化學專業(yè)英語

1、Professional English for Environmental Engineering and Science(一Introduction What is the difference between specialized English and common English?(ESTEnglish of Science and Technology 科技英語English Writing of Science and Technology 畢業(yè)論文self-recommendation就業(yè)自我介紹Interview(二What courses have you learned

2、 during college/at University ?organic chemistry 有機化學inorganic chemistry 無機化學physical and analytical chemistry 物理化學和分析化學biochemistry 生物化學applied chemistry and chemical engineering 應(yīng)用化學和化學工程化學基礎(chǔ)(三環(huán)境(1compulsory/required courses (必修課:principles of chemical engineering 化工原理fundamentals of environmental

3、 engineering 環(huán)境工程學基礎(chǔ)environmental monitoring 環(huán)境監(jiān)測environmental microbiology 環(huán)境微生物學(micro-: ”little, small”water/air/noise pollution control engineering 水/大氣/噪聲污染控制工程;solid waste treatment 固體廢棄物處置與處理(2elective courses (選修課程:environmental protection and sustainable development環(huán)境保護與可持續(xù)發(fā)展cleaner product

4、ion 清潔生產(chǎn)environmental impact assessment(EIA環(huán)境影響評價問:環(huán)境科學與工程專業(yè)英語?Professional English on Environmental Engineering and Science(四How to Write an Scientific Paper(科技論文的寫作(Unit 20Content and Structure(內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu):1.Introduction (引言、前言、導言;2.Theory & Methods (理論及方法;3.Method of Design and Calculation (設(shè)計方法和計算

5、方法;4.Method and Condition of Experiment < Experimental> (實驗條件及方法;5.Results and Discussion (數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果與討論;6.Conclusion (結(jié)論;7.Acknowledge(致謝; 8.References (參考文獻; 9.Appendix(附錄。(五專業(yè)英語學習目的(The Purpose of Learning English專業(yè)英語術(shù)語(technical terms;構(gòu)詞法(word-building:前綴(prefixes、后綴(suffixes和詞根(roots對學生英語構(gòu)詞有快捷實

6、用的幫助;使學生了解環(huán)境專業(yè)的前沿知識,增強翻譯能力(enhance translation competence(看得懂英文文獻;也要適當?shù)貙懙贸?。一、Difference Between Public English and Specialized Englishe.g. International development organizations and human rights groups increasingly insist,however,that environmental problems that deprive vulnerable populations in de

7、veloping countries of access to shelter,water,or food or that spread diseases,whatever the sources,are security issues.Analyze the structure of the sentence:主語(subject:International development organizations and human rights groups謂語(predicate:insist 賓語(object:that從句1:主語:environmental problems that2

8、that3that從句2:deprive vulnerable populations in developing countries of access to shelter,water, or foodthat 從句3:or that spread diseases翻譯:然而,國際發(fā)展組織和人權(quán)組織日益堅稱剝奪了發(fā)展中國家的易受傷的人群對庇護所、水源、食物的獲取,或是疾病的傳播,這些環(huán)境問題,不管什么來源,都應(yīng)歸為安全問題。(一詞匯的不同 difference in words專門科技語體:句子的修飾成分多,聯(lián)合成分多,層次多,復(fù)句多,長句多?？萍颊Z體講究事實的可靠性和論證的邏輯性,極少用

9、夸張、擬人、雙關(guān)等修辭手段。No brick, no construction; no word, no composition.無磚不成房,無詞不成章。1.科技英語詞匯的類別專業(yè)詞匯指使用專有名詞和術(shù)詞如,geophys(地球物理學biochemistry(生物化學phosphate(磷酸鹽等,特點:詞義單一,表達專業(yè)上某一種具有確切定義的概念。次技術(shù)詞匯源出于一般詞匯,在科技文獻中使用時,可能有原來的含義,又能用作專門的科技術(shù)語。如conductor(指導者;導體,Power(能力;功率;冪, 乘方。How much is the sixth power of nine? 九的六次冪是多少

10、?energy(活力;能量, work(工作;功等。功能詞匯是指介詞,連詞類具一定語法功能的詞如at, in, on, of, and, but, or, if等。2.科技英語詞匯主要特點(1大量科技詞匯來源于拉丁文和希臘文。保持拉丁語原形的詞拉英漢alcohol alcohol 乙醇,酒精aluminium aluminium 鋁ammonium ammonium 銨bacterium bacterium 細菌,桿菌gypsum gypsum 石膏用拉丁語詞根組成的詞:bio-(生物的: biochemisty生物化學, bioanalysis生物分析法, bioassay生物測定, bio

11、isotope生物同位素, biolaser生物學用激光器, biolysis生物分解, biomass生物量, biome生物群落。拉英漢abbrevio abbreviate 縮短,簡略abnormitas abnormal 反常(ab-:from;away from ex: abroad國外的acidum acid 酸保留希臘詞原形的詞希英漢colon colon 結(jié)腸coma coma 昏睡hepar hepar 肝臟neuron neuron 神經(jīng)元用希臘詞語根組成的詞 Pents 五、戊: ( penta-: pref. 表示“五”之義pentagon(building五角大樓 p

12、entagon.五邊形; 五角形pentabromide 五溴化物 Pentane 戊烷 Pentanol 戊醇(2科技英語專指性極強口語常說: Then the flask is taken away 。(然后把燒瓶拿走The table was turned upside down 。(桌子被翻了個The buffer liquid was used up 。(緩沖液用完了.但書面科技英語常這樣寫: The flask is then removed.The table was inverted. The buffer liquid was consumed.(寫作中盡量少用口語,add(

13、添加 put in(放進 consume(消耗 use up(用光extinguish(使熄滅, 撲滅 put a fire(滅火 ignite(點燃 set fire(點燃 insert(插入 push in(推進 invert(顛倒 turn upside down(顛倒occupy (占據(jù)fill up(裝滿place(放 put(放 remove(去掉 take off/away(拿走 flame(火焰 fire (火excited(興奮happy, glad(高興cautious(小心的 careful(細心的 centre(中心 heart(中心 eventually(終于 in

14、the end(終于 sufficient(充足的 enough(足夠的3.科技英語詞匯中的前后綴如semi-(半,部分: semi-acetal (乙縮醛半縮醛; semiautomatic半自動化; semicircle半圓;semiconductor半導體; semidiameter半徑; semiquantitative 半定量 semipermeability 半滲透性; semiplastic半塑性的;。如poly-多、聚: polyphase 多相的; polyacid縮多酸、多酸的、多元酸的;polyester fiber 聚酯纖維; polyether 聚醚,多醚;polye

15、thylene聚乙稀; polymer 聚合物。如其它如self, pre-, auto-, over-等都可作前綴,(1 只取前面幾個:ad advertisement n.出公告, 做廣告;廣告Lab. laboratory實驗室(labor:勞動 tory:地方(ex:dormitory 集體宿dormi:睡覺 exam: examination考試 maths: mathematics數(shù)學Inc. Incorporated美股份有限的, 組成公司的( company股份有限公司(2從一個詞中抽出n個字母Ltd. Limited(股份有限公司 Wt. Weight重量Yd. Yard碼(

16、等于3英尺或36英寸或0.9144米(3無規(guī)律的No. number B/W TV Black-White TelevisionX-former transformer變壓器 ff and the following(4外來縮寫詞et al.(等等(1. =et alibi (=and elsewhere 【拉】與其他地方,等地 2. =et alia (=and others【拉】以及其他人,viz.【拉】(即,就是, (=videlicet =namely i.e. 【拉】(即,那就是, (=id est e.g. 【拉】(例如,(=exempli gratia vs. (與對比(= ve

17、rsusloc.cit 【拉】(在上述引文中,(=loco citato=in the place citedvia英 (通過, ibid(同上,Lb(=pound(磅,(二句子的不同1.科技英語中句子的完整性科技英語句子一般較長,多為完整句。句子的邏輯關(guān)系比較明確,時態(tài)較簡單,少用省略句,甚至關(guān)系代詞which , that等都不簡略如,We learn that sodium or any of its compounds produces a spectrum having a bright yellow double line by noticing that there is no

18、such line in the spectrum of light when sodium is not present.But that if the smallest quantity of sodium be thrown into the flame or other sources of light, the bright yellow line instantly appears.by noticing是狀語,修飾learn, noticing有兩句從句作賓語。我們知道,鈉或其化合物能產(chǎn)生具有鮮黃色雙行的光譜線,而這種光譜線當鈉不存在時沒有。但是,如果將最小的鈉量投入火焰或其他光

19、源時,明亮的黃線即時顯示。如書名:有機過渡金屬化學的原理和應(yīng)用?principles and applications of organotransition metal chemisty2.科技英語中句子的時態(tài)基本有兩種:一種是一般現(xiàn)在時,另一種是一般過去時:(1敘述實驗和實驗結(jié)果時,句子用過去時態(tài),例如:the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(xps studies showed that Pd(palladium was in a zero-valent state.(X射線光電子能譜(XPS研究表明,鈀處于零價狀態(tài)。(2描述方法及作者對結(jié)果的看法和敘述

20、一般性規(guī)律時,用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。The method uses a lambs wool column for filtration(這種方法使用羊毛柱進行過濾。3、科技英語中常用后置定語 4.科技英語中常用被動語態(tài)5.科技英語中常用虛擬語氣二.Contents:Reading Skills、Translating Skills、Literature Searching 、Writing SkillsUnit 1 Introduction of Environmental Engineering and Science第一部分:課文閱讀1、metrics n.統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù),度量2、(1industria

21、lize: vt. & vi.(使工業(yè)化ex. They wanted to industrialize their nation. 他們想使國家工業(yè)化。(suffixes-ize:to make ex: crystallize vt. & vi.使結(jié)晶ex. Cold rain crystallized into snow. 雨水在低溫情況下結(jié)晶變成雪。(2pollutant:n.污染物質(zhì)(尤指工業(yè)廢物;污染源ex. Pollutants are constantly being released into the atmosphere.污染物質(zhì)正在不斷地被排放到大氣中去。p

22、ollute:v.污染 pollution:n.污染,玷污 ex. pollution prevention:污染防治 pollution load:污染負荷 pollution control regulation:環(huán)境保護法polluter:污染者;污染物質(zhì) ex. polluter pays principle:“污染者承擔”原則(誰污染誰治理 pollutive:adj. 引起污染的 ex. non-pollutive technology非污染技術(shù)意近詞:contaminate:v.污染 -ate:to make contamination:n.污染(物ex: effect-tion

23、,-action:condition, the act of interactions 相互作用contaminative:a.污染的 -ive:inclined to; having the quality ofex. constructive建設(shè)性的contaminator:n.污染物,棄臟者 -or,-er:the one who/whichex: bioreactor 生物反應(yīng)器 contaminant:n.污染物 ex: separation 除垢-al:a. inclined to be;connected with;pertaining to ex. natural自然的 pol

24、itical政治的n. the action of,the person of ex. refusal拒絕 arrival到達者(4monitor:n. 1. 監(jiān)視器; 檢測器2. (學校班長3.(計算機顯示器 4. 級長5. 監(jiān)考員 vt. 1. 監(jiān)聽, 監(jiān)視2. 監(jiān)測, 檢測3. 檢查;跟蹤調(diào)查4. 密切注視,監(jiān)督 vi. 1. 監(jiān)控;監(jiān)聽;監(jiān)測;監(jiān)視 ex. monitor air pollution. monitor an examination. environmental monitoring (monitoring n.監(jiān)視;控制;監(jiān)測;追蹤(5ecosystem:n.<生

25、>生態(tài)系統(tǒng)(prefixeseco-: ecological ex. ecosphere 生態(tài)圈(sphere.n. 1.球(體 2.(興趣或活動的范圍, 領(lǐng)域, 階層;界 3.圓球;球狀物 4.(包圍地球等的大氣的層 ex:atmosphere n.大氣, 大氣層,大氣圈ex. sulfur dioxide emissions:SO2排放Most scientists accept that climate change is linked to carbon emissions.大多數(shù)科學家都相信氣候變化與排放的含碳氣體有關(guān)。(2greenhouse gases(GHGs:溫室氣體(

26、3acidify sidifai:v.使酸化,使成酸;變酸 -fy:to make ex:purify凈化 clarify澄清acid:a.酸的;酸性的 n.化酸 acidicsdk:a. <化>酸的,酸性的 -ic/ical:a.relating to ex. scenic風景的 geographical地理的(4endocrine disrupting compounds(EDC:內(nèi)分泌干擾物質(zhì)(環(huán)境荷爾蒙/環(huán)境激素 compound:n.復(fù)合物, 化合物, 混合物ex. When two or more elements combine and form a compound

27、, a chemical change takes place.當兩種或兩種以上的元素結(jié)合形成化合物時, 發(fā)生化學變化。(5PCBs:polychlorinated biphenyls 多氯聯(lián)苯(6marine mammal:海洋哺乳動物(7organism:nizm:n.有機物, 有機體; 生物4、(1surface water:地表水 subsurface water:地下水(underground water;groundwater地下水 sub-:“在.底下”: subsoil 底土,下層土(subsoil water 地下水 subway地道/鐵“(地位、級別等低,副”:subedi

28、tor 副編輯 subagent副代理【化】“下”,“低”,“亞”,“次”,“遜”:subatomic亞/次原子的(3mandated mæn,detid(命令,授權(quán)implementation,mplmnte-n:規(guī)定實施(mandatorymænd,t:ri:(命令的;強制的;義務(wù)的implementation:強制實施(4 preventativepriventtiv:a. 預(yù)防性的(5municipalmjunisipl市政的;地方政府的landfill垃圾填埋場Ex. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW:城市生活固體廢物,城市生活垃圾5、(1oz

29、one uzun n.化臭氧 ozone layer:臭氧層ozone-depleting substance:臭氧損耗物質(zhì) ozonizer臭氧發(fā)生器(2stratospherestræt,sf n.平流層,同溫層6、(1lead:n.鉛 ex. Lead is a heavy metal.(2chlorofluorocarbon(CFCs:氯氟烴 chlorine:n.<化>氯 fluorine:n.<化>氟 carbon:n.化碳(3carbon dioxide:CO2 di-/bi-:two ex: diatomic二原子的 bichromate 重鉻

30、酸鹽 carbonmonoxide:一氧化碳 mono-:one;alone(4Clean Air Act:空氣潔凈法 Clean Air Act Amendments:清潔空氣修正案(amendment mendmnt n.1.(法律、文件的改動,修正案,修改,修訂 2.(美國憲法的修正案 7、(1redevelopment: 再開發(fā) re-:再,重復(fù),重新ex:rebuilt 重建 remarry再婚 restart重新開始(2brownfields:“棕地” Notes3:(3urban sprawl: (城市雜亂無序拓展的地區(qū):城市蔓生;城市擴展;城區(qū)的無計劃擴張8、(1increas

31、ingly:adv.日益, 越來越多地, 不斷增加地 =more and moreEx:I find it increasingly difficult to live within my income.我發(fā)現(xiàn)靠收入過日子越來越難了。9、A. sustainability:n.可持續(xù)發(fā)展,可持續(xù)性 -ility:quality ofex:feasibility 行性(feasible:adj.可行的, 可能且合理的B. sustainable:adj.1.(對自然資源和能源的利用不破壞生態(tài)平衡的, 合理利用的 2.可持續(xù)的ex:sustainable development:可持續(xù)發(fā)展-abl

32、e:a. capable of;likely to be done ex. acceptable可接受的 adaptable可適應(yīng)的C. sustain :vt.保持,維持;支持,經(jīng)受;忍受10、exposure to:暴露,顯露;曝光ex:suffering from exposure to toxic substances. 遭受在有毒物質(zhì)的暴露下。11、geochemistry:地球化學(rootgeo:earth,land ex:geology地理學hydrogeology ,haidrudildi 水文地質(zhì)學hydro-:表示“水,液,流體”之義;表示“氫的含氫的”之義12、(1MT

33、BE:methyl-tert-butyl ether甲基叔丁基醚(用作汽油添加劑tert:縮略語(abbr. tertiary:第三的;<化>叔的,特的,三代的ter-/tri-: 第三(2unintended:adj.非故意的,無意識的un-:不 unreal 不真實的 unclear不清楚的無 uncondictional無條件的 unmanned無人的非 unjust 非正義的 unartificial非人工的13、tetraethyllead:四乙基鉛 tetra-:表示“四”之義ex: tetracycline四環(huán)素(tetra+cycl環(huán),圈+ine素ethyleiln

34、.乙荃,乙烷基14、 inadvertent,ndv:tnt:adj.粗心大意的, 因疏忽造成的, 非故意的advertent dv:tnt:adj.注意的,留意的 in-:不,無,非ex: incomplete 不完全的 incapable無能力的 informal非正式的二、Technical Terms技術(shù)術(shù)語Scope n.(活動范圍,機會,余地 Diligent adj. 勤勉的,用功的Contaminate v. 污染 contaminant:污染物 contaminator:弄臟者,污染物Craft vt. 手工制作,構(gòu)思 Sophisticated adj. 復(fù)雜的,成熟的In

35、tractable adj. 難處理的,難控制的前綴:in-:表示“否定,與相反”之義Deplete vt. 耗盡,使衰竭 Sanitation n. 衛(wèi)生,衛(wèi)生設(shè)施Infrastructure n. 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 Amendment n. 改善,改正Remediation n. 補救,糾正,修復(fù) Aquifer 含水土層,蓄水層Ban n. 禁令 Chlorofluorocarbons n. 氯氟烴(CFCsMitigation n. 緩解,減輕 ex:mitigation measurementSubsurface water:地下水前綴:sub-:“在底下”;“(地位、級別等低,副”;“【化

36、】低、亞、次”三、長難句的翻譯1.The scope of environmental engineering and science continues to expand both in terms of the number cities and countries of the world where water and air quality problems are in urgent need of attention, and in terms of the pollutants themselves,which now so often seen to have intern

37、ational and global impacts。主語:scope 謂語:expand短語:in terms of(依據(jù),按照 bothand:不僅.而且翻譯:依據(jù)世界上很多城市和國家的水和大氣質(zhì)量問題急需關(guān)注,以及污染物本身已經(jīng)被視為國際和全球性影響,環(huán)境科學與工程的范圍繼續(xù)在擴大。2、It is hope that some of the science,technology,and policy instruments that have enabled parts of the United States to approach clean air and water goals

38、can be applied to the enormous pollution problems that are coming to light as the former Soviet Union and other eastern bloc countries transform their economies.It is hope that引導的形式主語中:主語:the science,technology,and policy instruments 謂語:can be applied to第一個that從句修飾he science,technology,and policy in

39、struments;第二個that從句修飾pollution problems。翻譯:已經(jīng)使美國部分地區(qū)達到了清潔的大氣和水目標的科技、政策手段能夠應(yīng)用于像前蘇聯(lián)和其他東歐國家轉(zhuǎn)換經(jīng)濟體制帶來的巨大污染問題上。3、The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990,for example,are shifting the approach taken to emission controls from the traditional “command and control”methods,in which government dictates the use of t

40、echnology,to a more market-based approach that allows major sources to buy and sell emission allowance.短語:shiftfrom to由.。轉(zhuǎn)移到。翻譯:比如,1990年的清潔空氣法案修正案,采取的排放控制方法由傳統(tǒng)的政府頒布的的管制手段轉(zhuǎn)移到更市場化的手段允許源頭買賣排放量。4. Environmental engineering has been defined as the branch of engineering that is concerned with protecting t

41、he environment from the potential, deleterious effects of human activity, protecting human populations from the effects of adverse environmental factors,and improving environmental quality for human health and wellbeing.engineering that從句:包含3個并列分句protectingprotectingand improving“環(huán)境工程定義為工程學的一個分支,(該工

42、程學是關(guān)于保護環(huán)境免遭人類活動的潛在的、有害的影響,保護人口免遭有害的環(huán)境因素的影響,以及改善利于人類健康的環(huán)境質(zhì)量?！盪nit 2 Finding Solutions for Tough Environmental Problems第一部分:課文閱讀Title:Finding Solutions for Tough Environmental ProblemsEx:solution heat:溶解熱 solve:v.解決/答solventslvnt:n.化溶劑 a.有溶解能力的soluteslju:t n.溶解物,溶質(zhì)1、mediummi:djm n.介質(zhì);媒介, 手段, 方法, 工具 ad

43、j.中等的, 適中的ex:filter medium 過濾介質(zhì) heating medium供熱介質(zhì)ulture medium培養(yǎng)基 medium size中號(M2、participantp:tisipnt:n.參加者, 參與者 participatep:tisipeit:vt. & vi.參加, 參與 ex:contaminate:v.污染 contaminant:n. 污染物,致污物(1water supply and drainage:給排水(2reuse:vt.再用, 重新使用 n.再用, 重新使用 ex:The same water was reused after che

44、mical treatment.原來的水經(jīng)過化學處理之后再度使用。 reuse of wastewater廢水回用 re-:again,once more (又,再 ex:rebuilt 重建 remarry再婚(3terrestrialtirestril: adj.陸地的,大陸的 <> coastal海岸的,沿海的Ex: heat 地熱 ecosystem陸生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)(4trace contaminants:微污染物質(zhì)/源;殘余污染物;痕量污染物(trace:n. 痕量;微量 contaminant:n.污染物,致污物trace element 痕量元素 trace compon

45、ents痕量組分trace concentration痕量濃度微污染:micro-pollution(micro -:small ex. Microbiology微生物學 microscope 顯微鏡微污染水源:micro-polluted water/slightly polluted water(5biogeochemical:生物地球化學的(rootbio:life ex:biology生物學 biocide殺蟲劑 geo:earth(6diversity:n.多樣化 ex:biological diversity(biodiversity(7membrane:n.薄膜, 隔膜,膜 ex

46、:membrane filtration膜過濾MBR(膜生物反應(yīng)器:membrane biological reactor 生物膜反應(yīng)器:biofilm reactor(8nonindustrialized:非工業(yè)化的non-:非 nonmetal 非金屬 nonhuman非人類不 nonsmoker不抽煙的人 Nonexistent不存在無 noneffective 無效的 nonsexual無性別的3、integratedntgretd:adj.整體的;完全的;綜合的;集成的;整合的ex:integrated control of water pollution 水污染綜合防治4、(1re

47、fractoryrifræktri:adj.耐熔的, 難熔煉的;耐熔火, 熱, 酸, 蝕的, 高熔點的 n.耐火材料, 耐熔質(zhì) ex:nitride refractory氮化物耐火材料(2trifluoroacetic:三氟醋酸的 tri-: three ex:tricycle三輪車 triangle三角(形fluoro-:氟 acetic:(乙醋酸的乙酸,醋酸?acetic acid5、advancedv:ns:vt. & vi.(使前進, (使發(fā)展; 促進;提高, 提升 adj.預(yù)先的, 在前的 ex:advanced wastewater treatment:先進/高級

48、的廢水處理advanced oxidation processes(AOPs:高級氧化技術(shù)(oxidation,ksidein:n.氧化 ex:oxidation-reduction【化】氧化還原作用6、interaction:相互作用/影響 inter-:“在一起”,“交互”ex:interface界面 interfaces between phases兩相間的界面7、Ex:It is believed that人們(大家相信 It is reported that據(jù)報道It was concluded that得出的結(jié)論是第二部分:Technical Terms技術(shù)術(shù)語Chronic:ad

49、j. 慢性的,長期的反義詞:acute急性的Trace:n. 痕跡,微量 ex:trace contaminants:微污染物質(zhì)/源Biogeochemical:adj. 生物地球化學的前綴:bio-:“生命、生物”之義 geo-:“地球、土地”之義 Membrane:n. 膜,隔膜 ex:membrane filtration:膜過濾Criterion:n. 標準,指標復(fù)數(shù):criteria或criteronsStratosphere:n. 平流層 Refractory:adj. 難控制的,耐火的,難熔的Trifluoroacetic acid:n. 三氟乙酸前綴:tri-:“three”

50、fluoro-:氟 acetic:(乙醋酸的Synthesis:n. 綜合,合成 biotically:adv. 生物地反義詞:abiotically:非生物地 a/an-:no;without;lack ex:acentric 無中心的 amoral非道德性的 Intrinsic:固有的,內(nèi)在的Biodegradability:生物可降解性Microorganism:n. 微生物前綴:micro-:“small,little” Redox:氧化還原作用Terrestrial:adj. 陸地的,大陸的(反義詞:coastal:海岸的,沿海的ex:terrestrial heat地熱第三部分:長

51、難句的翻譯1、Environmental engineers must seek to understand the nature and functioning of large and complex systems in order to protect whole ecosystems,produce new and sustainable technologies,prevent the outbreak of diseases across global scales,and protect the environment from damage resulting from th

52、e production of new chemicals.主語:environmental engineers謂語:seek to,produce,prevent,and protect該句由4個并列分句組成:seek to,produce,prevent,and protect翻譯:為了保護整個生態(tài)系統(tǒng),環(huán)境工程師必須尋求了解大的、復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)的本性和功能,生產(chǎn)新的可持續(xù)的技術(shù),預(yù)防疾病在全球的傳播,保護環(huán)境免遭生產(chǎn)過程中新化學物質(zhì)的破壞。2、As its central mission,environmental engineering is concerned with the anal

53、ysis of environmental systems and the design of plans,criteria,and technological systems for the solution of environmental problems.短語:be concerned with:與。(有關(guān)分析and引導的并列分句主語:environmental engineering 謂語:is concerned with翻譯:作為它的中心使命,環(huán)境工程是關(guān)于環(huán)境系統(tǒng)的分析、(是關(guān)于計劃、標準和解決環(huán)境問題的技術(shù)體系的設(shè)計。3、Environmental problems not

54、crossing national boundaries are also not usually considered to be security problems even though the lives of many residents of the affected countries may be at stake. 主語:Environmental problems 謂語:are also not usually considered to be翻譯:即使受影響國家很多居民的生命危如累卵,沒有跨越國界的環(huán)境問題通常也不認為是安全問題。4、One approach is to

55、require that programs aimed at enhancing environmental security emphasize responses to those stresses directly affecting human or reducing or degrading the worlds natural resource base.賓語:that從句:從句中的主語:programs 從句中的謂語:emphasizeaimed at enhancing environmental security修飾programs;directly affecting hu

56、man or reducing or degrading the worlds natural resource base修飾stresses 翻譯:一個方法是要求以強化環(huán)境安全為目的的計劃要強調(diào)對直接影響人類健康,或減少或降低世界的自然資源基礎(chǔ)的壓力的反應(yīng)。Unit 3 Climate Change and the Greenhouse Effect第一部分:課文閱讀1、atmosphereætmsfi:n.大氣, 大氣層 atmo-:pref.表示“空氣,蒸汽”之義sphere:范圍、圈子、領(lǐng)域、球體 ex:biosphere生物圈2、carbon dioxide:CO2 di-

57、:two3、nitrous oxide:N2O(笑氣-ous:低價的 NO? nitric oxide -ic:高價的4、(1halocarbon,hæluk:bn:n.鹵代烴(CFCs,HFCs,PFCshalogenhældn:n.鹵素, 鹵化物 CFCs:chlorofluorocarbons,氯氟烴;HFCs:hydrofluorocarbons, 氫氟烴;hydro-:“(含氫的”之義 ex. hydrocarbonn: 碳氫化合物, 烴PFCs:perfluorocarbons,全氟烴 per-:“通,總” 過,高(用于化學名詞ex. peroxide過氧化物 peracid 過酸 permanganate高錳酸鹽(2sulphur hexafluoride: hexa-:six SF6英語中表示數(shù)字的前綴:mono-/uni-: one