/is/are ask ingwas/were aski ngshall/will be ask ingshould/would be ask ing完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成進(jìn)行have/has bee n aski n

43、ghad bee n aski ngshall/will have bee n aski ngshould/would have bee n aski ng1） 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):概念：經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：always, usually, ofte n, sometimes, every week （day, year, month），once a week, onetc.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be動(dòng)詞；行為動(dòng)詞否定形式：am/is/are+not此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞，貝U在其前加dont,如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用does nt,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。一般疑問(wèn)句：把be動(dòng)

44、詞放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do提問(wèn)，如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用does,同時(shí)，還原行為動(dòng)詞。2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)：概念：過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；過(guò)去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year,ght, month )，in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be動(dòng)詞；行為動(dòng)詞否定形式：was/were+not在行為動(dòng)詞前加did nt,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。一般

45、疑問(wèn)句：was或were放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do的過(guò)去式did提問(wèn)，同時(shí)還原行為 動(dòng)詞。3) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： now, at this time, these days, etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：am/is/are+do ing否定形式：am/is/are+no t+do ing.一般疑問(wèn)句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。4) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：概念：表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等?；窘Y(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+

46、do ing否定形式： was/were + not + doing.一般疑問(wèn)句：把 was或were放于句首。5) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：概念：過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到 現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：recently, lately, since-for ,in the past few years, etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has + done否定形式：have/has + not +d one.一般疑問(wèn)句：have或haso6) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)：概念：以過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為，或在過(guò)去某動(dòng)作之前完成的 行為，即過(guò)去的過(guò)去”時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

47、：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：had + done.否定形式：had + not + done.一般疑問(wèn)句：had放于句首。7) 般將來(lái)時(shí)：概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：tomorrow, n ext day(week, mon th, year),soo n, in a few minu tes, bytomorrow, etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu)： am/is/are/going to + do； will/shall + do.否定形式：was/were + n ot;在行為動(dòng)

48、詞前加did nt，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。,the day一般疑問(wèn)句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。8）過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：概念：立足于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻，從過(guò)去看將來(lái)，常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：the n ext day（m orning, year）,the followi ng mon th（week）,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu)： was/were/going to + do； would/should + do.否定形式： was/were/not + going to + dowould/should + not + do.一般疑問(wèn)句：was或were放于句首；would/should提到句首

49、。2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加已經(jīng)”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之,利用過(guò)去，說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在。如：I have already read the no vel writte n by the world-famous writer.已經(jīng)看過(guò)，且了解這本書(shū)的 內(nèi)容）2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)，它可和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連 用，漢譯英時(shí)可加過(guò)” 了”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之，僅談過(guò)去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如：I read the novel last mon th.只說(shuō)明上個(gè)

50、月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住 ）I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說(shuō)明在北京住過(guò)十年，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)）3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示從過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”在含義上如著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，多用 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。I have read that book我 讀過(guò)那本書(shū)了。I have bee n read ing that book all the morning 我早上一直在讀那本書(shū)。（三）動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)是通過(guò)動(dòng)詞的形式

51、表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的，用來(lái)表明主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系，英語(yǔ)的 動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)形式，即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用被 動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：They speak En glish 他們講英語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ) 他們”是 講”這一行為的執(zhí)行者，是主動(dòng)句，動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)來(lái)表示；En glish is spoke n by them 英語(yǔ)由他們講。主語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)”是 講”的承受者，是被動(dòng)句，動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式。He ope ned the doo 他打開(kāi)了這扇門(mén)。（主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）The door was ope nec這扇門(mén)被打開(kāi)了。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成和時(shí)態(tài)

52、的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為系動(dòng)詞的變化完全一樣1、助動(dòng)詞be+（及物動(dòng)詞的）過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式。助動(dòng)詞be有人稱、數(shù)二、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的步驟：(1) 將主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)：注意：如果主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)是代詞，需將其由賓格變?yōu)橹鞲?。如：Tom killed him. He was killed by Tom.主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語(yǔ)，組成介詞短語(yǔ)，放在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。在 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者無(wú)須說(shuō)明或不必要強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，by短語(yǔ)可以省略。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種時(shí)態(tài)要保持一致。(2) 將動(dòng)詞改為be+過(guò)去分詞。They held a meeti ng ye

53、sterday. A meeti ng was held by them yesterday.他們昨天開(kāi)會(huì)了。(3) 將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)改為be放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后。注意：如果原主語(yǔ)是代詞，則應(yīng)由主格變?yōu)橘e格。He sang a song. A song was sung by him.2、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng)：含有雙賓語(yǔ)，即直接賓語(yǔ)(常指事物)和間接賓語(yǔ)(常指人)的句子，每個(gè)賓語(yǔ)都可變 為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，即其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式。但多以間接賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。Jack told us the truth杰克告訴了我們真相。We were told the truth by Jack.The trut

54、h was told (to) us by Jack.三、各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are +過(guò)去分詞We are taught En glish by her 由她教我們英語(yǔ)。2、一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was/were+過(guò)去分詞A prese nt was give n to me by Mary瑪麗給了我一件禮物。3、一般將來(lái)時(shí)：will be+過(guò)去分詞The desk will be men ded by him這張桌子將由他修理。4、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are +being +過(guò)去分詞The walls are being pain ted now正在粉刷墻壁。5、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)： was/were +being +過(guò)去分詞The talk was being give n at this time yesterday昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候正在作報(bào)告。6現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have/has been過(guò)去分詞The flowers have bee n watered這些花已經(jīng)被澆了。7、過(guò)去完成時(shí)：had been+過(guò)去分詞She said this lift had n ever bee n used.8、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：would be+過(guò)去分詞The film would be show n aga in sometime