句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分

1、 句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分曲老師課件句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分 相關(guān)概念1.詞性的英文縮寫 在英語學(xué)習(xí)中，掌握單詞詞性非常重要。如果我們在記單詞的時只記拼寫、讀音而不記詞性的話，我們就不知道如何使用它們，所以我們在記單詞時一定要把單詞詞性記準(zhǔn)記牢?？s寫字母 原詞 代表詞性 n. noun 名詞 v. verb 動詞 vt. transitive verb 及物動詞 vi. intransitive verb 不及物動詞 adj. adjective 形容詞 adv. adverb 副詞 pron. pronoun 代詞 prep. preposition 介詞 conj. conjunction 連詞

2、 縮寫字母 原詞 代表詞性num. numeral 數(shù)詞interj. interjection 感嘆詞art. article 冠詞 modal v. modal verb 情態(tài)動詞 aux. v. auxiliary verb 助動詞 實義動詞后面跟賓語時，這個動詞是及物動詞。實義動詞后面不跟賓語時，此時這個動詞是不及物動詞。The door opened. (open后面沒跟賓語，此時，open是不及物動詞。)He opened the door.(open后面有賓語the door, 此時，open是及物動詞。)2.及物動詞和不及物動詞注意：英語中一個動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞，關(guān)鍵

3、是看它用在句中時后面是否跟賓語。有些動詞既可作及物動詞又可作不及物動詞，詞義相同。如：The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. begin(原形) began(過去式) begun(過去分詞)有些動詞既可作及物動詞又可作不及物動詞，但詞義不同。如：The man walked away. He walked the dog every day. She washes clothes at home. The clothes washes well. 英語中一些單詞是及物還是不及物，可能與漢語不同。He listens to t

4、he music every day. ( listen為不及物動詞，而漢語中“聽”是及物動詞。)(walk不及物動詞，意為“走”)( walk及物動詞，“遛”)( wash及物動詞，“洗”)(wash不及物動詞，“耐洗”)指出下列句中斜體動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞，及物動詞填vt.，不及物填vi.。考點(diǎn)1.Most birds can fly.（ ）考點(diǎn)2.The children are flying kites in the park. ( )考點(diǎn)3.It happened yesterday.（ ）考點(diǎn)4.My watch stopped.（ ）考點(diǎn)5.The baby stoppe

5、d crying when he saw his mother. ( )考點(diǎn)6.She spoke at the meeting this morning. （ ）考點(diǎn)7.Shall I begin at once?（ ）考點(diǎn)8.She began working as a teacher after she left school.（ ）（ ）考點(diǎn)9.When did they leave Beijing?（ ）考點(diǎn)10.They left last week. （ ）3.3.實義動詞、助動詞與情態(tài)動詞實義動詞、助動詞與情態(tài)動詞 實義動詞和助動詞是根據(jù)動詞在句子中的含義和作用來劃分的。實義動

6、詞也叫行為動詞。實義動詞指的是那些意義完全且能夠獨(dú)立作謂語的動詞。如：He lives quite near. I like reading. I bought a pen yesterday. 助動詞 助動詞的“助”是“幫助”之意。因此，助動詞是指那些用來幫助構(gòu)成時態(tài)、語態(tài)、虛擬語氣、疑問句、否定句、倒裝句和幫助強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞。這些詞本身無詞匯意義或意義不完全，不能單獨(dú)作謂語。 幫助構(gòu)成時態(tài)： The boy is crying.(is 用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，和crying一起作謂語，是助動詞。) He has arrived.(has用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時，和arrived一起作謂語，是助動詞

7、。) I have been painting all day. （have been用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時，和painting一起作謂語，都是助動詞。）幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問句：Does he like English? (does幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問句，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does只是幫助構(gòu)成否定句，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)幫助構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)：Trees are planted in spring. (are幫助構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)The house has been pulled down. (has

8、been幫助構(gòu)成時態(tài)和語態(tài)，是助動詞。)幫助構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)意義： He did come yesterday. 他昨天確實來過。（did起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)因此可以看出，常見的助動詞為do, be, have，它們?yōu)榛局鷦釉~。注意：一個詞既可以作實義動詞也可以作助動詞，具體是哪一種，主要看它們在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven oclock.(did單獨(dú)作謂語，意為“做”，是實義動詞。)Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助動詞，幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問句，do是實義動詞，意為“做”，是實義動詞。)He has

9、 had breakfast. (has是助動詞，幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時，had是實義動詞，意為“吃”。has had一起構(gòu)成了句子的謂語。)幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語氣：If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語氣，是助動詞，屬于謂語的一部分。)幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句：So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此愛他的母親以至于他母親生日那一天，他給她買了許多禮物。did只是幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句，

10、沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)指出下列畫線單詞是實義動詞還是助動詞。i. Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming? ii. He does ( ) like ( ) swimming.iii. Where does( ) he live ( )?iv. He does ( ) some washing after work.v. He has ( ) had ( ) supper already.vi. The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.vii. I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all da

11、y.viii. He was ( ) struck ( ) by a stone.情態(tài)動詞 情態(tài)動詞同助動詞一樣，不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和實義動詞一起作謂語。因此，情態(tài)動詞也稱為情態(tài)助動詞。情態(tài)動詞同基本助動詞的區(qū)別在于，基本助動詞本身無意義，而情態(tài)動詞有自己的意義。如：He can swim across the river.You must stay at home. I might leave tomorrow. (can的詞義為“能夠”)(must詞義為“必須”)（might的詞義為“或許”）4.4.謂語和非謂語謂語和非謂語 在英語中，一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中只能有一個謂語，再出現(xiàn)動詞時，要變成非謂

12、語形式，即：在前面加to構(gòu)成動詞不定式，或在后面加-ing構(gòu)成動名詞或現(xiàn)在分詞，或在后面加-ed構(gòu)成過去分詞。也就是說，非謂語是指：動詞不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。先找出句中的謂語，然后改正句中的錯誤，并說明原因?？键c(diǎn)1.Get up early is good for our health. 早起有利于我們的身體健康?？键c(diǎn)2.I want go home now.考點(diǎn)3.My favorite sport is play football. 我最喜愛的運(yùn)動是踢足球?？键c(diǎn)4.There is a bird sings in the tree. 有一只鳥正在樹上唱歌?？键c(diǎn)5.The bo

13、y sits over there likes singing. 坐在那邊的那個男孩喜歡唱歌。 我現(xiàn)在想回家。Gettingtoplayingsingingsitting考點(diǎn)6.The house was built last year has been sold out. 去年建的那座房子已經(jīng)出售了。 考點(diǎn)7.The girls are singing over there are my classmates. 在那邊唱歌的那些女孩是我的同學(xué)。 考點(diǎn)8.My parents wanted him work hard. 我父母親想讓他努力學(xué)習(xí)。 考點(diǎn)9.I remember saw him t

14、hat day. 我記得那天看見過他?？键c(diǎn)10.I saw him walked into the building. 我看到他跑進(jìn)那座建筑物。 builtsingingtoseeingwalking5.5.主謂一致主謂一致 人稱和數(shù)的變化先看下列三組句中have、do和be的變化形式I have a book.He has a book.They have a book.I enjoy watching TV.You enjoy watching TV.We enjoy watching TV.He is sleeping.I am sleeping.They are sleeping.“人稱的變化”是指：謂語動詞用什么形式，受前面主語是第幾人稱的影響。當(dāng)主語為單數(shù)時（表示一個人），be在第一人稱I后用am, 在you后用are,