同等學力申碩英語語法輔導

1、2010年同等學力申碩英語語法輔導（第1講）動詞不定式（一）不定式由“to+動詞原形”構成，其否定形式是“not to do”。不定式可以帶賓語狀 語構成不定式短語， 沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化， 但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。 不定式可作主語、 賓語、 狀語、 表語和定語， 但不能單獨作謂語。 不定式的邏輯主語可用“for+名詞或代詞賓格”構 成。1. To see is to believe.（主語）2. It is right to give up smoking.（主語）3. He wanted to go.（賓語）4. I find it interesting to work with him.（

2、賓語）5. I have some books for you to read.（定語）6. I came here to see you.（狀語）7. The question is difficult to answer.（狀語）8. He is too old to do that.（狀語）9. The room is big enough to hold us.（狀語）10. To tell the tru th, I dont agree with you.（獨立結構）11. He gave the order to start the attack.（同位語）在feel, hear

3、, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等詞后的補足語中，不定式不帶to。但是這些句子如果變成被動結構時，就必須帶to。1. I often hear him sing the song.He is often heard to sing the song.2. They made the boy go to bed early.The boy was made to go to bed early.不定式動詞在介詞but, except, besides后面時，如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞do的各種形式

4、，那么，這些介詞后的不定式不帶to，否則要帶to。1. She could do nothing but cry.2. What do you like to do besides swim?3. I have no choice but to go.4. They desired nothing but to succeed.與cannot help but之后的不定式一般不帶to.在cannot but, cannot choose but1. I cannot but admire his courage.2. He could not choose but love her.3. Th

5、e cause could not help but be advanced today.在would rathe r, would sooner, other than would ratherthan等之后用不帶的不定式。1. I would rather go than stay.2. No one could do other than admire it.3. They would sooner go for a drink.動詞不定式作定語時，如果其與所修飾的名詞或代詞呈動賓關系時，即通常所謂的反 射不定式，此時不定式的動詞是不及物動詞， 或者所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、

6、 工具等，不定式后面須有相應的介詞。1. There is nothing to worry about.2. He is looking for a room to live in.3. Please give me a knife to cut with.4. I need a pen to write with.但是，不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place或way,不定式后面的介詞習慣上要省 去。He had no money and no place to live.動詞不定式與疑問詞who, which, when, where, how, what等連用，有句中起名詞作 用

7、，可充當主語、表語、賓語等。1. He didnt know what to say.2. How to solve the problem is very important.3. My question is when to start.4. I can tell you where to get this book.有時疑問詞前可用介詞。e.g. I have no idea of how to do it.動詞不定式在與why連用時，只用于why或why not開頭的簡短疑問句中，后面跟不 帶to的動詞不定式。1. Why talk so much about it?2. Why no

8、t have a rest?為了避免重復句子前面已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過的動詞，不定式?？墒∪釉~原形，只留下不定式 符號to。1. He may go if he wishes to.2. Dont go till I tell you to.to2010年同等學力申碩英語語法輔導（第2講）動詞不定式二九、不定式的邏輯主語：for+名詞（代詞）+不定式1. Its just impossible for a child to do that job.2. It is necessary for goods to be packed in strong cases.當表語形容詞為good, kind, ni

9、ce, honest, wise, clever, right, thoughtful,tactful（老練的）, polite, courteous（禮貌的）, sensible, bold, bad, stupid,（殘忍的）, rude, impolite, wrong, silly等可以修飾人的行為、性格特征等詞語時，不定式的邏輯主語由“of+名詞（代詞）+不定式”構成。1. It is wise of him to settle the case that way.2. Its kind of you to say so.十、動詞不定式的時態(tài)不定式的一般形式所表示的動作，通常與謂語的

10、動作（狀態(tài)）同時（或幾乎同時）發(fā) 生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。e.g. I saw him go out.如果謂語表示的動作（情況）發(fā)生時，不定式表示的動作正在進行，這時不定式就要 用進行式。e.g. 1. I am very glad to be working with you.2. You wont want to be washing at this time of night.如果不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，就要用完成式。e.g. 1. Im sorry to have kept you waiting.2. To have known her is a privilege.十一、動詞

11、不定式的被動式e.g. 1. He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.2. It is possible for our hopes to be realized.3. The problem remains to be solved.在want, like, wish, have, get, leave, see, watch, hear, make等動詞后用作賓語補語的被動不定式可省去to be.e.g. 1. Whenvisiting a foreign country, I sometimes found it difficult

12、to make myself understood.2. You will see this product advertised wherever you go.不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構成主謂關系時，不定式用主動形式。e.g. Have you got a key to unlock the door(A key unlocks the door.)cruel不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構成邏輯上的動賓關系，又和該句主語構成邏輯 上的主謂關系時，不定式常用主動形式。e.g. 1. I have got a letter to write. (I write letter)2

13、. He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)3. I know what to do. (I do what.)這句話改成從句要用被動形式：I know what is to be done.不定式作表語形容詞的狀語，和句中主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系時，不定式多用主動 形式。e.g. 1. He is hard to talk to. (to talk to him)2. The book is difficult to understand.(to understand the book)在there be的結構中， 當說話人考慮的是必

14、須有人去完成某件事時，不定式用主動形式，如果說話人強調(diào)的是事情本身必須完成，則用被動形式。e.g. 1. There is a lot of work to do.(Somebody has to do the work.)2. There is a lot of work to be done.(The work has to be done.)3. There is nothing to do.意為無事可做，感到十分乏味。4. There is nothing to be done.意為某東西壞了，無法使之恢復正常。有些句子習慣上須用不定式被動式。e.g. 1. Such things a

15、re to be seen any day.這種事哪一天都可遇到。2. This is a day never to be forgotten.這是令人難忘的一天。3. There was no sound to be heard.聽不到有什么聲音。4. Sure you know what is to be done.你肯定知道應該怎么辦。雙重被動式：be+過去分詞+不定式被動式 常用這種雙重被動式的動詞有allow, announce, attempt,believe, desire, enable,expect, intend, know, mean, order, permit, pr

16、opose, report, say等。e.g. 1. The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.2. I let him know what was intended to be done.3. More than 250 tons of oranges are expected to be harvested this yearin thecounty.4. The local health organization is reported to have been set up twenty-five years ago

17、when Dr.Alice became its first president.2010年同等學力申碩英語語法輔導（第3講） 名詞性從句名詞性從句由引導連詞that, whether;連接代詞what, who, whom, which, whose, whoever,whatever, whichever;以及連接副詞when, where, why, how等引導，包括主 語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。一、主語從句主語從句能用it作形式上的主語。1. It is certain that she will do well in her exam.2. It happened t

18、hat I was out that day.3. It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.if引導的主語從句只能放句尾，而whether引導的主語從句既可放句首， 也可放在句 尾。1. Whether there is life on other planets is not yet know.2. Its not sure if he will succeed.當that引導的主語從句出現(xiàn)在疑問句中時， 要以it作形式主語， 而把主語從句后置。Is it true that thescientist will give

19、us a lecture next week?連接代詞whoever, whatever, whichever可引導主語從句1. Whoever comes will be welcome.2. Whatever he did was right.二、賓語從句如果賓語從句后還有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，而將賓語從句后置。He has made it clear that he will not give in.連詞that引導的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介詞的賓語從句如果由連詞that引導，則需用it先行一步，作形式賓語。1. He is

20、 a good student except that he is careless.2. You may depend on it that they will support you.某些形容詞或過去分詞后常接賓語從句， 這類形容詞或過去分詞有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy,afraid, surprised, satisfied等，連詞that可省略。（有些語法書認為是狀語從句）1. I am not sure what I ought to do.2. Im afraid you dont understand what Isaid.3. Mot

21、her was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.if和whether引導的賓語從句可以互換使用，但whether常和or not連用，if則 不與or not連用；賓語從句是否定句時，一般用if引導。1. I wonder whether it is true or not.2. I dont care if it doesnt rain.為避免引起歧義，常用whether引導賓語從句。比較：1. Please let me know if you want to go.2. Please let me know whether y

22、ou want to go.作介詞賓語只能用whether,不能用if。Everything depends on whether we have enough experience.介詞賓語不可以用which來引導，而要用what來引導。Are you sorry for what youve done?連接代詞whoever, whatever, whichever可引導賓語從句1. Ill show you whatever you want to see.2. You may choose whoever you like.doubt一詞作“懷疑”解接賓語從句時， 主句為肯定句用whe

23、ther或if， 主句為否定 句或疑問句用that。1. I doubt whether he will come soon.2. I do not doubt that he will come soon.3. Do you doubt that he will come soon?4.1 doubt that he will come.（轉(zhuǎn)換詞意：認為. 未必可能）三、表語從句系動詞be, seem, look等后，可接由as if引導的表語從句。It looked as if it was going to rain.連詞because可引導表語從句。1. I think it is b

24、ecause you are doing too much.2. My anger is because he hadnt written to me for a long time.四、同位語從句用以說明抽象名詞的具體內(nèi)容，常見的同位語從句抽象名詞有：fact, news, hope,truth, idea, suggestion, thought, question, order, problem, belief, doubt, fear, promise, answer,condition, report等。1. We heard the news that our team had w

25、on.2. He cant answer the question how he got the money.連接代詞who, what, whose, which不能引導同位語從句。010年同等學力申碩英語語法輔導（第4講）倒裝一、完全倒裝：即全部謂語放在主語之前。1、here （there, now, then ）+不及物動詞e.g. 1. Here comes the bus. 2. There goes the bell. 3. Now comes your turn.注意：代詞作主語時，主謂語序不變e.g. 1. Here it is. 2. Here he comes.2、 在描寫

26、情景時，為了更生動，可以把out, in, up, down, away之類的狀語放在主 語前面，用完全倒裝形式。但如果主語是人稱代詞時，謂語就不變動。e.g. 1. Out went the children. 2. Down flew the plane.3、當句首狀語為表示地點的介詞詞組時，常常引起全部倒裝。e.g. 1. South of the city lies a big steel factory.2. From the valley came a frightening sound.4、表語置于句首時，倒裝結構為“表語+連系動詞+主語”。e.g. 1. Present at

27、the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.2. Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.3. Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.5、so, nor, neither開頭的句子，表示重復前句部分內(nèi)容。原句的謂語應與前句謂語的時態(tài)、形式相一致。二、部分倒裝：即只把助動詞或情態(tài)動詞放在主語之前。1、a

28、s作“盡管”講，引導讓步狀語從句時，要采用倒裝語序。（這種結構中，主謂并不倒裝。表語是名詞時，名詞前面不加任何冠詞。）e.g. 1. Hero as he is, he still has short comings. 2. Much as I like it, Illnot buy it.3. Pretty as she is, she is not clever. 4. Try as he would, he might fail again.2、省略了if的條件句，were, had或should可提到句首構成部分倒裝。e.g. Were I not so busy, I should

29、go with you.3、.在sothat（如此以致于）句型中，若so提至句首，則構成部分倒裝。e.g. So carelessly did he drive that he almost killed himself.4、 用于no soonertha n,hardlywhe r 禾口notun til句型中。e.g. 1. Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.2. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.5、 用于never, hardly, seldom,

30、scarcely, barely, little, often, at no time, not only, not once等詞開頭的句子。e.g. 1. Never shall I do this again. 2. Little did he know who the woman was.6、 用于only開頭的句子（only后面為副詞、介詞或狀語從句）e.g. 1. Only in this way can you master English.2. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you writ

31、e fluently.e.g. 1. He has been to Beijing.Neither can I.So have I.2. Li Wei cant answer the question.注意：如果only后面的詞組不是狀語，則不用倒裝。（即如果接名詞或代詞時）e.g. Only Wang Lingknows this.7、在含有no的詞出現(xiàn)在句首時，采用部分倒裝，為了強調(diào)。e.g. 1. In no way can they leave freely.他們決不能隨便離開。2. Nowhere could they find the lost child.8、用于某些表示祝愿的句

32、子。e.g. 1. May you succeed! 2. Long live the people! 3. May you all be happy!2010年同等學力申碩英語語法輔導（第5講）主謂一致（一）1.并列結構作主語時謂語用復數(shù)，例如：Reading and writing are very important.讀寫很重要。注意：當主語由and連結時，如果它表示一個單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)，and此時連接的兩個詞前只有一個冠詞。例如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.鋼鐵工業(yè)

33、對我們的 生活有重要意義。2.主謂一致中的靠近原則1）當there be句型的主語是一系列事物時，謂語應與最鄰近的主語保持一致。例如：There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.桌上有一支筆、一把小 刀和幾本書。There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十個男孩，二十三個女孩。2）當eitheror與neithernor,連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞與最鄰近的主語 保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引導，而主語又

34、不止一個時，謂語通常也和最鄰近的 主語一致。例如：Either you or she is to go.不是你去,就是她去。Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.給你筆、信封和紙。3.謂語動詞與前面的主語一致當主語有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as等詞組成的短語時,謂語動詞與前面的主語部分一致。例如：The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.教師和

35、一些 學生在參觀工廠。He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去劃船。4.謂語需用單數(shù)1）代詞each以及由every, some, no, any等構成的復合代詞作主語時，或主語中含 有each, every時,謂語需用單數(shù)。例如：Each of us has a tape-recorder.我們每人都有錄音機。There is something wrong with my watch.我的表壞了。2）當主語是一本書或一條格言時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。例如：The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of En

36、glish.天方夜譚 是英語愛好者熟悉的一本書。3）表示金錢，時間，價格或度量衡的復合名詞作主語時，通常把這些名詞看作一個整 體，謂語一般用單數(shù)。例如：Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.用三個星期來做準備。Ten yuan is enough.十元夠了。4）主語形式為復數(shù)，而意義上卻是單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。The news is very exciting.形復意單的單詞有new、works（工廠）、means和以ics結尾的學科名稱physics、poli-tics、economics等。2010年同等

37、學力申碩英語語法輔導（第6講）1.指代意義決定謂語的單復數(shù)1）代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復數(shù)決定。例如：All is right.一切順利。All are present.人都到齊了。2） 集體名詞作主語時， 謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語的意思來決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd,class, company, committee等詞后，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式時強調(diào)這個集體中的各 個成員，用單數(shù)時強調(diào)該集體的整體。例如：His family isnt very large

38、.他家成員不多。His family are music lovers.他家個個都是音樂愛好者。但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復數(shù)形式。例如：Are there any police around?附近有警察嗎？3）有些名詞，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有時看作 單數(shù)，有時看作復數(shù)。例如：A number of +名詞復數(shù)+復數(shù)動詞。The number of +名詞復數(shù)+單數(shù)動詞。A number of books have lent out.The majo

39、rity of the students like English.2.與后接名詞或代詞保持一致1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of等引起主語時，謂語動詞通常與of后面的名詞/代詞保持一致。例如：Most of his money is spent on books.他大部分的錢化在書上了。Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.大部分學生積極參與體育運動。2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of例如：A

40、 seriesof accidents has been reported.A pile of lots was set beside the hearth.3）如many a或more than one所修飾的短語作主語時，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式。 例如：Many a person has read the novel.許多人讀過這本書。More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.2010年同等學力申碩英語語法輔導（第7講）強調(diào)句一）強調(diào)句句型1、陳述句的強調(diào)句型：It is/ was +被強調(diào)部分（通常是主語、賓語或狀語）+

41、that/who（當強調(diào)主語且主語指人）+其它部分。e.g. Is it in the year of 1949 that People3、特殊疑問句的強調(diào)句型：被強調(diào)部分（通常是疑問代詞或疑問副詞）+ that/ who+其它部分？e.g. When and where was it that you found the book?4、強調(diào)句例句：針對I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.等引起主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。 媒體報道了一連串的事故。爐邊有一堆木柴。e.g. It is in the year of 1949 that P

42、eoples Republic of China was founded.2、般疑問句的強調(diào)句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。s Republic of China was founded.?+ is/ was + it句子進行強調(diào)。強調(diào)主語：It was I that （who） met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.強調(diào)賓語：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.強調(diào)地點狀語：It was at the railway station that I

43、 met Li Ming yesterday.強調(diào)時間狀語：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.5、注意：構成強調(diào)句的it本身沒有詞義；強調(diào)句中的連接詞一般只用that, who,即使在強調(diào)時間狀語和地點狀語時也如此，that, who不可省略；強調(diào)句中的時態(tài)只用兩種， 一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。原句謂語動詞是一般過去時、過去完成時和過去進行時,用Itwas，其余的時態(tài)用It is。（二）notuntil句型的強調(diào)句1、句型為：It is/ was not until +被強調(diào)部分+ that +其它部分e.g.普

44、通句：He didnt go to bed until/ till he finished his homework.強調(diào)句：It was not until he finished his homework that he went to bed.2、 注意：此句型只用until,不用till。但如果不是強調(diào)句型,till, until可通用； 因為句型中It is/ wasnot 已經(jīng)是否定句了,that后面的從句要用肯定句,切勿再用 否定句了。（三）謂語動詞的強調(diào)1、It is/ wasthat 結構不能強調(diào)謂語,如果需要強調(diào)謂語時, 用助動詞do/ does或did?？荚嚧笞４蠹遗Ｄ甏?/p>

45、吉！e.g. Do hand in your homework today.務必今天交作業(yè)。He did call you yesterday.昨天他確實給你打電話了。Do be careful when you cross the street.過馬路時,務必（千萬）要小心??！2、 注意：此種強調(diào)只用do/ does和did,沒有別的形式；過去時用did,后面的謂 語動詞用原形。2010年同等學力申碩英語語法輔導（第8講）It的用法（一）作人稱代詞1、it代替前面（或后面）的單數(shù)名詞或分句等所表示的事物。e.g. You cannot eat your cake but have it.（i

46、t代替前面的cake）Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us.it代替后面的air）They say he has left town, but I dont believe it.（it代替前面Theytown分句中的情況）2、 代替有生命但不能或不必分陰陽性的東西（包括嬰兒）。e.g. Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high.（it代替前面的tree）The baby cried because it was hungry.（it代替前面的b

47、aby）3、 在某些習慣說法中，可以代替人。e.g. - Someone is knocking at the door, Peter. - Who is it? - Itsme.- Who are singing? - It is the children.- The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.4、it與one的區(qū)別：這兩個詞都可以代表前面說過的名詞，但it用于同名同物的場合；one則用于同名異物的場合。e.g. - Do you still ha

48、ve the bicycle? - No, I have sold it.- Is this knife yours? - No. It is Xiao Zhang desk.5、it與that的區(qū)別：兩詞都可代替某一特定名詞，但The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.（that指the climate）（二）作無人稱代詞it作無人稱代詞時，除了句中找不到它所代表的詞語外，另一個特點是它后面的內(nèi)容 都是表示天氣、時間、距離、度量衡及情況等。It is fine （rainy, windy, etc.）.It is

49、 noon.It is a half hours walk to the factory.What does it matter?（三）作強調(diào)詞，構成強調(diào)結構 用以幫助改變句子結構，使句子的某一成分受到強調(diào)?！癐t is （was）+所強調(diào)的成分+ that （who） +其它成分?！痹谶@個句型中，it本身沒有詞義。（四） 引導詞it作形式主語（賓語）s. Mine is the one on thethat指同一類，并非同一個。e.g. The climate of South China is mild指the climate of South China）溫和的）; I like it

50、very much.（i為了使句子平衡，常采用形式主語（或賓語）it，而把真正的主語（或賓語）置于句 子后面。通常引導詞it與它所代替的句子成分中間要夾有某些詞。e.g. It takes half an hour to go there on foot.（It與to go there on foot之間夾有takes half an hour四個詞）We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night.（it與that從句中間夾有strange）但有時it與所替代部分之間并不夾有其它詞。e.g. You may depend

51、on it that they will support you.（因為介詞on之后一般不直接接that引導的賓語從句。注意：it不是多余的，不能當作錯句）010年同等學力申碩英語語法輔導（第9講）虛擬語氣的用法（一）虛擬語氣是一種動詞形式，表示說話人的一種愿望，假設，懷疑，猜測，建議等含義， 虛擬語氣所表示的含義不是客觀存在的事實。If I were you, Id take them away.如果我是你的話，我就會帶走他們。If I had met Li Hua, I could had told him.如果我碰見了李華，我就告訴他了。If I had time. I could co

52、me to help you.如果我有時間，我會來幫助你的。He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups.他建議說我們的班應該分成五個小組。He speaks to us as if he had been there.他給我們講的好象他去過那兒。虛擬語氣的用法：一.虛擬語氣用在簡單句中，表示祝愿，命令。May you be happy.祝你幸福。May you have a good time.祝愿你玩的痛快。May the friendship between us last long.祝愿我們的友情天長地久。

53、Have a good journey!祝愿你旅途愉快！You go out！ 你出去！二.虛擬語氣用在賓語從句中。動詞suggest, order, insist, propose, require, request, recommend, command, desire,等詞后面的賓語從句表示的是一種虛擬語氣，賓語從句中的動詞動作表示的只是一 種愿望、要求。He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means.他堅持要我們大家想盡辦法按時去那兒。動詞demand, suggest, order, insist, pr

54、opose, require, request, recommend, command, desire,等后面的從句中，should可以省略。The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class.老師建議我們課后把黑板擦了。He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves.他要求學生每周都要自己洗衣服。He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.他要求給他一個試試

55、的機會。三.虛擬語氣用在主語從句中。在句型It is important (necessary, strange, natural，desired, requested,ordered,等) that . 中，that后面的從句中的謂語動詞用：should +動詞原形Its necessa ry that we should have a walk now.我們有必要出去散散步。Its natural that she should do so.她這樣做是很自然的。Its important that we should take good care of the patient.重要的是我們要照顧好病人。It is desired that we (shou