初中英語定語從句專項語法講解

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上一、定語從句的概念在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。二、定語從句的關系詞引導定語從關系代詞和關系副詞，常見的關系代詞包括that， which， who（賓格whom，所有格whose）等，關系副詞包括where， when， why等。關系代詞和關系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用，同時又作定語從句的重要成分。三、定語從句的分類根據(jù)行詞的關系，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞，主句與從句不用逗號分開，從句不可省去，非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號

2、分開，起補充說明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。四、關系代詞的用法1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語或賓語，作主語時不可省略，作賓語可省略。例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。（that作主語）The coat （thput on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍色的。（that作賓語）2. which用于指物，在句中作主語或賓語，作主語不可省略，作賓語可省略。例如：The bu which stands near the train station is a super

3、market.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。（作主語）The film ） we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。（作賓語）3. who， whom用于指人，who 用作主語，whom用作賓語。在口語中，有時可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：The gi often helps me with my English is from England.經常在英語方面幫助我的那個女孩是英國人。（作主語）Who is acher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？正在與李明談話的老師是誰？（作賓語）注意：（

4、1）當定語從句中含有介詞末時，who， that， which可省略，但介詞在關系代詞前時，只能用“介詞+which/whom”結構。例如：This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們去年居住的房子。Please t from whom you borrowed the English novel.請告訴我你從誰那借的這本英文小說。（2）含有介詞的固定動詞詞組中，介詞不可前置，只能放在原來的位置上。例如：This is the person whom you are looking for. 這就是你要找的那個人。(3）that 作介詞的

5、賓語時，介詞不能放它的前面，只能放在從句中動詞的后面。例如：The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠。（4）關系詞只能用that的情況：a. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾，或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只能用that，而不用which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一個通過考試的人。b.被修飾ll， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代詞時，只能用that，而不用w

6、hich.例如： Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎？c.先行only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等詞修飾時，只能用that，而不用which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車。d. 先行詞里同時含有人或物時，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：I can rememll the persons and some pictures that I saw in the roo

7、m.我能清楚記得我在那個房間所見到的人和一些照片。e.以who或which引導的特殊疑問句，為避免重復，只能用that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰？（5）關系詞只能用which，而不用that 的情況：a.先行詞為that， those時，用which， 而不用that.例如：Whats that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么？b.關系代詞前有介詞時，一般用which，而不用that.例如：This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。c

8、.引導非限制性定語從句，用which， 而不用that.例如：Tom came back， which made us happy. 湯姆回來了，這使我們很高興。Unit 10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already leftThe First Period Teaching Aims and Demands1 Knowledge Objects（1） Key Vocabulary oversleep（2） Target Language What happened?I overslepty the time I got up, my br

9、other had already gotten in the shower2 Ability Objects（1） Teach the students to use the new words（2） Train the ss to narrate past events with the Past Perfect Tense（3） Traintudents listening and speaking skills with the target language3 Moral ObjectIts a good habgo to bed early in the evening and g

10、et up early in the morning So youll never be in a hurry in the morningwww-2-1-cnjy-com Teaching Key Points1 Key Vocabulary oversleep2 Target Language Narrate past events with the Past Perfect Tense【版權所有：21教育】 Teaching Difficult Points1 Train tdents to narrate past events with the Past Perfect Tense2

11、 Tra students to understand the target language in spoken conversation Teaching Methods1 Thinking of examples from the students real lives21·cn·jy·com2 Making sentences by looking at the pictures Teaching Procedures Step I Revision 1 Ask some qus like this: What volunteer work would y

12、ou like to do? Help the students to answer, Id like to/I love to/I hope to【來源：21·世紀·教育·網】 2 Practice the dialogue in Activity 3c on page 62 again 3 Check the ss homework by asking some students to read their sentences with the phrasal verbs Then ask the students to hand in their homew

13、ork Step 1aFirst write by me on the blackboard and tell the class the meaning of itSay this ce to the class: By the time the teacher came in, the students had begun reading EnglishTell themte the structure "had begun" in this sentence Begun is the past participle of begin Explain what is t

14、he past participle form of a verb for the students Tell them it is as the same as the past form for a regular verb And they have to remember the irregular verbs participles one by oneWrite By the time I came backon the blackboardSay to the class, By the time I came in What had happened?Help one stud

15、entswer like this, By the time the teacher came in, Don had written his name on the blackboardThen get more students to answer differently, Read the instrs to the students and read these questions to the class as wellWhat do you usua in, the morning before school? Do you like morning?Why or why not?

16、Chooseood student to answer them by saying something he or she usually does in the morning21*cnjy*comThen have the wlass practice in pairs Ask each other the questionsAfter thish talking, ask one or two pairs to say their conversations to the class Correct the mistakes they may make with the other s

17、tudentsCall the students attention to the pictures in Activity la Then telents to talk about the pictures in groups of four Move around the classroom, listening to students and offering help Make sure that they talk in EnglishAfter ll finish talking, ask different groups to tell the class about the

18、pictures Step 1bAsk the ts to read the instructions together Have them look at the two columns, A and B ,in the chart Point out the sample answer Read the two parts of the sentenceThen go over the other unconnected parts of sentences, tooPlay the recording for the first timeStudents only l Then play

19、 it a second time Let students match two parts of each sentence Check the answers by asking some students to tell their answersMake sut all of them have got the correct answers by listening Say congratulations to the students who get the answers correctly by guessingStep 1cFirst pl recording in Acti

20、vity 1b again and let the students read after it Do it at least twiceThen read the instructions together with the whole classYou will mnversations in pairs Each of you will have to take turns being Tina Look at the pictures in Activity la to help you Tell your partner what happened to you this morni

21、ng Ask a pair to read the example to the class before they begirtHave the ts work in pairs Move around the room offering language support as neededAfter they all ftalking, ask some pairs to say their conversations to the classStep SummaryStep Homework1 Write out the story of Tina, Note to use the ta

22、rget language2 Reviseto use the Past Perfect Tense and the verb structure of itThe Second Period Teaching Aims and Demands1 Knowledge Objects（1） Target Language By the time s to class, the teacher had already started teaching21世紀教育網版權所有 When she gochool, she realized she had left her backpack at hom

23、e When I got home, I realized I had left my keys in the backpack（2）The Three Forms of the verbs2 Ability Objects（1） Train the students listening skill（2） Train the students writing skill with the target language（3） Train the students speaking skill（4） Train the students to use the three forms of the

24、 verbs Teaching Key Points1 Listening practice with the target language2 Use the correct verb forms to fill in the blanks by listening2-1-c-n-j-y3 Make sentences using the Past Perfect Tense4 The three forms of the verbs Teaching Difficult Points1 Write an ending for the story in Activity 2c2 The th

25、ree verb forms in Grammar FocusTeaching ProceduresStep I Revision1 Revise whaened to Tina in the morning by asking one or two students to tell the stroy on page 682 Ask students ck each others homework in pairs, pointing out all the mistakes they might have made3 Revise the erfect Tense by asking th

26、e children when to use it and what its verb structure isStep 2aRead the insons to the class Be sure that all of them know what to doCall the ts attention to the four pictures Get them to guess the correct order of the pictures first The first one is given as a sample Ask one or two children to tell

27、their stories by describing the pictures according to their own orderPlay the recothe first time, students only listen Play the recording again and ask the children to number each pictureCheck twers with the class and see who have ever got the correct answers without listeningStep 2bAsk thents to re

28、ad the instructions together Point out the blanks in the sentences and the verbs in the brackets21教育網Let the stufill in the blanks with the correct forms individuallyMove around assroom collecting the common mistakes they may makeAfter they all writing, tell them to get ready to listen to the conver

29、sation and check their answersPlay the rec Students listen and check their answers Correct the answers by asking seven different students to say theirs to the classStep 2cAsk the whole class to read the instructions togetherWe have a new ta We know Tina was late for class What do you think happened

30、after Tina was late for class?Work with a partner Make up an ending for the story by continuing it The beginning has been givenGet students toss in pairs Complete the ending Make sure they are talking in English Move around the classroom, offering language support if needed After ten minutes, ask st

31、udents to stop discussing Get some pairs of students to tell the class how they think the story ended And let the whole class decide whose ending is the best Tell each pair to write down their ending, or do it after class if time is not enoughStep Grammar FocusCall students aon to the sentences on t

32、he left Ask four different students to read the four sentences and point out where had plus a past participle is used Write the sentences on the blackboardAsk the ss to make sentences correctly using each form of the verbs in the box Check the answersStep Homework1 Write down the ending of Tinas sto

33、ry2 Make sentences using each form of the verbs below:leave, walk, start, oversleep, ring, be3 Review the Grammar FocusThe Third Period Teaching Aims and Demands1 Knowledge Objects（1） Key Vocabularybell, ring,f, rush, run off, on time, give sb a ride, lock, break down（2） Target Language By the time

34、I got there, the bus had already left By the time I woke up, my father had already gone into the bathroom2 Ability Objects Train the students reading skill with target language Train the students speaking skill with target language Teaching Key Points1 Guide the students to read the article in activ

35、ity 3a2 Help the students do the oral practice with the target language Teaching Difficult Points1 Help improve the students reading skill by Activity 3a2 Help the ts describe what has happened to them with the target language Teaching ProceduresStep Revision1 Revisehappened to Tina by asking severa

36、l students to tell the story2 Revise the forms of the verbs in Grammar Focus by asking four students to write them out on the blackboard【出處：21教育名師】3 Cheework by asking one or two to read their own endings of the stroy4 Check homewoasking some students to read the sentences which they madeStep 3aAsk

37、the whole co read the instructions together There is an article in Activity 3a Your task is to read the story and write the events in the correct orderHave a look asample answer on the right of the article before you start Then let the children complete the work on their own After a while, ask some

38、students to report their answers to the class Write the events on the blackboard as they report, putting the events in the correct orderAfter checkingnswers, tell students to read the article again more carefullyTell them to ft the words or sentences which they cant understand this timeA few minuter

39、, let the students ask questions on the words and sentences which they cant understand Do some explanation and make sure that the students make everything clear about the articleThen asktudents to read the article aloud Move around the classroom while they are reading, offering help as neededNext as

40、k stude pick out the sentences with the Past Perfect Tense Tell them to underline them and come up with the reason to use the tenceAsk two students to read their answers and explain the sentencesStep 3bCall the st attention to the photo of the woman sleeping The girl is sleeping She may oversleep Ho

41、w about you?Have you ever overslept?Get a st to answer the question simply, such as Yes, I have /No, I haventThen ask one student to read the instructions to the classExplain escribe the circumstances means to tell when, where and how the things happenedAsk onent who has ever overslept to answer the

42、 first question and describe the circumstance Help him or her use the Past Perfect Tense to describe the circumstanceThen ask stude read the questions and write their answers in their exercise books Tell them that they have to describe the circumstances if their answers are Yes, and there should be

43、at least one sentence with the Past Perfect Tense in each description Move around the classroom providing sentences to the ones who need Ask several students to share their stories with the class Correct any mistakes they may make Let them check the answers in pairsStep 3cAsk the whols to read the i

44、nstructions together Then call the students attention to the sample conversation on the right Ask a pair of the students to read the conversation to the class Please ask your partner the questions in Activity 3b Ask more questions if he or she says "Yes"Ask the studentork in pairs Encourag

45、e them to ask as many questions as they can As they work, move around the room offering help and answering questions as needed Ask some pairs to say their conversations to the classStep homework1 Write the answers to the questions in Activity 3b2 Write a conversation in Activity 3cThe Fourth PeriodI

46、 Teaching Aims and Demands1 Knowledge Objects（1） Key Vocabularycostume, show uausted, embarrassed, empty, fool, April Fools Day, go off, stay up（2）Target LanguageWhen I got there, I found that he had fooled meAfter an hour, ter kids showld up, and I realized that my brother had fooled meBy the time

47、I goatch class, I was exhausted because I had stayed up all night studyingI found out that my friend had fooled me2 Ability Objects（1） Train the ss writing, listening and speaking skills with the target language（2）Train the students to use the new vocabulary Teaching Key Points1 Train the st listeni

48、ng and speaking skills with target language2 Teach the students the new vocabulary Teaching Difficult Points1 Guide listening and oral practice using the target language21教育名師原創(chuàng)作品2 Help learn to use the new vocabulary correctly Teaching ProceduresStep I Revision1 Reviserticle in Activity 3a on page

49、70 by asking several students to read it2 Dictate some words and phrases:3 Check the homeworkStep 1aRead the instru to the students Remember to read the sentence in the brackets Point to the chart with the three headings Nouns, Verbs and Adjectives Read the words in the brackets to the students and

50、help the students to understand the meanings of nouns, verbs and adjectivesGet a stud read the sample answers to the class before they start say, Fool call also be a verb Ask the students to complete the chart on their own2·1·c·n·j·yCorrect thers by asking three students to

51、read their answers to the classStep 1bAsk a student to read the instructions to the classAsk another student to read the example on the rightWork in pairs nll your partner about something that has happened to you recently Note to use two or more phrases from the list in Activity la Get tile students

52、 to talk in pairs Move around the classroom checking their work and offering language support as neededAfter they nish talking, ask some pairs to say their conversations to the classStep 2aSay something about April Fools Day to the studentsCall tdents attention to the four pictures Ask the students

53、what is happening in each pictureAsk four different students to describe the pictures Read the instructions to the classPlay the te first time The students only listen Then play the tape again Ask the students to write each boys name in the correct box Check the answers by asking different students

54、to tell their own answersStep 2bRead theuctions to the class There are six phrases in the box Your task is to find out who says each of the phrases, Dave, Nick or Joe after listening to the same recording And write "D" for Dave, "N" for Nick and "J" for Joes on the shor

55、t lines before the phrases Look at the first one The answer has been given as a samplePlay the recorhe first time The students only listen Then play the recording again Ask the students to write the letters in the blanks Ask six different students to report their answers to the class Check the answe

56、rs with the class21·世紀*教育網Step 2cThis activity provides oral practice using the target languageFirst playecording again Pause after each sentence and get the students to repeatDo it at least twiceAsk a studeread the instructions to the class Then have them look at the sample conversation on the right Ask a pair of the students to read and try to continue itThen ask the students to work in pairsEach paes two conversations using information from the earlier activitiesMove around om as they work, offering help