公路邊坡支護中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

1、中英文對照外文翻譯文獻（文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯）公路邊坡常見支護方法目前，我國山區(qū)高速公路建設(shè)迅猛發(fā)展。在高等級公路的修建中， 出現(xiàn)大量的深挖路塹與高填路堤邊坡，其防護問題非常突出。為了滿足安全可靠和經(jīng)濟合理雙重目標，對高邊坡病害特征的深入分析和對其治理工程方案的慎重選擇顯得十分重要。公路邊坡沿公路分布的范圍廣， 對自然環(huán)境的破壞范圍大， 如果在防護的同時， 能夠注 意保護環(huán)境和創(chuàng)造環(huán)境， 采用適當?shù)木G化防護方法來進行，則會使公路具有安全、舒適、美觀、與環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào)等特點，也將會產(chǎn)生可觀的經(jīng)濟效益、社會效益和生態(tài)效益。邊坡設(shè)計應(yīng)遵循“安全綠色、水土保持、恢復(fù)自然、環(huán)保之路”的設(shè)計原則。對公路邊

2、坡進行防護，必須考慮以下問題：邊坡穩(wěn)定：保護路基邊坡表面免受雨水沖刷，減緩溫差與溫度變化的影響，防止和延緩軟巖土表面的風化、破碎、剝蝕演變過程，從而保護路基的整體穩(wěn)定性。環(huán)境保護：使工程對環(huán)境的擾亂程度減少到最小，并謀求人工構(gòu)造物與自然環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào)。綜合效應(yīng)：綜合防光，防眩，防煙，誘導(dǎo)司機視線，改善景觀等目的進行邊坡綠化防護，充分發(fā)揮防護工程的綜合效益。1、工程防護1.1 抹面與捶面1.1.1 適用條件：對各種易于風化的軟巖層（如泥質(zhì)砂巖、頁巖、千枚巖、泥質(zhì)板巖等）邊坡，當巖層風化不甚嚴重時；所防護的邊坡，本身必須是穩(wěn)定的，但其坡面形狀、陡度及平順性不受限制；所防護的邊坡，必須是干燥、無地下水的

3、巖質(zhì)邊坡。1.1.2 構(gòu)造要求：抹面厚度一般為57cmi捶面厚度為1015cm, 一般為等厚截面。抹面與捶面工程的周邊與未防護坡面銜接處，應(yīng)嚴格封閉。如在其邊坡頂部做截水溝，溝底與溝邊也要做抹面或捶面防護。大面積抹面或捶面時，每隔 510m應(yīng)設(shè)伸縮縫。1.2 灌漿與勾縫灌漿適用于石質(zhì)堅硬、不易風化、巖層內(nèi)部節(jié)理發(fā)育，但裂縫寬度較小的巖質(zhì)路塹邊坡。勾縫適用于石質(zhì)較堅硬、不易風化、張開節(jié)理不甚發(fā)育，且節(jié)理縫較大較深的巖石路塹 邊坡上。1.3 水泥土護坡1.3.1 適用條件：適用于粉土、粉砂、粉質(zhì)粘土、粘土等填方邊坡。易受洪水浸淹的路基填方邊坡?？捎糜邴}漬土地區(qū)。1.3.2 構(gòu)造要求：水泥土護坡厚度

4、一般為1020cm.水泥摻量一般為8%15%,具體摻量施工時根據(jù)現(xiàn)場試驗確定。1.4 護面墻1.4.1 適用條件：多用于易風化的云母巖、綠泥片巖、千枚巖及其它風化嚴重的軟質(zhì)巖層和較破碎的巖石地段，以防止繼續(xù)風化；所防護的邊坡本身必須是穩(wěn)固的；護面墻有實體護面墻、孔窗式護面墻、拱式護面墻和肋式護面墻。實體護面墻適用于一般土質(zhì)及碎石邊坡；空窗式護面墻用于邊坡緩于1: 0.75 ,孔窗內(nèi)可采用捶面（坡面干燥時）或干砌片石；拱式護面墻用于邊坡下部巖層較完整， 而需要防護上部邊坡者或通過個別 軟弱地段時，邊坡巖層較完整且坡度較陡時采用肋式護面墻。1.4.2 構(gòu)造要求：1 .實體護面墻厚度視墻高而定，一般

5、采用 0.40.6m,底寬一般等于頂寬加 H/10H/20;單級護墻 的高度一般不超過15m多級護墻的總高度一般不超過30m.沿墻身長度每隔10m設(shè)置一道2cm的伸縮縫，縫內(nèi)用瀝青麻筋填塞。在泄水孔后用碎 石和砂做成反濾層，以排除墻后排水。修筑護面墻前，對所有的邊坡清除風化層至新鮮巖層，對風化迅速的巖質(zhì)（如云母巖、綠泥片巖等）邊坡，清挖出新鮮巖面后，應(yīng)立即修筑護面墻。頂部應(yīng)用原土夯填，以免水流沖刷。2 .孔窗式護面墻孔窗式護面墻的窗孔通常為半圓拱形，高2.53.5m,寬23m,半徑11.5m.其基礎(chǔ)、厚度、伸縮縫等與實體護面墻相同，窗孔內(nèi)視具體情況，采用干砌片石、植草或捶面。3 .拱式護面墻拱

6、跨較小時（23m,拱圈可采用10#水泥砂漿砌片石，拱高視邊坡下面完整巖層高度 而定，拱跨較大時，可采用碎拱圈。1.5 噴漿或噴射混凝土防護1.5.1 適用條件：適用于巖性較差、強度較底、易風化或堅硬巖層風化破碎、節(jié)理發(fā)育、其表層風化剝落的巖質(zhì)邊坡；當巖質(zhì)邊坡因風化剝落和節(jié)理切割而導(dǎo)致大面積碎落，以及局部小型坍塌、落石時，可采用局部加固處理后，進行大面積噴漿（噴射混凝土）。對于上部巖層風化破碎下部巖層堅硬完整的高大路塹邊坡； 不能承受山體壓力，邊坡須是穩(wěn)定的。1.5.2 構(gòu)造要求：噴漿厚度不宜小于1.52cm,噴射混凝土的厚度以35cm為宜。為防止坡面水的沖刷，沿噴漿（噴射混凝土）坡面頂緣外側(cè)設(shè)

7、置一條小型截水溝。漿體兩側(cè)鑿槽嵌入巖層內(nèi)。1.6 噴錨防護1.6.1 適用條件：凡易于噴漿（噴射混凝土）防護的巖質(zhì)邊坡，當巖層風化破碎嚴重、節(jié)理發(fā)育，在破碎巖層較厚的情況下，如果繼續(xù)風化，將導(dǎo)致墜石或小型崩塌，從而影響整個邊坡的穩(wěn)定性。它具有較高的強度，較好的抗裂性能，能使坡面內(nèi)一定深度內(nèi)的破碎巖層得以加強，并能承受少量的破碎體所產(chǎn)生的側(cè)壓力。1.6.2 構(gòu)造要求：為防止坡面水的沖刷，沿噴漿（噴射混凝土）坡面頂緣外側(cè)設(shè)置一條小型截水溝。錨固深度視邊坡巖層的破碎程度及破碎層的厚度而定，用1: 3的水泥沙漿固結(jié)。噴漿厚度不小于3cm,噴射混凝土的厚度不小于 5cm.錨桿的類型有樹脂錨桿、全長砂漿錨

8、桿、塑料錨桿、水泥錨桿和縫管錨桿。提高錨桿承載力的措施主要有延長錨固段長度、二次壓漿、采用端頭擴大或多段擴大頭錨桿、重復(fù)高壓灌漿和改變錨桿傳力特征的剪力或壓力型錨桿。其中二次壓漿和重復(fù)高壓灌漿比較實用有效。1.7 土釘墻土釘墻是一種較新式的結(jié)構(gòu)物，它主要由“釘”（即錨桿）、混凝土面板（掛網(wǎng)噴射混凝土）、錨板組成。1.7.1 作用機理通過規(guī)則排列的錨桿（“釘”）、面板、錨板將邊坡一定范圍內(nèi)的土體進行原位加固，形 成一種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)式的墻一一土釘墻，墻后土壓力由土釘墻承擔。1.7.2 適用條件主要適用于風化破碎較嚴重的巖石邊坡， 也可用于粉土、礫石和砂土邊坡。承受土壓力 一般，其最大優(yōu)點是從上往下逐層

9、開挖土石方并及時對邊坡進行封閉加固，能有效減少邊坡因開挖臨空而帶來的英里釋放，使邊坡保持原來的穩(wěn)定結(jié)構(gòu)，避免坍塌。1.7.3 構(gòu)造要求：施工程序為：成孔清孔置筋注漿噴射第一層細石混凝土 裝掛鋼絲網(wǎng)噴射第二層細石混凝土；第一層細石混凝土厚 710cm,第二層細石混凝土厚 8cm.1.8 預(yù)應(yīng)力錨索梁預(yù)應(yīng)力錨索梁是最近幾年發(fā)展起來的一種新型加固措施。結(jié)構(gòu)分為錨索和錨梁兩部分。1.8.1 作用機理把破碎松散巖層組合連接成整體，并錨固在地層深部穩(wěn)固的巖體上，通過施加預(yù)應(yīng)力，使錨索長度范圍內(nèi)的軟弱巖體（層）擠壓密實，提高巖層層面間的正壓力和摩阻力，阻止開裂松散巖體位移，從而達到加固邊坡的目的。這種方法的

10、最大特點是： 可保持既有坡面狀態(tài)下深入坡體內(nèi)部進行大范圍加固；預(yù)先主動對邊坡松散巖層施加正壓力，起到擠密鎖固作用；同時，錨索孔高壓注漿，漿液充填裂隙和孔隙，又可提高破碎巖體的強度和整體性；結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、工期短、造價低廉。1.8.2 適用條件裂隙和斷層發(fā)育、防緩邊坡工作量巨大的高陡邊坡。1.8.3 構(gòu)造要求：錨梁：錨梁為鋼筋混凝土梁，采用C30昆凝土澆注，它不僅為預(yù)應(yīng)力錨索提供反力裝置，而且也對邊坡巖土有著框箍和壓緊作用。錨梁的施工順序為：防線挖槽一綁扎鋼筋一支模一澆注混凝土。錨梁與錨索交叉部位預(yù)留塑料套管，便于錨索從中間穿過；在錨頭部位預(yù)埋承壓鋼板,并與錨梁澆注成整體。預(yù)應(yīng)力錨索施工程序為：放點鉆

11、孔一編制鋼絞線一注漿一張拉鎖定?？膳c噴射混凝土或框格護坡相結(jié)合。92、植物防護2.1 種草2.1.1 適用條件邊坡穩(wěn)定、坡面沖刷輕微的路堤或路塹邊坡，一般要求邊坡坡度不陡于 1:1,邊坡坡面水徑流速度不超過0.6m/s ,長期浸水邊坡不適用。2.1.2 種植方式根據(jù)施工方法不同，有以下幾種方式：種子撒播法：適用于邊坡土質(zhì)較軟， 厚度在25mma下的沙性土， 23mmA下的粘性土， 以及邊坡緩于1: 1的情況。噴播法：適用于礫間有砂的礫質(zhì)土，或厚度在25mm下的砂質(zhì)土，厚度在 23mm下的粘性土、亞粘土土坡，或當厚度在25mm以上的硬質(zhì)土時，在常降暴雨地區(qū)，則與鋪席工程并用?？屯羾姴シǎ嚎屯羾姴?/p>

12、技術(shù)是一種改善邊坡植生環(huán)境，促進植物生長，從而在普通條件下無法綠化或綠化效果差的邊坡上實現(xiàn)立體綠化、恢復(fù)自然植被的新技術(shù)。 客土噴播法具有廣泛的適應(yīng)性，土質(zhì)或巖質(zhì)邊坡都適用。點穴、挖溝法方法：點穴法是在邊坡上用鉆具挖掘直徑58cm、深1015cm的洞，每平方米約812個，將固體肥料等防入，用土、砂等將洞埋住后，再種種子。挖溝法是在邊坡大致按水平間 隔50cm左右，挖掘1015cm深的溝，放入肥料后，撒播種子。適用于：公路兩側(cè)的綠化用地立地條件較差的情況，如硬質(zhì)土或花崗巖風化砂土挖方邊坡。2.2 鋪草皮2.2.1 適用條件各種土質(zhì)邊坡，特別是坡面沖刷比較嚴重、邊坡較陡（可達60。），徑流速度達0

13、.6m/s時。2.2.2 鋪草皮的方式平鋪、水平疊鋪、垂直坡面或與坡面成一半破腳的傾斜疊置，以及采用片石等鋪砌成方格或拱形邊框、方格內(nèi)鋪草皮等。2.3 植樹適用于：各種土質(zhì)邊坡和風化極嚴重的巖石邊坡，邊坡坡度不陡于1: 1.5,在路基邊坡和漫水河灘上種植植物， 對于加固路基與防護河岸收到良好的效果。 可以降低水流速，種在 河灘上可促使泥沙淤積，防止水流直接沖刷路堤。植樹最好與植草相結(jié)合。高等級公路邊坡上嚴禁種喬木。3、柔性支護3.1 三維植被網(wǎng)三維植被網(wǎng)又稱防侵蝕網(wǎng)，以熱塑樹脂為原料。結(jié)構(gòu)分為上下兩層，上層為 一個經(jīng)雙面拉伸的高模量基礎(chǔ)層，強度足以防止植被網(wǎng)的變形，并能有效防止水 土流失，下層

14、是一層彈性的、規(guī)則的、凹凸不平的網(wǎng)包組成。3.1.1 作用機理：三維植被網(wǎng)是由多層塑料凹凸網(wǎng)和高強度平網(wǎng)復(fù)合而成的立體網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)。面層外觀凹凸不平。材質(zhì)疏松柔韌，留有90%Z上的空間可填充土壤及沙粒，將草籽 及表層土壤牢牢護在立體網(wǎng)中問。3.1.2 特點固土效果極好。實驗證明：在草皮形成之前，當坡度為 45度時，三維植 被網(wǎng)的固土阻滯率高達97.5%.即使坡面角達到90°時，三維植被網(wǎng)仍可保留阻滯 住60%勺土壤。抗沖刷能力強。三維網(wǎng)墊及植物根系可起到淺層加筋的作用，這種復(fù)合 體系具有及強的抗沖刷能力，能夠達到有效防護邊坡的目的。網(wǎng)墊原材料采用聚乙烯，無毒且化學(xué)性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定可靠，埋在地下壽命

15、可達 50年以上，即使暴露在陽光下壽命也長達10多年。草種采用混合草種，生長成坪快；抗逆性強、耐貧瘠、耐粗放式管理等。3.1.3 適用條件設(shè)計穩(wěn)定的土質(zhì)和巖質(zhì)邊坡，特別是土質(zhì)貧瘠的邊坡和土石混填的邊坡可以 起到固土防沖并改善植草質(zhì)量的良好效果。3.2 鋼繩網(wǎng)主動防護通過錨桿和支撐繩以固定方式將鋼繩網(wǎng)蓋在坡面上。作用機理為通過固定在錨桿或支撐繩上并施以一定預(yù)張拉的鋼繩網(wǎng)，以及在用作風化剝落、溜塌或坍落防護中抑制細小顆粒、灑落或土體流失時鋪以金屬網(wǎng) 或土工格柵，對整個邊坡形成連續(xù)支撐。其預(yù)張拉作業(yè)使系統(tǒng)緊貼坡面形成了局 部巖坡或土體移動或發(fā)生細小位移后將其裹縛于原位附近的預(yù)應(yīng)力，從而實現(xiàn)其主動防護

16、的功能。其系統(tǒng)作用原理類似噴錨支護等層面防護體系。然其柔性特征 能使系統(tǒng)將局部體中下滑力向四周均勻傳遞以充分發(fā)揮整個系統(tǒng)的防護能力，從而使系統(tǒng)能承受較大的下滑力，同時它與三維植被網(wǎng)一樣與植物配套實現(xiàn)植物防 護，使植物根系的固土作用與坡面防護系統(tǒng)結(jié)為一體，實現(xiàn)最佳邊坡防護和環(huán)保。3.3 鋼繩網(wǎng)被動防護該方法是一種能攔截和堆存落石的柔性攔石網(wǎng)，由鋼繩網(wǎng)、固定系統(tǒng)、減壓 環(huán)和鋼柱四部分組成。3.3.1 .適用條件巖體交互發(fā)育、坡面整體性差，有巖崩可能的高路塹邊坡。3.3.2 作用機理當落石沖擊攔石網(wǎng)時，其沖擊力通過網(wǎng)的柔性得以首先消散， 并將剩余荷載 從沖擊點向純網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)周邊逐級加載， 最終傳到錨固基

17、巖和地層，且由錨桿及其基 礎(chǔ)承受的最終剩余荷載以達很小的程度。4、綜合防護4.1 巖質(zhì)邊坡綠化噴播技術(shù)綠化噴播技術(shù)，其核心是在巖質(zhì)坡面營造一個既能讓植物生長發(fā)育而種植基 質(zhì)又不被沖刷的多孔穩(wěn)定結(jié)構(gòu)。它利用特制噴混機械將土壤、肥料、有機質(zhì)、保 水材料、植物種子、水泥等混合干料加水后噴射到巖面上，由于水泥的粘結(jié)作用， 上述混合物可在巖石表面形成一層具有連續(xù)空隙的硬化體。一定程度的硬化使種 植免遭沖蝕，而空隙內(nèi)填有種子、土壤、保水材料等，空隙既是種植基質(zhì)的填充 空間，又是植物根系的生長空間。4.1.1 適用條件不僅適用于所有開挖后的巖體邊坡， 而且對于巖堆、軟巖、碎裂巖、散體巖、 極酸性土巖以及擋土

18、墻、護面墻、混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)邊坡等不宜綠化的惡劣環(huán)境。4.1.2 施工方法修整邊坡在高速公路邊坡支護工程中，坡面比較平整，一般只需消除表面雜物即可。 如有非常凹凸的地方須進行處理。錨桿、掛網(wǎng)先在坡面上打孔，然后將機編網(wǎng)開卷鋪掛在坡面上，再用錨桿或錨釘固定。 對于坡度較?。?:1）、巖體結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定的邊坡，或已做拱架的陡坡，可不掛網(wǎng)， 面向巖面直接噴射混合好的材料。噴混材料按比例混合后利用特制噴混機械將混合物加水及PH緩沖劑后噴射到巖面上。噴射分兩次進行，首先噴射不含種子的混合料，噴射厚度 78cm緊接著 第二次噴射含有種子的混合料，噴射厚度 23cm.噴射混合材料平均厚度10cm 變幅為315cm.覆蓋

19、可在噴射后覆蓋無紡布、草簾、遮蔭網(wǎng)、稻草等保濕及防止雨水沖刷。養(yǎng)護噴播后如未下雨則需每天澆水保持土壤濕潤。一般7天左右發(fā)芽，一個月成坪，兩個月覆蓋率達90%Z上，成坪后可逐漸減少澆水次數(shù)。4.2 框格護坡4.2.1 適用條件：風化較嚴重的巖質(zhì)邊坡和坡面穩(wěn)定的較高土質(zhì)邊坡。4.2.2 框格形式選擇框格護坡可選用菱形框格、六邊形框格、主從式框格等4.2.3 構(gòu)造要求：框格內(nèi)植草，通常采用借土噴播法或植草皮等方法。框格形式主要有正方形、菱形、拱形、主肋加斜向橫肋或波浪形橫肋以及 幾種幾何圖形組合等形式，框格及橫肋寬 0.40.6m,主肋寬一般1m左右，框格 間距2.53.5m.應(yīng)根據(jù)情況設(shè)置固定樁或

20、錨固筋固定。Highway Slope Common Supporting MethodAt present, our country mountainous area highway to construct rapid development. In first-class highway construction, were massively deep cut cutting and high embankment slope, its protection outstanding issues. In order to meet the safe and reliable and r

21、easonable economy dual goals, the high slope of diseaseof thorough analysis and characteristics of its governance engineering scheme discreet choice is very important.Highway slope along the road to the distribution of wide, natural environmental damage range, if the protection at the same time, can

22、 protect the environment and create an environment, the adoption of appropriate greening methods for, can make highway has safe, comfortable, beautiful, in harmony with the environment and other characteristics, which will create considerable economic benefit and social benefit and ecological benefi

23、ts.Slope design should follow the "safe green, water and soil conservation and restoration of natural, environmental protection way" design principle.On the highway slope protection, must consider the following questions:(1) the slope stability: protect embankment slope surface from the ra

24、ins washed out, slowing down the influence of temperature and temperature changes, to prevent and delay the surface of soft rock weathering, broken, eroding evolution process, thus protect the overall stability of roadbed.(2) the environmental protection: make the project on environment to minimize

25、the disturbing degree, and seek artificially alkali-silica coordinated with the natural environment.(3) comprehensive effects: comprehensive against the light, prevent dazzle, smoke, induction of driver line of sight, improve landscape slope greening purpose, give full play to the comprehensive bene

26、fit protection project.1. Engineering protection1.1 plaster and beat noodles1.1.1 applicable condition:(1) to all sorts of easy weathering of soft rock (such as shaly sands, shale, thousand pieces of rock, shale SLATE) slope, when rock weathering not very serious when;(2) the slope protection by its

27、elf must be stable, but the slope shape, gradient and smooth unrestrained;(3) the slope protection, which must be dry, no groundwater rocky slope.1.1.2 structural requirements:(1) the plaster ply is commonly 5 7cm, beat surface thickness for 10 15cm, generally for thickness sections.(2) the plaster

28、and beat surface engineering peripheral and not protective slope cohesion place, should strictly closed. As in the slope top do cut ditch, or GouBian also to do with plaster or beat surface protection.(3) on large surface, precausions or every 5 10m should set is adjustable seam.1.2 grouting and tic

29、k off seamGrouting applies to the rocky hard, not easy weathering, rock joints growth inside, but the crack width of smaller rocky cutting slope.Tick off seam is applicable to the rocky, difficult to weathering, open hard very not development, and joints of deep seams larger jointed rock cutting slo

30、pe.1.3 soil-cement slope protection1.3.1 applicable condition:(1) suitable for silty and sand, silty clay, clay etc fill slope.(2) the vulnerable to flood inundated the roadbed fill slope.(3) can be used in saline soil area.1.3.2 structural requirements: soil-cement revetment thickness for 10 20cm.

31、General admixture of general 8% of cement concrete 15%, according to the site during the construction of the admixture was confirmed.1.4 HuMianQiang1.4.1 applicable condition:(1) more for easy weathering of mica rocks, LuNi schist, 1000 pieces rock and other weathering serious soft rock formations a

32、nd a broken rock location, to prevent continue to weathering;(2) the slope protection by itself must be substantial;(3) HuMianQiang, hole HuMianQiang have entity HuMianQiang, arch casing HuMianQiang HuMianQiang and rib type. Entity HuMianQiang used in general soil and rock slope; Empty HuMianQiang u

33、sed for slope slow in casing 1-0. 75, hole in the window can be used on slope surface (dry) or dry build by laying bricks or stones PianShi; HuMianQiang arch for slope, while the lower strata relatively complete upper slope or those who need protection by individual weak area, slope rock slope steep

34、 intact and used when HuMianQiang rib type.1.4.2 structural requirements:1. HuMianQiang entities(1) high and decide on wall thickness, use commonly 0.4 0.6 m, width is equal to the general DingKuan add H / 10 H / 20; The height of the single stage counterfort 15m usually less than the total height,

35、multilevel wall as usually less than.(2) along the wall body length set a 2cm every 10m within the expansion joints with reinforced asphalt hemp seam padded. After discharge holes in the sand with rubble and make reverse filter layer to exclude wall drainage.(3) to build HuMianQiang ago, all the slo

36、pe rock weathering layer to fresh cleared to weathering quickly, the rocky (like mica rocks, LuNi schist, etc) slope, clear dug fresh gape, shall be immediately repaired after HuMianQiang.(4) the soils ramming fill top application, lest flow washout.2. HuMianQiang casing holeHuMianQiang window casin

37、g hole hole for semicircle arch, usually high 2.5 3.5 m, width 2 3m, radius 1 1.5 m. its base,thickness, iiexpansion joints, such as HuMianQiang identical with the entity within hole, according to specific situation PianShi, electrode using dry build by laying bricks or stones on grass, or face.3. H

38、uMianQiang archArch than hours (across 2 3m), the arch ring can use 10 # cement mortar build by laying bricks or stones, PianShi arch height depending on the slope rock under complete and decide, arch height, can be made larger span concrete arch ring.3.5 shortcreting or sprayed concrete protective3

39、.5.1 applicable condition:(1) applies to the lithology is bad, the intensity is bottom, easy weathering or hard rock weathering crushing, joints growth, its surface weathering falling rock slope;(2) when rock slope cutting by weathering peel and joints caused widespread broken down, and local small

40、collapsed, rockfalls, can use local reinforcement, for wide after spray (shotcrete).(3) the upper strata for decency is broken rock hard and complete tall cutting slope;(4) cannot bear mountain pressure, slope must is stable.3.5.2 structural requirements:(1) the shotcreting thickness is less than 1.

41、5 2cm, not the thickness of sprayed concrete in 3 5cm advisable.(2) to prevent slope surface water erosion along the shotcreting (sprayed concrete, the top margin slope lateral) set up a small cut ditch.(3) cut groove slurry embedded within both sides strata.3.6 spray anchor protection3.6.1 applicab

42、le condition:Whoever easy shortcreting (jet concrete) protection, when rock slope rock weathering broken joints growth, seriously, in broken rock thicker cases, if continue to weathering, will lead to drop stones or small avalanches, thus affecting the stability of the slope. It has high intensity,

43、good anti-cracking performance, can make certain depth within the slope was increased the broken rock within, and can withstand a small amount of broken body produces the lateral pressure.3.6.2 structural requirements:(1) to prevent slope surface water erosion along the shotcreting (sprayed concrete

44、, the top margin slope lateral) set up a small cut ditch.(2) the anchorage depth depending on the slope strata of broken degree and breaking layer thickness and decide, use 1:3 to cement mortar consolidation.(3) not less than 3cm, spray thickness of sprayed concrete thickness not less than 5cm.(4) t

45、he type of bolt anchor rod, a resin mortar anchor, plastic anchor length, cement anchor and tube anchor.(5) the bearing capacity of major measures improve anchor length, prolong anchorage second pressure pulp, adopt end expand or more paragraphs expand head bolt, repeat high-pressure grouting and ch

46、ange the force transmission characteristics of the anchor rod anchor rod shear or pressure type. One second grouting and repeat high-pressure grouting is more practical and effective.3.7 soil-nail wallSoil-nail wall is a relatively new structures, it mainly consists of "nail" (i.e., anchor

47、), concrete panel (hang nets shotcrete), anchor plate compositions.3.7.1 mechanismThe anchor (via regular arrangement "spike"), panel, anchor plate will slope certain limits soil in situ reinforcement, form a kind of composite soil nailing wall - structured wall, the wall by soil nailing w

48、all and pressure assume.3.7.2 application conditionsMainly applies to weathering crushing more serious rock slope, also can used for powder soil, gravel and sandy soil slope. Inherit the earth pressure generally, its greatest advantage on the excavation step by step down from conditions are closed o

49、n the slope and timely reinforcement, can effectively reduce slope excavation airport and brings for release, make the slope keep miles to the stability of the original structure, to avoid the collapse.3.7.3 structural requirements:(1) the construction procedure for: into hole - hole cleaning - buy

50、muscle - grouting - spray layer 1 fine stone concrete - pack hanging steel net - spray layer 2 fine stone concrete;(2) the first layer of fine stone concrete thick 7 10cm and second fine stone concrete thick 8cm.3.8 prestressed anchor beamPrestressed anchor beam is developed in recent years, a new t

51、ype of reinforcement measures. Structure is divided into anchor and anchor beam two parts.3.8.1 mechanismPut the broken loose rock combination connectedinto the overall, and anchor in the rock formation deep solid by prestress anchor length, within the scope of the weak rock (layers) extrusion close

52、-grained, improve level of positive pressure between rock and friction, stop cracking loose rock displacement, so as to achieve the purpose of reinforced slope. This kind of method is: the biggest characteristic of slope can maintain both deeply slope under the internal state of widespread reinforce

53、ment; Prior ShiJiaZheng loose rock slope initiative to lock compaction pressure, so solid action; Meanwhile, anchor hole high-pressure grouting, grout filling fracture and pore, and enhancethe broken rock strength and integrity; Simple structure, low cost, short construction period.3.8.2 application

54、 conditionsFracture and faults development, prevent slow slope workload huge high and steep slope.3.8.3 structural requirements:(1) the anchor beam: anchor beam for reinforced concrete beam C30 concrete pouring, adopt prestressed anchor cable, it is not only for providing counterforce device, but al

55、so has a box of slope rock pressure effect. With straps(2) the anchor beam construction order: defense mode - assembling reinforced - mode branch - pouring concrete.(3) the anchor beam and anchor reserve plastic casing, cross parts from through the middle for anchor; At anchor head bits embedded wit

56、h anchor plate, and pressure casting into whole beam.(4) the procedures for the construction of prestressed anchor put some drillinggrouting compiled tension steel lock.(5) but with shotcrete or frame space revetment combined.212 Plant Protection1.1 grass1.1.1 application conditionsSlope stability,

57、slope erosion slight embankment or cutting slope, general requirement slope not steep in 1:1, surface water runoff speed geogrid does not exceed 0.6 m/s, long-term immersion slope doesn't apply.1.1.2 cropping patternAccording to the construction method is different, have the following several ways:(1) the seed sown method: for the soft soil retaining mm, ply is in the sand soil, under the 23mm below of cohesive soil slope, and the situation in 1:1 slowly.(2) YuLi hydroseeder law: there is between sand gravel in thickness, or pledge s