顧建光《公共管理英語》課文翻譯

1、公共管理英語部分翻譯(目前缺第四章、第六章、第七章翻譯)第一章Opening Administration to the Public政務(wù)公開得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近實(shí)施的邀請市民旁聽政府會議的行政事務(wù)公開改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民現(xiàn)在有機(jī)會參加市政府會議。每次行政事務(wù)會議邀請10名市民參加。邀請參加重要會議的人數(shù)是可以變化的。這些旁聽者可以是人大代表、政協(xié)委員、民主黨派的要員、工商聯(lián)代表及其他。他們要至少18歲，并且愿意參加會議。旁聽者可以通過政府部門以書面形式發(fā)表他們的意見。Increasing Transparency增加透明度在部分城市和農(nóng)村的基礎(chǔ)上，今年的上半年，

2、廣東省已要求村及村以上的政府行政事務(wù)都要公開。所有有關(guān)法律、規(guī)章和公民必須遵循的政府決定，只要不涉及政黨和中央政府的機(jī)密，都要向公眾公開。具體內(nèi)容如下：經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，工作目標(biāo)和它們的完成情況；重大決策和政策的主動過程；財(cái)政預(yù)算和執(zhí)行情況；專用基金的分配和重要物資的購買；主要基本建設(shè)計(jì)劃和它們的招投標(biāo)；政府投資的公共福利項(xiàng)目；政府審批的項(xiàng)目及完成情況；政府向公眾承 事項(xiàng)的完成情況；有關(guān)公民、法人、組織權(quán)益的法律實(shí)施；重大事件的處理；-官員的選拔任用，公務(wù)員的錄用，先進(jìn)工作者的評價(jià)，員工調(diào)動的原則改革及公眾關(guān)心的其他問題； 政府機(jī)構(gòu)的職能和官員的職責(zé)； 工作內(nèi)容、條件、流程和時(shí)間以及工作效果；

3、 工作原則，承擔(dān)義務(wù)、對違反應(yīng)承擔(dān)義務(wù)的起訴方法及調(diào)查結(jié)果；Apart from opening administrative affairs to society, various departments of the Guangdong Provincial Government have been required to open their internal system construction, work operations and management, specifically the self-discipline of officials; income and expe

4、nditure of the department; management of the human resources, distribution of income to workers and staff members as well as their welfare treatment; and other issues.除了向社會公開行政事務(wù)，廣東省已經(jīng)要求各政府部門公開機(jī)關(guān)內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，工作運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)方式和管理情況，特別是官員的自律情況；部門的收入和經(jīng)費(fèi)開支情況，工作人員的收入分配和他們的福利待遇，以及其它事項(xiàng)。Knowing government administration is on

5、e of peoples fundamental rights, and the opening of administrative information has become an indispensable part in the governments administration. In the meantime, opening government administration is also a main principle of the WTO, listed on most of its documents. After Chinas entry into the WTO,

6、 it was required to be better in this field. Chinas transformation of government functions lags behind that of its economic growth.了解政府的行政行為是公民基本權(quán)力之一，政務(wù)公開是政府的應(yīng)盡的職責(zé)。公開行政信息是已經(jīng)是政府管理中必不可少的部分。同時(shí)，政務(wù)公開也是WTO的一項(xiàng)主要原則，被列在WTO的大部分文件中。在中國加入WTO后，被要求在這方面做得更好。中國的政府職能轉(zhuǎn)變落后于它的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長。A fresh move the opening of government

7、 administration still needs improvement. Experts appealed to the state to place great importance on the issue by setting up special department to handle related affairs, and devising a law on opening government administrations.政務(wù)公開作為一項(xiàng)新舉措仍需要改進(jìn)。專家希望政府將其放在更重要位置，通過設(shè)置處理相關(guān)事務(wù)的專門部門，對政務(wù)公開進(jìn)行立法。Red-Title Docu

8、ment Open to the Public對公眾公開紅頭文件At the end of last year, the Beijing municipal government, located on Zhengyilu Road, placed a reception desk at the entrance of its west gate from Monday to Friday to receive citizens who come to the Beijing Municipal Government Bulletin. Since the bulletin opened to

9、 the public in early 2002, the telephone at the editorial office has kept ringing. Many of the calls come from Guangdong, Zhejiang, Heilongjiang provinces and Hong Kong SAR, inquiring about subscription procedures.在去年底，位于遵義路上的北京市政府，每周一到周五在其西大門入口處放置接待桌以接受市民來征訂北京市政府公告。早在2002年政府公告向公眾公開后，編輯部的電話就一直響著。許多電

10、話來自廣東、浙江、黑龍江和香港特區(qū)，來咨詢征訂程序。The bulletin, which contains government regulations, administrative orders and decisions, is popularly known as a “red-title document” and is a mystery to most people, because it only reached leaders above bureau level in the past. 包括政府規(guī)章、行政命令和決定的公文過去常稱為紅頭文件，對大多數(shù)人而言是神秘的，因?yàn)樗?/p>

11、過去只發(fā)到局級以上干部。Wei Guiqin, director of the Beijing Huiyuan Law Office, is among the first to subscribe to the bulletin. “The public distribution of the bulletin helps us a lot in our job,” he said. 魏貴勤，北京惠元律師事務(wù)所所長，是第一批來征訂公告的。他說：“公告的公開發(fā)行對我們的工作幫助很大。”The government of many other provinces and cities have

12、also opened their bulletins to the public, including Henan and Shanxi provinces, and cities such as Guangzhou, Wuhan, Qingdao and Yinchuan. The government of the bulletins are functionally the same as other official documents. 許多別的省市也已經(jīng)向公眾公布了公告，如河南、陜西，城市如廣州、武漢、青島和銀川。政府公告與其它官方文件功能上是一樣的。Shanghai was t

13、he first city to open its bulletin to the public. Since the beginning of last year, the bulletins have been sent not only to major institutions and enterprises under the jurisdiction of the municipal government, but also to 100 selected newspaper and magazine booths, 50 postal zones 50 Xinhua bookst

14、ores, where citizens can get them for free. The bulletins have attracted the attention of many people, most of whom are lawyers and accountants. 上海是第一個(gè)向公眾公布了公告的城市。自去年初，公告不僅通過市政府正常渠道發(fā)送到主要公共機(jī)構(gòu)和企業(yè)，還發(fā)送到經(jīng)挑選產(chǎn)生的100個(gè)報(bào)刊亭、50個(gè)郵政亭、50個(gè)新華書店，在那里市民可以免費(fèi)取得公告。公告已經(jīng)引起許多公民的注意，其中大部分是律師和會計(jì)。 “Supermarket" of administra

15、tive Affairs政務(wù)超市Five years ago, Huang Songji, a laid-off female employee in Nanjing, invesred 50000 yuan to set up a kindergarten. However, she was soon asked to close down, as she failed to follow relevant procedures. She sought assistance at the Supermarket of Administrative Affairs, and with guid

16、ance by the staff, Huang quickly obtained all necessary procedures. 五年前，黃松基，南京一名下崗女工，投資5 萬元辦了一個(gè)育兒園。然而，她很快被勒令關(guān)門，因?yàn)樗龥]有履行相關(guān)手續(xù)。她在政務(wù)超市尋求幫助，在工作人員的幫助下，她很快辦理了所有手續(xù)。What is the Supermarket of Administrative Affairs and how effective is it? 什么是政務(wù)超市？它的效果如何？The first supermarket was launched by the government of

17、 Xiaguan District, Nanjing City, in the residential communities of Xiaoshi and Rehenanlu on October 16, 2000. the government set up its offices in a big hall to handle various administrative affairs, including more than 40 services related to civil affairs, employment, municipal construction, econom

18、y, handing of complaints and law enforcement. It indeed has supermarket features of openness, efficiency and a variety of choice, hence the name, Supermarket of Administrative Affairs. Five other of residential quarters followed suit a year later. 第一個(gè)政務(wù)超市是2000年10月16日在南京下關(guān)區(qū)熱河南路的小石居委會建立的。政府在一個(gè)大廳設(shè)置辦公場所

19、以解決多種行政事務(wù)，包括 種有關(guān)民政事務(wù)、勞動就業(yè)、市政建設(shè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、投訴的處理和法律實(shí)施。它的確具有超市的開放、效率和多樣化選擇的特質(zhì)，因此被稱為政務(wù)超市。一年后另五個(gè)居民區(qū)的政務(wù)超市隨之成立。The supermarket practices a responsibility system to solve problems, and serve clients. In addition, supervision and feedback procedures have also been adopted. The system, which enables citizens to lear

20、n about government administrative affairs, contributes to the governments effort to open administrative affairs. Sun Wei, a “supermarket” staff member, said that in the past, policies were locked in the office drawer. Now they are placed on the wall, clearly indicating problems and possible timeline

21、s for their solution. Furthermore, the telephone number to contact in cases of complaint against the behavior of “supermarket” employees is also available to the public. Employees subject to customer complaints are given three chances, and penalties include criticism the first time, bonus deduotion

22、the second time, and dismissal the third time. 政務(wù)超市提供了一個(gè)解決問題、服務(wù)委托人的負(fù)責(zé)任的系統(tǒng)。另外，監(jiān)督和反饋程序已經(jīng)被采用。這個(gè)能夠使公眾了解政府行政事務(wù)的系統(tǒng)，歸功于政府的政務(wù)公開。孫偉，一名“政務(wù)超市”的工作人員說，在過去政策是被鎖在辦公室的抽屜里?，F(xiàn)在是掛在墻上，清楚地標(biāo)明問題和解決這些問題的時(shí)間。更重要的是，針對政務(wù)超市工作人員的投訴電話是向公眾公開的。工作人員有三次被客戶投訴的機(jī)會，處罰包括第一次批評，第二次扣獎金，第三次解雇。Since district government powers have been transfer

23、red to the “supermarket”, the service items are wider than those formerly offered by the residential community, such as the approval of small loans to help the poor and victims of natural disasters; handling applications for subsidies if their living standards is below the poverty line; granting lic

24、enses to small restaurants; leasing newspaper booths and registering the unemployed. Apart from these services, the “supermarket” has also set up a training room, a law consultation room and a suggestion box, as well as a telephone hotline to answer questions. In addition, government leaders regular

25、ly visit the “supermarket” to interact with the public in person. 自從地方行政權(quán)力轉(zhuǎn)到“超市”，服務(wù)項(xiàng)目比過去居委會提供的范圍更大了，如對貧困戶和突發(fā)自然災(zāi)害的小額貸款的審批，受理低保補(bǔ)助申請，小酒店許可證的核發(fā)，報(bào)刊攤位的出租和失業(yè)登記。除了這些服務(wù)，“超市”還提供一個(gè)服務(wù)間，一個(gè)咨詢室和意見箱，一部回答問題的熱線電話。另外，政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)定期到“超市”同公眾面對面交流。Many citizens have expressed their satisfaction with the “supermarket”. 許多市民對“超市”表

26、示滿意。 “It quickly solves problems, and shortens the psychological distance between leaders and the masses. Surveys recently conducted in five supermarkets indicated that citizens are satisfied with measures,” said Xu Xuwqin, who is in charge of the publicity of the Xiaguan residential community. “它很快

27、解決問題，縮短了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和群眾之間的心理距離。對五個(gè)“超市”的調(diào)查表明群眾對這些措施是滿意的”許學(xué)琴，一名居委會宣傳部門負(fù)責(zé)人說。The “supermarket” of administrative service in Nanjing has exerted a positive influence to the entire country. Similar supermarkets have opened in Shenyang, Shanghai and Fuzhou. 南京這種行政服務(wù)“超市”已經(jīng)在整個(gè)國家產(chǎn)生了正面的影響。在沈陽、上海和福州都建了類似的超市。The “supermar

28、ket” in Shanghai, known as the Center of Residential Affairs, now has 80 branches in the entire city, offering more than 50 services. A civil affairs official said that in the next three years, every community and town would set up such as a “supermarket” to form a network covering the entire area.

29、上海的“超市”，作為居民事務(wù)的中心，現(xiàn)在整個(gè)城市有80個(gè)分支，提供50項(xiàng)服務(wù)。一名國內(nèi)事務(wù)的政府官員說在未來三年，每一個(gè)社區(qū)和集鎮(zhèn)都要建類似的“超市”以形成覆蓋整個(gè)地區(qū)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。Media reports recently stated that relevant departments have planned to set up a multi-functional and multi-level service system throughout the country, which offers services on personnel matters, domicile regist

30、ration, matrimonial registration, enterprise registration, tax payment, license distribution and the approval of land utilization. Service centers and related ranches will be set up in densely populated communities. Meanwhile, a standardized service network and unified regulations will also be estab

31、lished, and related workers will wear name tags for the benefit of customers. 媒體報(bào)道，有關(guān)部門已經(jīng)計(jì)劃在全國建設(shè)多功能、多層次的服務(wù)體系，以提供人事事務(wù)、居民登記、婚姻注冊、企業(yè)登記交稅、許可證的分配和土地使用權(quán)的審批。服務(wù)中心和有關(guān)的分支機(jī)構(gòu)將被建在人口密集的社區(qū)。同時(shí)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和統(tǒng)一的制度也將建立，相關(guān)工作都將在為將在為顧客的目標(biāo)下進(jìn)行。 “E-Government”電子政府Placing government administrative affairs on the Internet appears

32、to be a growing world trend for government working toward open administration. Resources on government work available on the Internet can be effectively utilized. Furthermore, this practice will enhance the transparency if the government, reduce administrative expense, improve work efficiency and fa

33、cilitate the construction of a diligent and honest government. 將政府的行政事務(wù)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上公布越來越成為世界上政府向公眾公開事務(wù)的一種傾向。研究表明，提供在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的政府工作是被有效利用的。更重要的是，這個(gè)實(shí)踐將提高政府的透明度，降低行政費(fèi)用，提高工作效率并更利于數(shù)字政府和誠信政府的建設(shè)。China has a long way to go before it can develop an online government. However, beginning in the mid-1980s when China first c

34、alled for office automation, up until 1998 when China began to develop e-government project, it has promoted e-commerce in government departments, using the Internet to release information, handling day-to-day office business and offering other services. 中國在發(fā)展在線政府還有很長的路要走。然而，自80年代中期中國首先提出辦公自動化到1998年

35、開始發(fā)展電子政府項(xiàng)目，它已經(jīng)促進(jìn)政府部門的網(wǎng)上交流，日常辦公事務(wù)的處理和提供其他幫助。In recent years, China has rapidly developed the e-commerce development and implementation. Second, many government web sites with increasingly rich content and sophisticated functions have appeared. A recent survey stated that more than 2200 government web

36、 sites currently exist in the entire country, and have played a major role in driving the construction of information industry. 近年來，中國加快電子政府的發(fā)展。首先，工商部門，海關(guān)稅務(wù)和公共安全部門已經(jīng)率先加快電子政府的發(fā)展和設(shè)備配置步伐。其次，許多具有越來越多內(nèi)容和高級功能的政府網(wǎng)站已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。最近的調(diào)查表明整個(gè)國家有2200個(gè)政府網(wǎng)站，已經(jīng)在促進(jìn)信息工業(yè)建設(shè)方面承擔(dān)了主要角色。A bilingual web site, Chinashanghai, in both

37、English and Chinese, was launched on September 28, 2001. it serves as a platform for government information dissemination for the benefit the citizens. “中國上?！保粋€(gè)英漢雙語網(wǎng)站，在2001年9月28日建成。它為市民提供政府信息傳播服務(wù)平臺。Chinashanghai is devoted to the establishment of an “e-government.” Its home page, entitled Todays Ev

38、ent, provides information on major activities and events, and reports on various hot topics of discussion. Pages containing government bulletins, government documents, regulations and other information have also been released. The Law and Regulations page introduces various rules and regulations, th

39、e Shanghai Brief page provides information on the least development trends in the city, and the Investment page offers information on the investment environment and various investment policies, explaining the urban construction plan, the development of the Pudong New Area, the development of develop

40、ment zones and investment projects. The Services page, on the other hand, provides information on topics more closely related to peoples lives, such as weather, transport, healthcare, education and tourism. This page also offers legal assistance to disadvantaged groups. The Business Guidance page pr

41、ovides useful information on competent institutions, as well as their addresses, contact details, procedures for handling certain affairs, and channels for dealing with lawsuits. Finally, the Handling Affairs Online page enables users to inquire on certain items, and download online forms and applic

42、ations. “中國上?！敝铝τ陔娮诱膭?chuàng)建。它的主頁標(biāo)有今日大事，提供主要活動和事件的信息，多種熱點(diǎn)討論話題的報(bào)道。頁面包括政府公告，政府公文、規(guī)章和其它已公布的信息。法律規(guī)章的頁面介紹了多種規(guī)章制度，網(wǎng)站的首頁提供了城市最新發(fā)展趨勢，投資頁面提供投資環(huán)境信息和各種投資政策，說明城市建設(shè)規(guī)劃、浦東新區(qū)的發(fā)展、開發(fā)區(qū)的發(fā)展和投資項(xiàng)目。另一方面，服務(wù)頁面提供諸如天氣、交通、保健、教育和旅游等更貼近百姓生活的內(nèi)容。這一頁也對弱勢群體提供法律救助。商務(wù)導(dǎo)航頁面提供有法定資格協(xié)會有用信息，如地址、聯(lián)系方式、具體事務(wù)處理的程序、訴訟的渠道。最后，在線事務(wù)處理使用戶能夠咨詢具體事務(wù)，在線下載表格和申請

43、。Chinashanghai will also connect with its affiliated stations to establish a better government network by the end of this year. In addition, Shanghai plans to set up a large portal within the next five years, which will be among Chinas first-class ones and match international advanced level. By the

44、end of the 10th Five-Year Plan period (2001-2005), all the government departments related to social management and services will be on the network. 到今年底，“中國上海”也將增加聯(lián)網(wǎng)的附屬站點(diǎn)以更好實(shí)現(xiàn)政府網(wǎng)絡(luò)工作。另外，上海計(jì)劃在下一個(gè)五年建立一個(gè)在中國處于一流、達(dá)到世界水平的大型門戶網(wǎng)站。至第十個(gè)五年計(jì)劃期末，所有的與社會管理和服務(wù)的政府部門都要實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)上工作。Open Urban Planning公開城市建設(shè)規(guī)劃Over the past tw

45、o years, Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin have made public their city construction plan, a change from their former closed-door working style. The procedures and timetable for the examination and approval of projects, regulations and laws, and technological indexes in relation to the projects are now

46、also out in the open, much to the great enthusiasm of the citizens. 過去兩年間，北京，上海和天津已經(jīng)公布了他們的城市建設(shè)規(guī)劃，這和以前的關(guān)門工作是個(gè)改變。項(xiàng)目申報(bào)審批的程序和時(shí)間、規(guī)章制度、項(xiàng)目相關(guān)的技術(shù)流程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)現(xiàn)在都公開，更多是廣大熱心的市民。Last October, Beijing held an exhibition on the overall city planning. During holidays and weekends, the 3000-square0meter hall received about

47、1500 people each day. “We have not expected so many citizens to be so interested in city planning,” said Qiu Yue, a member of the Beijing Municipal City Planning Committee. 去年10月，北京舉行了城市整體建設(shè)規(guī)劃展覽會。在節(jié)假日和周日，平方米的展覽廳每天接待1500名來訪者?！拔覀儧]有想到有這么多市民對城市建設(shè)規(guī)劃感興趣?！鼻裨?，北京市城市規(guī)劃委員會的工作人員說。Many visitors filled thick sugg

48、estion books with feedback, providing constructive ideas, such as building another world trade center in the north; retaining the lay-out of the narrow alleys and the courtyard homes; and informing citizens on city construction projects on time. The exhibition organizers then sorted the suggestions

49、and delivered them to the decision-making department. 許多來訪者寫了厚厚的建議，提出了建設(shè)性的建議，如在北部建設(shè)另一個(gè)世界貿(mào)易中心，及時(shí)將城市建設(shè)項(xiàng)目通知市民。隨后，展覽會的組織者整理了這些建議，將它們提供給了決策部門。 “Beijing city planning to the public shows the governments determination to promote the opening up of administration affairs, and this is a significant developmen

50、t,” said a visitor. “將北京城市建設(shè)規(guī)劃向公眾展示表明了政府在促進(jìn)行政事務(wù)開放的決心，這是一個(gè)有重要意義的進(jìn)步”以名來訪者說。Zhou Chang, Secretary general of the China Architectural Society, agreed. “The opening up of the urban planning process can improve things greatly, as major decisions will go through the approval of experts, the suggestions of

51、citizens and the supervision of the media,” said Zhou. 周暢，中國建筑協(xié)會秘書長同意這種觀點(diǎn)。他說“城市規(guī)劃的公開程序會使極大促進(jìn)規(guī)劃工作，因?yàn)闆Q策要經(jīng)過專家的審核、市民的建議和輿論的監(jiān)督”Shan Qixiang, director of the Beijing Municipal City Planning Committee, said the opinions of the both experts and the masses will be pooled together before a decision on any imp

52、ortant plans for urban construction are reached. 單啟祥，北京市城市規(guī)劃委員會主任說在任何重要城市建設(shè)計(jì)劃做出之前所有專家和群眾的意見都將會被集中起來。Administrative affairs行政事務(wù)Financial budget財(cái)政預(yù)算Domicile registration居民登記Matrimonial registration婚姻登記Handling Affairs Online在線事務(wù)辦理第二章為什么要進(jìn)行公共管理改革？公共管理改革通常被認(rèn)為是一種達(dá)到目的的手段，而并非目的本身。更準(zhǔn)確說，我們可以認(rèn)為它是一種潛在地達(dá)到多種目的的手

53、段。這些目的包括：在公共支出中形成節(jié)余（經(jīng)濟(jì)），提高公共服務(wù)的質(zhì)量，使政府的運(yùn)作更加有效，增加被選用的和實(shí)施的政策變得有效的機(jī)會。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這些重要的目標(biāo)，公共管理改革還可能為一系列中間目標(biāo)提供服務(wù)，包括強(qiáng)化政治家對官員的控制和把公務(wù)員從官僚主義的限制中解放出來，因?yàn)檫@些限制阻礙了他們進(jìn)行管理的機(jī)會；增強(qiáng)政府的政策和計(jì)劃對立法部門和公民的責(zé)任性。最后，但并非最不重要的是，我們還應(yīng)該提到公共管理改革的象征性的和合法性的好處。這些好處對于政治家而言，至少可被人們認(rèn)為他們正在有所作為。比如宣布進(jìn)行改革，批評官僚主義，表揚(yáng)新的管理技術(shù)，許諾在未來改進(jìn)服務(wù)，重組部門和辦事機(jī)構(gòu)所有這些內(nèi)容都能把有利的注意力

54、吸引到主張這些事情的政治家身上。一個(gè)憤世嫉俗的人可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)，在如今，由于地方、國家和國際限制等復(fù)雜的相互作用，單個(gè)政府獨(dú)立行動的權(quán)力而日益受到質(zhì)疑，政府的部長們通常所能做的事情以充滿活力的面貌出現(xiàn)僅需極小的直接代價(jià)就是在他們自己的統(tǒng)治機(jī)器內(nèi)部宣布改革。這對那些在提出和執(zhí)行這樣的倡議時(shí)幾乎總要扮演重要角色的高級官員也有合法性的好處。他們可能會因?yàn)閰⑴c“現(xiàn)代化”和“提高效率”的工作而獲得尊重。 如果管理改革真會產(chǎn)生更廉潔、更有效并具有更高服務(wù)質(zhì)量和更有效規(guī)劃的政府，如果它同時(shí)還會強(qiáng)化政治控制，把管理者解放出來，讓他們進(jìn)行管理，使政府更透明，并且能提升最積極參與的部長和官員們的形象，那么它被廣泛鼓吹

55、也就不足為奇。不幸的是，事情并非如此簡單。眾多證據(jù)表明，管理改革會走入歧途。它們可能無法產(chǎn)生所謂的好處。它們甚至可能導(dǎo)致相反的結(jié)果，從而使相關(guān)的行政過程（在某些重要的方面）變得比以前更糟。比如，某個(gè)地方機(jī)關(guān)一項(xiàng)為老人和殘廢人提供“家庭幫助”（家庭照顧）的計(jì)劃按照準(zhǔn)市場的原則進(jìn)行了重新修改，將購買服務(wù)的當(dāng)局和提供服務(wù)的成員分離開來，我們可能認(rèn)為這是一項(xiàng)典型的“改革”。然而，如果我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，為這項(xiàng)服務(wù)而起草的合同文件厚達(dá)700頁，而實(shí)際提供的服務(wù)在數(shù)量上和質(zhì)量上只有非常小的改變時(shí)，質(zhì)疑就開始產(chǎn)生了。我們會想，在雙方之間建立更多的信任也許會是更好的選擇，這樣，合同文件就會簡短得多（甚至可能根本不需要合

56、同），并且會大大減少監(jiān)督費(fèi)用。 此外，即便一項(xiàng)特定的改革確實(shí)在上面提到的一個(gè)或兩個(gè)目標(biāo)方面（節(jié)余或質(zhì)量的改進(jìn)）獲得了“成功”，它也不可能完全獲得成功。實(shí)際上，我們在后面會說明，行政改革中導(dǎo)致的權(quán)衡和兩難困境很常見，因此，某一項(xiàng)或兩項(xiàng)目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)很可能會被其他方面較差的表現(xiàn)“抵消”：“官僚體制中專門的決策者遵循的規(guī)則是，一次針對一個(gè)目標(biāo)采取措施，從而控制平衡但他們沒有認(rèn)識到，緊縮某一項(xiàng)指標(biāo)意味著放松另一項(xiàng)指標(biāo)”。例如，如果我們對公務(wù)員實(shí)施更有效的政治監(jiān)督和控制，我們能否同時(shí)賦予他們更多的自由和管理的靈活性？樂觀主義者會說能，他們會提出一個(gè)更清晰、更簡單的規(guī)則，從而使管理者在規(guī)則范圍之內(nèi)“獲得創(chuàng)造性

57、”。懷疑主義者會說不能，他們會指出，有調(diào)查證據(jù)表明，連管理者自己都覺得政治“干預(yù)”增加了，期望政治家在諸如社會安全、醫(yī)保、教育或監(jiān)獄服務(wù)等政治上很敏感的領(lǐng)域里會“不畫蛇添足”，那是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。 不管怎樣，公共管理改革只是達(dá)到第一段中所提到的期望目標(biāo)的手段之一。說得更準(zhǔn)確點(diǎn)，對公共管理改革本質(zhì)的任何描述都需要考慮到政府的表現(xiàn)可以通過很多途徑得到改善，并考慮到管理改革經(jīng)常與其他政策方案聯(lián)系在一起。在對很多國家的行政發(fā)展進(jìn)行比較之后，有一個(gè)學(xué)者最近發(fā)現(xiàn)：“行政改革是所有政策表現(xiàn)的一個(gè)部分，并不是一套獨(dú)立的技術(shù)工作”。 改善政府表現(xiàn)的其他途徑包括政治改革（例如選舉制度或立法程序的改變）以及關(guān)鍵政策的根本

58、性改變（例如新的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)管理政策，勞動力市場改革，或社會政策的根本性的改變）。本書導(dǎo)言中提到過新西蘭的案例，在這個(gè)案例中新西蘭把管理改革同宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策以及選舉制度的根本改變組合在一起。 許多評論人士注意到，使情況變得更復(fù)雜的是改革的滯后性，這種滯后性大大影響了公共管理改革本身。公共部門程序和結(jié)構(gòu)的重大變化所產(chǎn)生的所有好處一般要在改革計(jì)劃開始后的3年、4年、5年甚至更晚才能獲得。首先，改革需要新的立法。然后需要對現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析，而后則要設(shè)計(jì)、形成和修改新的操作程序，還要訓(xùn)練人員按程序操作，規(guī)定新角色，確定合適的獎勵(lì)機(jī)制，恰當(dāng)?shù)刂贫ㄐ碌脑u估制度，通知服務(wù)的使用者和利益攸關(guān)方，還要努力減少所有這些創(chuàng)新

59、可能在使用者和工作者中引起的焦慮。但這卻不是最高層的政治家樂意接受的時(shí)間表。他們關(guān)心更短期的效果：下一次選舉，下一屆政府的改組，甚至當(dāng)天的電視新聞。政治注意力的焦點(diǎn)從一個(gè)事項(xiàng)到另一個(gè)事項(xiàng)的變化周期要比復(fù)雜的組織變化能夠完成的目標(biāo)快得多。雖說情況總是如此，但政治家對于“現(xiàn)在就能展示點(diǎn)什么”的需要和組織改革者需要時(shí)間、努力和持續(xù)性之間的矛盾卻總是產(chǎn)生，這也許正是許多西方民主國家政治過程強(qiáng)化和加速的產(chǎn)物。 第三章 行政及地方公共服務(wù)改革：簡介80年代以來，有很強(qiáng)的公共服務(wù)改革及現(xiàn)代化的運(yùn)動。權(quán)力下放及自由化 容許市場發(fā)揮提供公共服務(wù)的功能 是其中兩個(gè)重要趨勢。法國及西班牙的發(fā)展能清楚表達(dá)這種趨勢，而英國則更傾向集權(quán)，雖然在一些情況下權(quán)力也會下放到地方。在西班牙，權(quán)力下放是一個(gè)國家的選擇，也是憲法所規(guī)定；同時(shí)，公共服務(wù)自由化也和社區(qū)融合以及開放市場連在一起