新編英語語法教程 復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、語法復(fù)習(xí)資料« 1.主謂一致主謂一致Subject-Verb Concord即謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上要和主語保持一致，主謂一致包括語法一致、意義一致和就近一致。1.1指導(dǎo)原則(1) 語法一致 語法一致即謂語動(dòng)詞在單復(fù)數(shù)形式上要和主語保持一致eg.A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language. (主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語也采取單數(shù)形式）語法書幫助你學(xué)習(xí)語言的某些規(guī)則.Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a langua

2、ge. (主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語也采取復(fù)數(shù)形式）語法書幫助你學(xué)習(xí)語言的某些規(guī)則.(2) 意義一致和就近原則意義一致就是謂語動(dòng)詞要和主語意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致。補(bǔ)充解釋和例句 見書P22就近一致就是謂語動(dòng)詞要和靠近它的主語部分保持一致。常出現(xiàn)在這類句子中的連詞有：or, eitheror，neither nor ，not only but also 等.例句見書P23英語中，有時(shí)幾個(gè)名詞或代詞有某些此連接起來一起作句子的主語，此時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的形式就須有與之最接近的名詞或代詞的人稱和數(shù)決定。如： (1) There is a desk an

3、d five chairs in his room. 他房間里有一張辦公桌和五把椅子。 There are five chairs and a desk in his room. 他房間里有五把椅子和一張辦公桌。 (2)  Either you or Li Lei is going to be sent

4、60;there. 要么是你要么是李蕾將被派到那里去。   Are either you or Li Lei going to be sent there? 是你將被派到那里去還是李蕾將被派到那里去？1.2-s結(jié)尾的名詞作主語(1) 以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱和游戲名稱(2) 以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱(3) 以-s結(jié)尾的地理名稱(4) 其他以-s結(jié)尾的名詞1.3以集合名詞作主語(1) 通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞見書P27 【注】goods(貨物), clot

5、hes(衣服)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，且只表示復(fù)數(shù)意義：Such clothes are very cheap. 那樣的衣服很便宜。 All the goods have been sent to them. 所有的貨物都給他們送去了。(2) 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞clothing(衣服)，poetry(詩歌)，baggage / luggage(行李)， furniture(家具)，machinery(機(jī)械)，scenery(景色

6、)，jewelry(珠寶)，equipment(設(shè)備)等集合名詞通常只用作不可數(shù)名詞，表示單數(shù)意義，用作主語時(shí)，其后謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。(3) 既可做單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞family(家庭)，team(隊(duì)，隊(duì)員)，class(班，班上的全體學(xué)生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘務(wù)員)，committee(委員會(huì))，audience(聽眾)，public(公眾)等集合名詞，當(dāng)它們表示整體意義時(shí)，表單數(shù)意義，當(dāng)它們強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體意義時(shí)，表示復(fù)數(shù)意義?！咀ⅰ坑袝r(shí)沒有特定的語境，用單復(fù)數(shù)謂語均可以： The audience was 

7、;(were) very excited by the show. 觀眾對(duì)演出甚感激動(dòng)。 The public has (have) a right to know whats in the report. 公眾有權(quán)知道這篇報(bào)告的內(nèi)容。如將側(cè)重點(diǎn)放在組成集體的成員上，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。(4) a committee of 等+復(fù)數(shù)名詞見書P271.4 以并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(1) 由and和both.and連接的并列主

8、語【注意】 a) 當(dāng)由and連接的兩個(gè)并列主語受each, every, no的修飾時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)： Every boy and (every) girl likes the book. 每個(gè)男孩女孩都喜歡這本書。 No desk and (no) chair was seen in the room. 房間里不見桌椅。 b) 當(dāng)and連接兩個(gè)數(shù)相加時(shí)，謂語

9、動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)： Six and eight makes make fourteen. 六加八等于十四。 c) 當(dāng)and連接的兩個(gè)的詞語指同一個(gè)人或事物時(shí)，謂語通常要用單數(shù)：A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 遠(yuǎn)處看見一輛馬車。(2) 由or, nor, either.or, neithernor, not onlybut&

10、#160;also, notbut等連接的并列主語就近原則處理The teacher as well as the students has read it 不僅學(xué)生讀過它，老師也讀過。 The teacher rather than the students is to blame. 應(yīng)受責(zé)備的是老師而不是學(xué)生。(3) 主語+as much as等 書P30(4) 主語+as well

11、 as等 書P301.5 以表示數(shù)量概念的名詞詞組作主語(1) 以表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語a) 表時(shí)間長度、錢數(shù)、速度等的詞組作主語此時(shí)通常將其視為整體，謂語用單數(shù)。eg. Twenty years is a long time. 20年是很長的時(shí)間。 Ten dollars is all I have left. 我只剩下10美元。如果看作組成該數(shù)量的一個(gè)個(gè)的個(gè)體，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。eg. There are six silver dollars in e

12、ach of the stockings.b) “分?jǐn)?shù)(百分?jǐn)?shù))+of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語謂語動(dòng)詞形式依of-詞組中的名詞類別而定。例句見書P32【注意】 在現(xiàn)代英語中，有時(shí)即使該結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞為復(fù)數(shù)，其謂語也可用單數(shù)(即將其視為整體)： Over sixty per cent of families own owns a television. 百分之六十以上的家庭已擁有電視機(jī)。c) 兩數(shù)相減或相除，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；兩數(shù)相加或相乘，動(dòng)詞可以用單數(shù)，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)。例句見書P32d)

13、“one in /one out of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語 在正式語體中，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；在非正式語體中，動(dòng)詞也可按“就近原則”用復(fù)數(shù)。例句見書P32(2) 以表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語a) 主語是all of，some of，none of，half of，most of等表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組，其后的動(dòng)詞形式依of- 詞組的名次類別而定。例句見書P32b) 主語是由“l(fā)ots of，heaps of, loads of, scads of, plenty of+名詞”構(gòu)成，表示“許許多多”等概念時(shí)，隨后動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式也依of- 詞組的名次類別而定。c) 主

14、語是由"a portion of，a series of，a pile of，a panel of+名詞"構(gòu)成，不管名詞類別如何，動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。d) 主語是由“限定詞+a kind/ sort/ type of +名詞”構(gòu)成，隨后的動(dòng)詞形式按以下規(guī)則：在a kind/ sort/ type of，this kind/ sort/ type of之后通常加單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如果要用復(fù)數(shù)名詞：名詞復(fù)數(shù)+of this kind/ sort/ type Roses of this kind are very swee

15、t出現(xiàn)在these kinds of，many/several kinds of 后的名詞，既可以是單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。也可以是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。在非正式語體中，常見“these/those kind of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語，隨后的動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。e) 主語是由"many a+名詞"或"more than one+名詞"構(gòu)成，其意義雖屬多數(shù)，但隨后的動(dòng)詞仍遵循"語法一致"原則，用單數(shù)。f) 如果主語由"an average of/a majority of

16、+復(fù)數(shù)名詞"構(gòu)成，而且明確表示多數(shù)個(gè)體概念，隨后的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);如果這類主語不表示多數(shù)個(gè)體概念，隨后的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。1.6 其他方面的主謂一致問題(1) 名詞性分句作主語時(shí)的主謂一致名詞性分句作主語時(shí)，隨后的動(dòng)詞一般使用單數(shù)，但有時(shí)也會(huì)有主謂一致的問題：由what，who，why，how，whether等wh-詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句作主語，其后的動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。兩個(gè)由and連接的并列名詞性分句作主語，如果主語表示兩件事，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。在以what-分句作主語的SVC結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果主語補(bǔ)語是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，主語謂語動(dòng)詞可用復(fù)數(shù)。如果what-分句本身明顯表示富士意義，那么主句動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。(2

17、) 以非限定分句作主語的主謂一致以非限定分句（主要是不定式分句和ing分詞分句）作主語，隨后動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)由and連接的并列非限定分句作主語，如果指兩件事，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果指一件事，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。(3) 關(guān)系分句中的主謂一致在"one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，從句謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于one前是否有the only, the very。如果有，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，如沒有，就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。(4) 分裂句中的主謂一致在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中，由that/who引導(dǎo)的從句的動(dòng)詞形式通常依先行詞而定。在"It&#

18、160;is I+ who從句"+的動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí)在人稱和數(shù)的形式上應(yīng)與I保持一致。(5) 存在句中的主謂一致在存在句中，要使用就近原則，即謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一般取決于離謂語最近的那個(gè)名詞或詞組的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。« 2.名詞屬格2.1 名詞屬格的構(gòu)成、意義和用法（1）名詞屬格的構(gòu)成 （加-s）A）單數(shù)名詞和不以-s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在詞尾加-s如：Milltown's poems，my mothers arrival， womens clothes。B) 以-s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞在詞尾只加-'，如：the girls dormitory。C）復(fù)合

19、名詞和作為一個(gè)整體的名詞詞組構(gòu)成屬格時(shí)，在最后一個(gè)詞的結(jié)尾加's 如：my mother-in-laws death， an hour and a halfs talk， somebody elses opinion* 以 -s 結(jié)尾的普通名詞后加 s，或者只加 。D）并列名詞表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí)，要在各個(gè)名詞之后加-'s如Marys and Bobs book。如果僅在第二個(gè)名詞之后加-s（Mary and Bobs），則指兩人共有的書。E）“名詞詞組+同位語”構(gòu)成屬格時(shí)，-s加在同位語名詞之后如：his schoolmate Johnsons，Basel the books

20、ellers，也可以前后都加-'s，如Basels，the booksellers。F）以咝音/z/結(jié)尾的人名，其屬格加-s或-均可如Dickens/Dickenss，Jones。但以其他咝音結(jié)尾的人名，屬格用-s，如Marxs，Rosss等。（2）結(jié)構(gòu)二: of +名詞1）表示無生命東西的名詞所有關(guān)系時(shí)，用 of +名詞 the legs of the table the title of the book the cover of the book the importance of the plan the window of the house the strength of

21、the envelope2) 表示有生命的東西的屬格，當(dāng)該名詞有較長的定語或者為了表達(dá)某種感情色彩時(shí)，亦可用of +名詞結(jié)構(gòu)： the classroom of the first-year students the wedding of the Prince of Wales the death of the king+書p55Genitive nouns are sometimes interchangeable with of- phrase. e.g.:the visitors arrival the arrival of the visitoran elephants trunk t

22、he trunk of the elephantmens shoes shoes for men * shoes of menCollective nouns can also take both forms: the familys objection the objection of the family the committees task the task of the committeeBoth the genitive and of-phrase can be used with geographical proper nouns and nouns re-ferring to

23、places, institutions, etc. Chinas foreign policythe foreign policy of China Britains resistancethe resistance of Britain the citys problemsthe problems of the city the hospitals entrancethe entrance of the hospital the villages population the population of the village（3）名詞屬格的意義Meanings of genitive n

24、ounsA) Possessive genitive (所有關(guān)系)Chinas territorymy sons wifethe Young Pioneers red scarfB) Subjective genitive (主謂關(guān)系, 其中的名詞大多由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來) (動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者)the teachers praisethe students application (= The student applied.) the Partys callC) Objective genitive (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,名詞由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來) (動(dòng)作的承受者)the younger generations ed

25、ucationthe presidents assassination the war prisoners releaseD) Genitive of origin (來源)Remin Ribaos editorialsNewtons law the girls story=a story told by the girlE) Descriptive genitive (類別)womens magazineschildrens language a doctors degreeF) Genitive of time, distance, measure, value, etc. 表示時(shí)間、度量

26、、價(jià)值等ten minutes breaktwo or three minutes absence a miles distance 50 kilograms weighttwenty dollars value  two pounds worth of stamps（4）名詞屬格的用法Uses of genitive nounsa.作限定詞和前置修飾語(1) 名詞 -s 屬格主要用于表示人的名詞后。e.g.: the girls skirt Elizabeths hair mens roomteachers office(2) 名詞 -s 屬格也用于表示除人外的高等動(dòng)物的名詞后。e

27、.g.: the cats paw the dogs tail the snakes teethewes milk 羊奶(3) 名詞-s屬格也用于表示某些無生命的東西之后。 a. 用于由人組成的集體名詞后。e.g.: the classs monitor the teams leader the clubs members the governments policy the delegates visit our Partys stand the majoritys view the familys objectionb. 用于表示時(shí)間的名詞之后。e.g.: todays newspaper

28、 two days leave a months holiday a moments thought one minutes talk a day or twos delayc. 用于表示距離的名詞之后。e.g.: one meters length three miles drive two centimeters width ten cables lengthd. 也用于表示價(jià)值、重量等的名詞之后。e.g.: a dollars/ shillings worth of stamp a tons weighte. 用于表示地理、國家、城市、地域等名稱的名詞后。e.g.: Africas fe

29、atures Chinas future the islands southern tip Europes development the United States attitude New Yorks populationf. 用于表示天體名稱的名詞后。e.g.: the earths surface the moons light the suns heat Jupiters (木星) orbitg. 用于表示工業(yè)、科技等名稱的名詞后。e.g.: industrys pollution problem sciences contributionh. 表示人家、店鋪等工作、生活處所的所有格

30、后的名詞常省略。e.g.: Im going to the barbers. (barber shop) We visited St. Pauls. (St. Paul Cathedral)i. 一個(gè)名詞屬格所修飾的詞,如果前面已經(jīng)提到,就往往可以省略,避免重復(fù)。e.g.: This is not my computer, but Mr Wangs. He had views quite different from his fathers.j. 用于某些固定詞組中。(P55)Others idioms: You had better keep him at an arms length. 你

31、最好不要跟他親近。 Put the vase out of harm's way so the children can't break it. 把那只花瓶放在安全的地方, 以免孩子們打碎了。 For Gods sake, hold your tongue and let me love.  看在上帝的面上, 閉上嘴讓我愛你吧。*for friendships sake (為了友情), for mercys sake (為了仁慈的緣故), for safetys sake (為了安全起見), for cautions sake (為慎重起見), for acquain

32、tances sake (看在熟人的面上), for conveniences sake (為方便起見), forappearances sake (為了裝門面), for consciences sake (為求良心的安寧), etc. k. 與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系或擬人化的名詞。e.g.: the games history the novels structure heavens will televisions future dutys call the brains total solid weight l. 地點(diǎn)名詞 (地區(qū)、公共場所)。e.g.: the worlds econom

33、ic organization the hotels entrance the churchs mission m. 飛機(jī)、火車、汽車等名詞。e.g.: the trains heating system the cars engine a gliders performance2.2 名詞屬格和of-詞組的比較A) 下列情況只用名詞屬格:(a) Descriptive genitive (表示事物類別或?qū)傩詴r(shí))a ships carpenter a doctors degreethe teachers book a summers daychildrens pictorial = the p

34、ictorial for children 兒童讀物the pictorial of children 孩子們的畫報(bào) (兒童們的繪畫) (b) used in idiomsat the deaths doorat ones fingers ends / tipsat a stones throwout of harms wayto ones hearts content(c) 當(dāng)名詞中心詞之后帶有同位語時(shí)(即屬格修飾的名詞帶有同位語)the salesmans brother, a postman * the brother of the salesman, a postmanLees fri

35、end, the singer * a friend of Lees, the singerB) 只用Of-詞組的情況：(a) 當(dāng) of- 詞組中的名詞后面跟有后置修飾語時(shí):the name of the girl standing under the tree * the girls name standing under the treethe support of the people of the whole world * the peoples support of the whole worldthe suggestion of the teachers present at t

36、he meeting * the teachers suggestion present at the meetingthe opinion of the committee appointed a few days ago * the committees opinion appointed a few days agoI have read the article of the student who falls in with my views on this problem.* I have read the students article who falls in名詞或名詞詞組后帶

37、有較長的后置修飾語，通常用Of-詞組形式. * the man I knows car * the lady living next doors hat * the children killed in the wars pictures * the professor to consults questions 同樣，若名詞或名詞詞組后帶有較長的介詞詞組或介詞詞組可能會(huì)引起歧義，則用Of-詞組形式來代替名詞屬格的形式。 * the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Islands heir * the man

38、with the dogs food(b) 當(dāng) of- 詞組中的介詞賓語是以“定冠詞 + 分詞 / 形容詞” 表示的一類人的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí):the resistance of the oppressed*the oppresseds resistance the experience of the old *the olds experience In pre-liberation days, the rulers paid little attention to the welfare of the poor.*the poors welfare(c) 當(dāng) of- 詞組用在某些同位結(jié)構(gòu)中時(shí): the

39、 City of Rome* Romes City at the age of twenty* at the 20s age2.3 獨(dú)立屬格和雙重屬格（1）獨(dú)立屬格 A genitive noun can sometimes be used indepen-dently, that is, without a following noun. This use of the genitive may be termed as the independent genitive. Independent genitive is used: 1）名詞中心詞已在上下文中出現(xiàn)過e.g.: My car i

40、s faster than Johns. Her memory is like an elephants. The childs hatred for the enemy is as deep as his fathers.這種用法相當(dāng)于名詞性物主代詞作主語的用法e.g.: Hers is the prettiest dress. Ours is a great socialist country.2）被省略的名詞中心詞表示某人的家或住宅e.g.: Shall we meet at his brothers? Im going to stay at Johnsons. See you at H

41、arrys tomorrow.3）被省略的名詞中心詞表示教堂、學(xué)校等公共場所St. Pauls (Cathedral) (圣保羅大教堂, 位于倫敦)St. Jamess (Palace) (圣詹姆斯宮, 是英國君主的正式王宮)Guys (Hospital) (英國倫敦蓋氏醫(yī)院)Queens (College) (英國女王學(xué)院)4）被省略的名詞中心詞表示店鋪、公司等at the butchers / tailors / grocers / barbers / fruiterers / greengrocers / photographers / bakers / hairdressers den

42、tists / druggists / stationers (文具店)（2）雙重屬格An independent genitive can sometimes be used as prepositional complementation. The prepositional phrase (usu. an of-phrase) that takes an independent genitive as complementation is called a “double genitive”.e.g.: a poem of Shelleys a painting of my roomma

43、tes a patient of the doctors在雙重屬格結(jié)構(gòu)中, 用作介詞補(bǔ)足成分的屬格名詞，必須是確定特指的，而且一般指人！ *a patient of a doctors *an engine of the planes(a)后置屬格必須指確定的對(duì)象(如專有名詞),而且必須指人。 a friend of Jims/of my sisters/of the professors 卻不可以說: a friend of a professors (非特指)也不可以說: a wheel of the cars (指物)(b) 帶有雙重屬格作后置修飾語的名詞中心詞必須是不確定的人或物,可以

44、受不定冠詞或數(shù)量詞的修飾 (a, two, some, any, few, no, several, a lot of),不能受定冠詞的修飾。如： Some friends of my brothers have arrived. Have you read any plays of Shakespeares? It was no fault of ours that we took the wrong way. 卻不可以說: the poem of Shellys 也不可以說: the friend of the doctors 更不可以說: the friend of a doctors

45、但是可以說: the friend of the doctor(c) Exceptions to the rule are the cases where the first noun is premodified by a demonstrative or postmodified by a relative clause.在表達(dá)帶有感情色彩的意義時(shí), 可以用指示限定詞。this/ these 含褒義, 特別強(qiáng)調(diào), 以引起對(duì)方的注意。that/ those 往往帶有否定和輕蔑含義。eg. this very inspiring speech of the presidentsThese re

46、marks of yours are of great value to us.that notorious scheme of the KingsI shall never meet that daughter of Mrs. Browns. the friend of Bobs who was here last nightw 雙重屬格的意義(a) 雙重屬格表示身份, of- 詞組側(cè)重說明關(guān)系。He is a friend of my fathers. (我爸爸的一個(gè)朋友)He is a friend of my father. (對(duì)我爸爸友好/夠朋友)He is my fathers f

47、riend. (唯一的一個(gè)或剛談及的那一個(gè))(b) 有些情況下, of- 詞組與雙重屬格的意義大相徑庭。雙重屬格表示某人做的、干的, 但不是他本人的。of- 詞組表示本人的。a bone of the dogs (一根狗啃的骨頭)a bone of the dog (一根狗骨)a painting of Mr. Blakes (他收藏的一張畫像)a painting of Mr. Blake (他本人的一張畫像)(c) 當(dāng)中心詞是opinion, criticism, judgment 等帶有動(dòng)詞含義的“觀點(diǎn)性名詞”時(shí), 雙重屬格表示的是主謂關(guān)系,of- 詞組表示的是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。a critic

48、ism of the students (學(xué)生們的批評(píng))a criticism of the students (對(duì)學(xué)生們的批評(píng))an opinion of my brothers (我哥哥的看法)an opinion of my brother (別人)對(duì)我哥哥的看法)w of-詞組(a) To refer to someone or something that belongs to or is connected with someone, it is usual to use 's or s , not of , with short noun phrases : Dads c

49、ar (NOT the car of Dad) a childs bike (NOT the bike of a child) my sisters boyfriend (NOT the boyfriend of my sister) the miners strike (NOT the strike of the miners)(b) When referring to one of several people or things belonging to or connected with someone, or when using 'this or 'that'

50、;, use of mine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs : a friend of mine (NOT a friend of me) that car of yours (NOT that car of you) To talk about the person who sang, wrote, or painted a particular work, use by , not of : a song by Mariah Carey (NOT of Mariah Carey)« 3. 限定詞英語的限定詞包括：1、冠詞（article） 定冠詞（DEFI

51、NITE ARTICLE），不定冠詞（INDEFINITE ARTICLE），零冠詞（ZERO ARTICLE)2、形容詞性的物主代詞限定詞（POSSESSE PRONOUN DETERMINER），my, your, his, her, our, your, their, its.名詞（GENITE NOUN），John's, my friend's.指示限定詞（DEMONSTRATE DETERMINER），this, that, these, those, such.關(guān)系限定詞（RELATE DETERMINER)，whose, which.疑問限定詞（INTERROGA

52、TE DETERMINER），what, which, whose.不定限定詞（INDEFINITE DETERMINER），no,some,any,each,every,enough,either,neither,all,both,half,several,many,much,(a) few,(a) little, other, another.3、數(shù)詞（numeral） 基數(shù)詞（CARDINAL NUMERAL) 和序數(shù)詞（ORDINAL NUMERAL)倍數(shù)詞（MULTIPLICATE NUMERAL) 和分?jǐn)?shù)詞（FRACTIONAL NUMERAL)4、量詞（QUANTIFIER) a

53、 lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great deal of, a good deal of, a large amount of, a small amount of, a quantity of, a great number of, a good number of等。3.1 限定詞與三類名詞搭配關(guān)系書p60623.2 限定詞與限定詞的搭配關(guān)系（1）三類限定詞按照限定詞與限定詞的相互搭配關(guān)系，限定詞可分為前位限定詞 (pre-determiner）、中位限定詞（central determiner）和后位限定詞（post-determiner）。限定詞的相互搭

54、配關(guān)系為：前位+中位+后位在這三類限定詞中，前位限定詞與前位限定詞以及中位限定詞與中位限定詞是相互排斥的，后位限定詞與后位限定詞之間雖不相互排斥但有搭配限制。中位限定詞包括：冠詞：a(n),the ；指示代詞：this, that, these, those ；形容詞性物主代詞：my, your, his, her, our, etc. ；名詞屬格：Jims, my mothers ；不定代詞：some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, etc. ；連接代詞what(ever),which(ever),whose, etc.前位限定

55、詞包括：all, both, half; double, twice, three times, etc.; one-third, two-fifths, etc.; what, such,(a / an）等。后位限定詞包括：one, two, three, etc.; first, second, third, etc.; next, last, other, another, etc.; many, much,(a) few,(a) little, fewer,(the) fewest, less,(the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a

56、 lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such等。（2）三類限定詞搭配關(guān)系 書p65663.3 限定詞的用法比較（1）many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of表示"多"的意思，可用many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等。但是many, much常用于否定句和疑問句，而a lot of等則常用于肯定句。I haven't

57、 seen many English films. 多數(shù)英文電影我沒看過。many修飾可數(shù)名詞I haven't done much work today. 我還沒有做多少活呢。much修飾不可數(shù)名詞many / much常用于否定句和疑問句并不是絕對(duì)的，尤其是在下列場合many / much也常用于肯定句：a) 用于whether / if引導(dǎo)的賓語分句中。I doubt whether / if there'll be many people at the show on this rainy day. 我懷疑在這個(gè)雨天里會(huì)有很多人看表演。b) 用于由"how /

58、 too / so / as+ many / much (+中心詞）" 構(gòu)成的名詞詞組中。He took so many boxes with him that he had to call a taxi. 他身邊帶著太多的箱子，不得不叫計(jì)程車。c) 用于在句首作主語以及在"存在句"中作實(shí)義主語的名詞詞組中。Many people would like to take holidays abroad. 許多人喜歡去國外度假。（2） (a) few,(a)little表示"少"的意思，可用（a) few,(a) little，既可用作限定詞，也可用作不定代詞。a few,a little表示"少量"，帶有肯定意義。Here are a few more books on this subject. 在他的課題上有少量的書。few / little 若不與a 連用則表示否定意義，相當(dāng)于not many / much,not enough。I have very few (chocolates) left. 我剩下不多的巧克力。little