第四講 如何展開論點(diǎn)

1、 PETS5 WRITINGPETS5 WRITING寫作第四講寫作第四講 段落連接關(guān)系段落連接關(guān)系 如何寫論據(jù)如何寫論據(jù) 論據(jù)綜合實(shí)例論據(jù)綜合實(shí)例 中間段落由中間段落由關(guān)聯(lián)詞關(guān)聯(lián)詞+ +分論點(diǎn)分論點(diǎn)+ +分論點(diǎn)的論證分論點(diǎn)的論證構(gòu)成構(gòu)成 分論點(diǎn)和分論點(diǎn)的論證之間可能有關(guān)聯(lián)詞。分論點(diǎn)和分論點(diǎn)的論證之間可能有關(guān)聯(lián)詞。1 順接順接(一邊倒的內(nèi)部一邊倒的內(nèi)部)議論類：議論類：并列并列 For one thing For another On one hand On the other hand遞進(jìn)：遞進(jìn)： Moreover Besides Furthermore More importantly I

2、n addition to Additionally 原因建議類：原因建議類： The most important reason (factor/element) An equally important reason An additional reason2. 逆接（兩邊倒）逆接（兩邊倒） 1. While there is great deal of enthusiasm nowadays over the advantages of the Internet, its drawbacks should not be neglected. 2. While it is undeniab

3、le that studying abroad is beneficial, it inevitably carries some intrinsic defects. 3. Proponents of such a change hold /maintain/argue that opponents of such a practice 4. An argument used by opponents of is /an argument advanced on behalf of is 5. For the people who lend their support tofor the p

4、eople who wish to see the legal prohibition of 轉(zhuǎn)折與讓步轉(zhuǎn)折與讓步轉(zhuǎn)折： However Nevertheless Nonetheless In spite of 讓步： Admittedly 論證方法：論證方法： 同一段可以使用多個論證手段同一段可以使用多個論證手段但是：但是： 不是說每一段都得使用幾種，將論不是說每一段都得使用幾種，將論證方法分散到你的論據(jù)中。證方法分散到你的論據(jù)中。1.1.擴(kuò)展主題句擴(kuò)展主題句 （基本句型）（基本句型）2. 2. 假設(shè)論證假設(shè)論證 （狀語從句）（狀語從句）3. 3. 延長因果鏈延長因果鏈 （狀語從句）（狀語從

5、句）4. 4. 舉例論證舉例論證 ( (單個例子，例子排單個例子，例子排比）比） 5. 5. 對比論證對比論證 （具體情況，時間對比）（具體情況，時間對比）6. 6. 駁論駁論 1. 1. 擴(kuò)展主題句：擴(kuò)展主題句：A: A: 同義替換同義替換1. in other words換言之2. that is to say也就是說3. to be more precise說的具體一些4. by I mean 我的意思是5. this means這意味著6. namely 1. 擴(kuò)展主題句：B: 主題句中的名詞講清楚-抽象名詞具體化 The cost of living has been steadil

6、y rising in the past decades. Food prices, clothing costs, housing expenses, and tuition fees annually increased by 5.59% over the period of 1995 to 2008. Initially, one issue makes me support this is that (1 topic sentence) the development of science and technology has always accompanied the progre

7、ss of society. The invention of the steam engine led to the industrial revolution and brought about a new era of thrift of world economy. The employment of electricity has multiplied the productivity and reproduced the limited energy on earth. The innovation of computer technology resulted in the in

8、formation age and connected the distant countries as a single market.(3 details). try: Some people think that teachers should be responsible for teaching students how to judge right and wrong and how to behave well. Some say that teachers should only teach students about academic subjects. Discuss b

9、oth views and give your opinion.1. For one thing, offering academic knowledge can contribute to students achievement.2. For another, at the community level, education institutions, obviously, should shoulder the responsibility to cultivate qualified citizens.TS: For one thing, offering academic know

10、ledge can contribute to students achievement.使用拓展主題句方法展開： That is to say, in primary school, children should be instilled(逐漸灌輸) the ability of spelling Chinese characters and basic mathematical knowledge which ensure them mastering the common sense in daily life and offering the first step of furthe

11、r education. 2. 2. 假設(shè)說明假設(shè)說明思路：條件狀語從句 目的狀語從句3. 延長因果鏈延長因果鏈 The most immediate factor that has given rose to this phenomenon is the extensive use of farming machinery. Such as seeding, harvesting and grain-dying machines, in the process of the modernization of agricultural production, which has, in tur

12、n freed more farmers form the land to seek better opportunities in cities. With more immigrant workers swarming into them, many cities have been forced to expand into the neighboring countryside, as to accommodate the swelling population. TS: For one thing, offering academic knowledge can contribute

13、 to students achievement.使用拓展主題句方法展開： That is to say, in primary school, children should be instilled the ability of spelling Chinese characters and basic mathematical knowledge which ensure them mastering the common sense in daily life and offering the first step of further education. When students

14、 have a good command of academic subjects, such as, they can obtain the priority to further education. If they fail to master those knowledge, it is difficult to seek a bright future. 4. 舉例論證舉例論證1)分論點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)在具體的人、事物和場合上分論點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)在具體的人、事物和場合上（注意內(nèi)部邏輯）（注意內(nèi)部邏輯） Rather than limiting mans imagination, the general a

15、pplication of modern technologies actually enables man to be more and more creative. For instance, Dream Works, the famous American film company, has been designing and producing cartoons using computer technology. (3D technology) For example, Michelangelo would not have become distinguished painter

16、 if he had spent his days doodling. Another illustration is that Mozart would not have grown up to be a accomplished musician at the age of 8 if he had stayed in front of television. Like Marie Curie and Helen Keller, they responded to the challenges of lives actively by disciplined trainings, and t

17、hen they gained a new freedom of their lives. (3 examples). 舉例子舉例子1. I can think of no better illustration of this idea than the fact that more and more young people are finding it easier to get jobs.2. A good case in point is Wuhan, which has a pedestrian shopping street.3. Take my father as an exa

18、mple.4. to illustrate/as an illustrationTS: It is the essential responsibility for teachers to convey academic subjects to learners. 使用拓展主題句方法展開： In primary school, children should be instilled the ability of spelling If they fail to master those knowledge, it is difficult to seek a bright future. F

19、or instance, if a student fail to perform well in passing math, English, physics, and literature, he or she will be doomed to gain a failure in entering into university which can offer a diploma, thus, students will be handicapped by lack of required academic knowledge. 5、對比論證、對比論證 Comparison and co

20、ntrast A： 具體情況正反對比 B: 過去和現(xiàn)在的對比 Should young adults want independence from their parents as soon as possible? TS: At the contemporary society, moral guidance should be offered by parents to ensure those young fellows to refrain from misleading by inappropriate materials. 第一句：如果年輕人沒有適當(dāng)?shù)谋Ｗo(hù)沒有適當(dāng)?shù)谋Ｗo(hù)直接面對面對

21、社會上所有的誘惑誘惑，他們就會比和父母生活在一起和父母生活在一起的同齡人的同齡人更有可能走上犯罪道路走上犯罪道路。If young adults are exposed without properprotection from their parents to all the temptationsand evils of society, they are more likely to fall into a life of crime than people of the same age who still livewith their parents. 第二句：轉(zhuǎn)折 相反，對于那些依

22、然和父母生活的年輕人來說，他們會知道當(dāng)他們有困難的時候該怎么做。 Conversely, for those who still stay with their families, they might be informed of correct ways when they are in trouble. In primary school, children should be instilled the ability of spelling Chinese letters and basic mathematical knowledge which ensure them maste

23、ring the common sense in daily life. When students have a good command of academic subjects, such as, they can obtain the priority to further education. If they fail to master those knowledge, it is difficult to seek a bright future. For instance, if a student fail to perform well in passing math, E

24、nglish, physics, and literature, he or she will be doomed to gain a failure in entering into university which can offer a diploma, thus, students will be handicapped by lack of required academic knowledge. In the past, the development of society was not as rapid as now, it is unnecessary to be equip

25、ped with a large quantity of knowledge, however, nowadays, driven by scientific and technological breakthroughs, only when students own as much knowledge as others domestic and abroad, can they become more competitive, which is the basic obligation of teachers in current situation in China.6. 駁論 Som

26、e people hold that(反方觀點(diǎn))，because(反方的簡單論據(jù)). However, they are oversimplifying the situation. In fact(反駁反方觀點(diǎn)或者建立自己的觀點(diǎn)） What is your opinion about nuclear technologies? In fact, the nuclear technology is more a curse than a blessing for society. As an energy provider, the nuclear technology would threa

27、ten or even destroy the environment if there were a technical accident, which is more often than not the case. Some people hold that(反方觀點(diǎn))，because(反方的簡單論據(jù)). However, they are oversimplifying the situation. In fact(反駁反方觀點(diǎn)或者建立自己的觀點(diǎn)） Some people assert that the nuclear technology, as an energy provider

28、, is beneficial for society, because it can create cheap and clean energy. However, they are oversimplifying the situation. In fact, if there were a technical accident, which is more often than not the case, the outcome would be disastrous Some people may think/argue/insist that(反方觀點(diǎn)）, because(反方觀點(diǎn)的

29、論據(jù)). However, they are oversimplifying the situation. In fact/As a matter of fact/in actuality, (反駁反方觀點(diǎn)或建立自己的觀點(diǎn)） Some people think that the nuclear technology, as an energy provider, is beneficial for society, because it can create cheap and clean energy. However, they are oversimplifying the situat

30、ion. In fact, if there were a technical accident, which is more often than not the case, the outcome would be disastrous. Those who argue that often build their reasoning on such an assumption that. This assumption, nevertheless, is absurd/misleading. Those who argue that the nuclear technology, as

31、an energy provider, is beneficial for society often build their reasoning on such an assumption that it can create cheap and clean energy. This assumption, nevertheless, is absurd. In fact, if there were a technical accident, which is more often than not the case, the outcome would be disastrous. Th

32、ose who argue that governments should not take the responsibility to fund the development of arts often build their reasoning on such an assumption that arts contribute little to the improvement of human life. This assumption/supposition/ statement/assertion, nevertheless, is absurd. As a matter of

33、fact, the quality of human life is not only measured by material gains but also by spiritual satisfaction. Admittedly, the presence of buildings, highways, banks, or cargo ships, airplanes, and the GDP increases do contribute to human comforts and convenience. Yet, it cannot be denied that the quali

34、ty of human life involves broader aspects in addition to material things. It includes, inevitably, the spiritual life, which can never be improved merely by material gains. The spiritual problems, or in other words, problems inherent in human soul, perhaps can only be unlocked by arts. In this sense

35、, governments is certainly responsible for funding the art development for the sake of the peace and tranquility in soul.論據(jù)綜合實(shí)例論據(jù)綜合實(shí)例 1. People are optimistic about 21st century. Many people think it is a good opportunities to find positive change in future. How do you think the optimism? What would

36、 you like to change in 21st century? 對整個系統(tǒng)（世界經(jīng)濟(jì)）的影響：世界經(jīng)濟(jì)通過高效通對整個系統(tǒng)（世界經(jīng)濟(jì)）的影響：世界經(jīng)濟(jì)通過高效通訊提高效率訊提高效率 Information technologies has greatly improved the efficiency of communication and therefore stimulated the world economy. Examples can be easily found to support this viewpoint. Before the internet has be

37、en widely established, a businessman in Beijing had to fly to London to make a bargain with his partners, which would take him more than three days to settle down and begin to negotiate. On the other hand, via internet, he only needs to open Net meeting system now, which allows him to exchange ideas

38、 with his partners virtually simultaneously through not only audio but also video information)對整個系統(tǒng)（世界經(jīng)濟(jì)）的影響：男女平等對整個系統(tǒng)（世界經(jīng)濟(jì)）的影響：男女平等 In addition, an information society fathers more profound influence on social structure. In fact, the advent of new technologies has made it possible for women to shar

39、e equal status with men. In the past, namely the industrial or agricultural ear, physical power was the most essential element of productivity, and obviously females were not as strong as males. However, the information era now attaches more importance to intelligence rather than physical power, and there is no evidence indicating that women are not as intelligent as men. As a result, increasingly more females have occupied significant social positions, such as the CEO, the Prime Minister and the Pr