呼倫貝爾草原土壤

1、ThehulunbuirGrazinglandsoil1.summarizeThehulunbuirgrazinglandislocatedinthenortheastedgeofMongolianplateauhulunbuirplateauplain,elevationbetween500800m,morepotentialrelativelysmooth.Inthisbelongstotemperatezonecontinentalsemi-aridclimate,belongstothemonsoonregion.Drylong,coldwinter,thespringwind,sum

2、merisshortandwarmer.呼倫貝爾草原位于蒙古高原東北緣的呼倫貝爾高平原上，海拔多在500800m之間，地勢(shì)比較平坦。該區(qū)屬中溫帶大陸性半干旱氣候，屬于非季風(fēng)區(qū)。冬季漫長而寒冷干燥，春季多大風(fēng)，夏季短暫且比較溫暖。Theareaofsoiltypesincludingchernozem,chestnutsoil,meadowsoilandwindsand,saltandalkalisoil,swampsoil,etc.此區(qū)土壤類型包括黑鈣土、栗鈣土、草甸土、鹽土、堿土、沼澤土和風(fēng)沙土等。Vegetationintheareamainlyincludegramineaeandleg

3、umeforages,bythebaikals.grandis,chinensis,lineYeJu,s.grandis,grams.grandis,roughimplicitgrass,artemisiafrigida,etc,inthesoutheast,hailaerrivermiddleandlowerreachesanditsdistributionofpinussylvestrisvar.Mongolicainsouthofthetributaries.Animalsintheareaofcattle,camels,antelope,Wolf,etc.,butwithalargen

4、umberofhumanaremoved,nowrelativelyrarewildanimals.該區(qū)植被主要包括禾本科和豆科牧草，由貝加爾針茅、羊草、線葉菊、大針茅、克氏針茅、糙隱子草、冷蒿等組成，在東南部、海拉爾河中下游及其南面各支流沿岸地區(qū)分布有樟子松林。該區(qū)動(dòng)物由牲畜、駱駝、黃羊、狼等，不過隨著人類的大量遷入，野生動(dòng)物現(xiàn)在較稀少。2.SoilerosionSoilerosionissoilanditsparentmaterialinthehydro,wind,freezingandthawingorbattalionforceundertheactionofgravitythereo

5、f,aredestroyed,erosion,transportationanddepositionprocess.土壤侵蝕是指土壤及其母質(zhì)在水力、風(fēng)力、凍融或重力等外營力作用下，被破壞、剝蝕、搬運(yùn)和沉積的過程。WaterersionThehulunbuirprairiewatererosionmainlyincludessurfaceandtheerosionofthetrench.Planarisverycommon,wheretherainfall,andcanproducerunoff,togenerateplanarerosion.呼倫貝爾草原的水蝕主要包括面狀和溝狀侵蝕。發(fā)生面狀是

6、非常普通，凡是降雨、并且能夠產(chǎn)生徑流的地方，就是產(chǎn)生面狀侵蝕。WindersionThehulunbuirprairieisclassifiedtopotentialwinderosionanddesertificationareas,winderosionisthemainerosiontypesinthisarea.呼倫貝爾草原被劃分地潛在風(fēng)蝕沙漠化地區(qū)，風(fēng)蝕是本區(qū)最主要的侵蝕類型。Includingthecorrosionandabrasion包括吹蝕和磨蝕Theaverageparticlesizeofsoilparticles,thegreaterthewindspeed,thegr

7、eatertheabilitytomakeparticlesmove土壤顆粒的平均粒徑越大，風(fēng)速越大才能使顆粒移動(dòng)顆粒起動(dòng)和吹揚(yáng)風(fēng)速(ms-1)-1windvelocityofgrainsbeginningtomoveandbeingliftedup(ms)風(fēng)速顆粒粒徑（mm）0.01.52.0起動(dòng)風(fēng)速3.653.834.576.627.658.57吹揚(yáng)風(fēng)速3.725.416.610.7113.4116.25呼倫貝爾草原黑鈣土表層的機(jī)械組成(%topsoilmechanicalcompositionofChernozeningrasslandofHuLunBeiEr2-0

8、.20.2-0.020.02-0.002<0.2<0.02<0.002黑鈣土薄黑灰土5.0723.0842.6694.9371.8529.19黑鈣土厚黑黃土4.7235.2540.1795.2660.0119.84黑鈣土薄黑黃土0.5641.5637.4499.3457.7820.34石灰性黑鈣土火黑黃土203.266.18076.810.7草甸黑鈣土中銹黑黃土6.7541.7237.7993.2551.5313.743. Grasslanddesertification(1) thebasicconditions,climatedrylittlerainPoordrough

9、tclimate,surfacewater,riverlow-developmentwatereffectisweak,thephysicalweatheringandwindeffectsignificantly,thusformingvastgobianddesert.基本條件一一氣候干旱少雨氣候干旱，地表水貧乏，河流欠發(fā)育，流水作用微弱，而物理風(fēng)化和風(fēng)力作用顯著，因此形成大片戈壁和沙漠；(2) materialconditions-looseontheground,assandysedimentBecauseofdroughtduetoclimate,sparsevegetation,s

10、oildevelopmentispoor,thegroundmoreloosesandysediment;物質(zhì)條件地面疏松，為沙質(zhì)沉積物由于由于氣候干旱，植被稀少，土壤發(fā)育差，平地多疏松的沙質(zhì)沉積物；(3) dynamicconditionsofwinddaysandmoreconcentratedStrongwinddays,andconcentratedinthewinterandspringinthesevereseasonofdrought,wouldhavecreatedfavorableconditionsforthesand.動(dòng)力條件一一大風(fēng)日數(shù)多且集中大風(fēng)日數(shù)多，且集中在冬春干

11、旱的季節(jié)，從而為風(fēng)沙活動(dòng)創(chuàng)造了有利條件。(4) theclimateanomalycanbethefragileecologicalenvironmentimbalances,iscausingdesertificationdroughtHume.Belongtothetemperatecontinentalclimateinthisarea,itisoneofthemostimportantfeatureisthechangerateoftemperature,precipitation.Thechangeofrainfall,theoccurrenceanddevelopmentofdes

12、ertificationplayacrucialrole.Rainyyeartoreducesandstormactivities;Littlerain,intensifieddesertificationprocess.氣候異?？梢允勾嗳醯纳鷳B(tài)環(huán)境失衡，是導(dǎo)致荒漠化荒謨化進(jìn)程。本區(qū)屬于溫帶大陸性氣候，它具有的一個(gè)重要特征就是氣溫、降水的變率大。雨量的變化，對(duì)荒漠化的發(fā)生和發(fā)展起到至關(guān)重要的作用。多年有雨有利于抑制風(fēng)沙活動(dòng)；少雨年加劇荒漠化過程。Artificialreason1 .Populationexplosionpressureonecologicalenvironment人口激增對(duì)生

13、態(tài)環(huán)境的壓力2 .Humanactivitiesonlandresources,inappropriate,excessiveuseandunreasonableutilizationofwaterresources人類活動(dòng)不當(dāng)，對(duì)土地資源、水資源的過度使用和不合理利用Adaptation1. therationalutilizationofwaterresources(1) inthefarmingareaismainlytoimprovefarmingandirrigationtechnology,topromotewater-savingagriculture,preventsoilsa

14、linization;(2) inthegrassland,areductioninthenumberofWells,inordertoavoidalargenumberofcattledisorderlygrowth;(3) inthearidinlandareastoreasonableassigned,downstreamoftheriver,thewaterresources,thedevelopmentofbothupperandmiddlereaches,andtotakeintoaccountthedownstreamecologicalenvironmentprotection

15、.合理利用水資源在農(nóng)作區(qū)主要是改善耕作和灌溉技術(shù)，推廣節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)，避免土壤的鹽堿化；在牧區(qū)草原，減少水井的數(shù)量，以免牲畜的大量無序增長；在干旱的內(nèi)陸地區(qū)要合理分配河流上、中、下游水資源，既考慮上、中游的開發(fā)，又要顧及下游生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護(hù)。2 .useofbiologicalmeasuresandengineeringmeasurestoconstructingthesystemofprotectionTheoasisofaridregionIshallbecarriedoutontheedgeofthedesertoasisperipheryzoneYuCaosealingsand;Iiinthe

16、oasisfrontierinconstructingJoe,shrubs,combinedwithsandbelts(positiveprotection,naturalbringingvegetationrecoveryanddevelopment)Iiiinoasisfarmlandprotectionforesttries,internalformamulti-levelprotectionsystem.3 2)inthelackofwaterareaUsingmaterialssuchasstraw,branches,setthebarrierprojectinquicksandre

17、gions,interceptingsand,solidresistancequicksand,stopthedunesforward.利用生物措施和工程措施構(gòu)筑防護(hù)體系干旱地區(qū)的綠洲地區(qū)i應(yīng)在綠洲外圍的沙漠邊緣地帶進(jìn)行封沙育草；ii在綠洲前沿地帶營造喬、灌木結(jié)合的防沙林帶(積極保護(hù)、恢復(fù)和發(fā)展天然灌草植被)iii在綠洲內(nèi)部建立農(nóng)田防護(hù)林網(wǎng)，組成一個(gè)多層防護(hù)體系。在缺乏水源的地區(qū)利用柴草、樹枝等材料，在流沙地區(qū)設(shè)置沙障工程，攔截沙源、固阻流沙、阻擋沙丘前移。4 .toadjusttherelationshipbetweenthelandforfarming,forestry,YiLinZeLi

18、n,oranimalhusbandry(1) theexistingforestlandshouldbeaspartoftheprotectionforest,notdestroyingforestagain.(2) oasisbringingzonebetweentheedgeofthedesertandoasis,cannotblindreclamation,mainlyusedforplantingtreesgrowgrass,forestryandanimalhusbandrydevelopment.(3) ontheplaceshascauseddesertification,returningfarmlandtoforest,farmlandHaiMu.調(diào)節(jié)農(nóng)、林用地之間的關(guān)系一一宜林則林，宜牧則牧現(xiàn)有林地應(yīng)該作為防護(hù)林的一部分，不能再毀林開荒。綠洲邊緣的荒地與