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1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上高考英語(yǔ)備考專(zhuān)題書(shū)面表達(dá)知識(shí)方法點(diǎn)睛一、考綱研究書(shū)面表達(dá)的體裁、題材、情景具有多樣性、實(shí)用性。近年來(lái),書(shū)面表達(dá)取材比較廣泛,內(nèi)容較為豐富,題材多為日常生活和一般交往所涉及的內(nèi)容。體裁包括記敘文、說(shuō)明文、應(yīng)用文和議論文,命題的方式多種多樣,主要有文字提示、圖畫(huà)提示和圖表提示三種??荚嚧缶V對(duì)高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)的要求是“要求考生根據(jù)所給情景,用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇100150個(gè)單詞的短文。情景包括目的、對(duì)象、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容等等,提供情景的形式有圖畫(huà)、圖表、提綱等”;要求考生能:準(zhǔn)確使用語(yǔ)未能和詞匯;使用一定的句型、詞匯,清楚、連貫地表達(dá)自己的意思。英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中關(guān)于高考寫(xiě)作的要求為:
2、能根據(jù)用文字及圖表提供的信息寫(xiě)出短文或報(bào)告;能寫(xiě)出語(yǔ)意連貫且結(jié)構(gòu)完整的短文,敘述事情或表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度;能在寫(xiě)作中做到文體規(guī)范、語(yǔ)句通順。綜觀近幾年的高考英語(yǔ)發(fā)展勢(shì)態(tài),書(shū)面表達(dá)旨在訓(xùn)練學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的實(shí)踐應(yīng)用,是測(cè)試學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言交際能力和語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的活用能力的必考題型,也是高考中重要且難度較大的題型。歷年來(lái),高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)到目的 主要有以下特點(diǎn):文體的常用性。所涉及的文體有:議論文,以擺事實(shí)、講道理的方式表述觀點(diǎn),事物,方法的原則,須具備論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、論證三大要素;說(shuō)明文,用說(shuō)明作主要表達(dá)方式來(lái)說(shuō)明某個(gè)事物的形狀、性質(zhì)、功能或形成原因、發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程等;應(yīng)用文,有書(shū)信、日記、便條、廣告、啟示、請(qǐng)柬
3、、賀卡、海報(bào)等形式,其中信的形式又包括求職信、感謝信、商務(wù)信函等;記敘文,以記人、敘事為主要內(nèi)容,以敘述為主要表達(dá)方式的一種文體,包括介紹人物生平事跡、記敘事情發(fā)展過(guò)程、說(shuō)明前因后果等。題材的熟悉性。取材主要涉及中學(xué)生所體驗(yàn)到的日常生活。內(nèi)容的控制性。通過(guò)圖畫(huà)、表格、要點(diǎn)等來(lái)限定考生的寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容,使得考生在寫(xiě)作時(shí)自由發(fā)揮的余地較小。題型的穩(wěn)定性。命題形式芳要以文字提示要點(diǎn)、提綱、圖畫(huà)或表格形式出現(xiàn)。要求的漸進(jìn)性。高考對(duì)作文要求在逐年提高,由原來(lái)的要求寫(xiě)對(duì),到以前的要求寫(xiě)好,再到現(xiàn)在的要求寫(xiě)出文采,使用高級(jí)詞匯和復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)等。二、命題方式在高考中,書(shū)面表達(dá)按照命題方式可以分為文字信息類(lèi),圖畫(huà)、圖表類(lèi)
4、和開(kāi)放、半開(kāi)放類(lèi)三種類(lèi)型。1. 文字信息類(lèi)作文(又稱(chēng)提綱式作文)命題人通過(guò)漢語(yǔ)、英語(yǔ)給定寫(xiě)作提綱,要求考生根據(jù)給出的提綱,確定文章的中心,然后緊緊圍繞中心表達(dá)提綱的主旨。提綱既體現(xiàn)了文章的層次,又規(guī)定了各段大體的內(nèi)容,為考生提供了一條思路,稍加思索、計(jì)劃、整理即可成文。但缺點(diǎn)是,如果審題不當(dāng),反而容易丟分。另外,它的限定性較大,不理解提綱所展現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容或詞匯,就會(huì)感到難以下筆。這種作文一般要求按照下列4個(gè)步驟完成:(1)列全要點(diǎn),即提綱要點(diǎn)化。(2)擴(kuò)展成精確的句子,即要點(diǎn)句式化。這是體現(xiàn)一個(gè)考生寫(xiě)作水平的關(guān)鍵:要避免英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)化和句式單一重復(fù),盡可能正確地使用中、高級(jí)詞匯和復(fù)雜的句式。(3)連句
5、成文。注意要有承上啟下的過(guò)渡句和緊扣主題的收尾句。句子之間,段落之間要有合理的過(guò)渡銜接。(4)整理謄寫(xiě)。要書(shū)寫(xiě)工整、卷面整潔。典例:高三快結(jié)束了,你們即將畢業(yè)。在畢業(yè)晚會(huì)上,作為班長(zhǎng)的你準(zhǔn)備了一篇英語(yǔ)演講稿。要點(diǎn):1. 同學(xué)間的友誼是最純潔的。參加工作后,人與人之間的關(guān)系會(huì)因?yàn)槔骊P(guān)系的存在而變得復(fù)雜。2. 同學(xué)之間,特別是相對(duì)較好的同學(xué)之間能敞開(kāi)心扉,而以后要和同事之間做到這點(diǎn)就不容易了。3. 我們即將走向不同的地方,但是以后,當(dāng)我們相遇時(shí),還是能感覺(jué)到那份親近和友善。注意:1. 詞數(shù)100左右;2. 演講稿的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已為你寫(xiě)好,不計(jì)入你所寫(xiě)詞數(shù)。My dear classmates,At
6、 this special moment, I would like to say something to you all. Lets treasure our friendship forever!思想點(diǎn)撥:針對(duì)這篇文章,在寫(xiě)作時(shí)要注意:(1)文章必須要點(diǎn)齊全,層次清楚。首先要寫(xiě)出演講的主題:同學(xué)間難得的友誼;其次,要對(duì)提示信息中的要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納與闡述,指出同學(xué)間的關(guān)系與同事間的關(guān)系的區(qū)別;最后,談對(duì)同學(xué)間友誼的展望。(2)適當(dāng)潤(rùn)色??刹捎靡恍?fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu),如定語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句以及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式等;過(guò)渡時(shí)可適當(dāng)?shù)夭捎靡恍┻B接成分,如once, but等。(3)文章的時(shí)態(tài)要以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和將來(lái)
7、時(shí)為主。參考范文:My dear classmates,As this special moment, I would like to say something to you all.As we all know, the friendship among classmates is the purest. Once we get to work, the relation you establish with others is more complicated because of the existence of interests. You can unlock your heart
8、 to your classmates especially those who you get on well with, but it will be hard for you to do that to your colleagues. In the future, we may go to different places to work or study and have little contact. But when we come across one another one day, we can still have a great sense of familiarity
9、 and kindness.Lets treasure our friendship forever!2. 圖畫(huà)、圖表類(lèi)作文命題人將寫(xiě)作任務(wù)隱含在一幅或者多幅圖畫(huà)中,或者將信息用圖表或者表格的形式呈現(xiàn)。要求考生通過(guò)觀察圖表確定寫(xiě)作方向。較提綱式作文,這類(lèi)書(shū)面表達(dá)在審題上加大了難度。但通常遵循下面的原則:一方面要圖表要點(diǎn)化、要點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)化、短語(yǔ)句子化以及句子短文化;同時(shí)還要注意要點(diǎn)全面、短語(yǔ)多樣、句子正確以及短文通順連貫。典例:現(xiàn)在父母越來(lái)越重視孩子的教育,然而學(xué)校教育,家長(zhǎng)的言傳身教最為重要。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下面的兩幅圖寫(xiě)一篇文章。要求:1. 適當(dāng)發(fā)揮,表達(dá)自己的感受和看法;2. 詞數(shù)不少于100;3. 標(biāo)
10、題已經(jīng)給出。A Mothers Mistake 思路點(diǎn)撥:寫(xiě)此篇書(shū)面表達(dá)時(shí)應(yīng)該注意:1. 確定人稱(chēng)和時(shí)態(tài):一般采用第一人稱(chēng),如果是以講故事的形式來(lái)寫(xiě),則采用第三人稱(chēng)。不過(guò)不管用哪種人稱(chēng),全文都必須一致,同時(shí)也要根據(jù)內(nèi)容確定文章的時(shí)態(tài)。2. 聯(lián)想合理、適度。這類(lèi)文章一般都要求作適度的聯(lián)想,但一這下要根據(jù)圖畫(huà)內(nèi)容合情合理的發(fā)揮。3. 虛實(shí)結(jié)合,詳略得當(dāng)。對(duì)于圖畫(huà)中的內(nèi)容,該詳細(xì)描寫(xiě)的,就必須要詳細(xì)、具體,可一筆帶過(guò)的就一筆帶過(guò)。比如圖畫(huà)中與內(nèi)容緊密相關(guān)的時(shí)間、數(shù)字或?qū)υ?huà)內(nèi)容一般應(yīng)在文章中表達(dá)清楚。4. 最后,要特別注意一上結(jié)表達(dá)自己情感和結(jié)論性的語(yǔ)句是必不可少的。參考范文:A Mothers Mi
11、stakeThe two pictures tell us story. One day, on the bus a little girl wanted to tell a man a thief was stealing his wallet, but her mother stopped her and said,“Dont do that, otherwise the thief will beat you.”A few days later, the mother was shocked at finding that her purse was gone. At this mome
12、nt, the girl said,“I saw a thief steal it, but I was afraid of being beaten by the thief. So I didnt dare to tell you.”I think the mother made a big mistake. We can see that the little girl is upright and willing to help others. Its a pity that her mother didnt encourage her to do so. There is no do
13、ubt that parents should set a good example to their children and tell them that its everyones duty to help others when they are in trouble.典例:假如你是某校學(xué)生,2011年暑假,你就老百姓普遍關(guān)心的民生問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了一次問(wèn)卷調(diào)查,下面是這次問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的結(jié)果。請(qǐng)據(jù)此寫(xiě)一篇調(diào)查報(bào)告。要點(diǎn):1. 調(diào)查時(shí)間、調(diào)查的問(wèn)題;2. 最滿(mǎn)意的方面(教育)及其原因(大部分學(xué)校讓學(xué)生免費(fèi)入學(xué),部分學(xué)校甚至提供免費(fèi)午餐);3. 最不滿(mǎn)意的方面(就業(yè))及其原因(金融危機(jī)的影響);4.
14、人們對(duì)物價(jià)的滿(mǎn)意程度及看法(房?jī)r(jià)太高,大部分人買(mǎi)不起房);5. 你對(duì)政府在民生問(wèn)題方面所做工作的評(píng)價(jià)。注意:詞數(shù)100左右。參考詞匯:民生peoples livelihood思路點(diǎn)撥:寫(xiě)作時(shí),首先要把所給出的信息進(jìn)行整合,形成需要表達(dá)的意思。然后每一層意思用相應(yīng)的句子來(lái)表達(dá)。寫(xiě)作時(shí)要在保證表意準(zhǔn)確的前提下,適當(dāng)?shù)囟嗍褂靡恍┰~組(conduct a survey, according to, supply sb. with sth., make great efforts)和習(xí)語(yǔ)來(lái)增加文采,增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)句的表現(xiàn)力;另外如果遇到同一意義需要多處表達(dá)時(shí),用短語(yǔ)替換單詞也是有效的方法。參考范文:During
15、 the summer holiday, I conducted a survey on the peoples livelihood in my hometown. According to the questionnaire, most people express the satisfaction with education, because most pupils neednt pay the education fees, and some students are even supplied with free lunch at school. While only 40 of
16、them are satisfied with the goods prices because houses are so expensive in the city that families with low incomes cant afford to buy one. Employment gets the lowest satisfaction rateonly 30, which is affected by the global financial crisis.In a word, the government has been making great efforts to
17、 improve the peoples livelihood, but some work remains to be done.3. 開(kāi)放、半開(kāi)放類(lèi)作文開(kāi)放類(lèi)作文包括開(kāi)放和半開(kāi)放兩種。開(kāi)放類(lèi)如2009年的北京卷和江西卷。而其他省市目前大多采用半開(kāi)放類(lèi)型。它要求考生根據(jù)一定的材料(包括圖、文或圖文結(jié)合)進(jìn)行作文,這樣既限制了考生隨心所欲的思維,又給予考生適當(dāng)?shù)陌l(fā)揮空間。這種命題方式能較好地考查考生的語(yǔ)言組織能力、書(shū)面表達(dá)能力以及思維能力。典例:請(qǐng)根據(jù)下面的一幅漫畫(huà)父與子,寫(xiě)一篇100詞左右的文章。注意:1. 抓住對(duì)話(huà)的中心思想進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作,內(nèi)容可以適當(dāng)發(fā)揮;2. 標(biāo)題已經(jīng)給出。The Gap b
18、etween Children and Parents 思路點(diǎn)撥:這是一篇開(kāi)放式作文。題目?jī)H提供了一幅漫畫(huà),只要考生能夠根據(jù)漫畫(huà)的內(nèi)容充分地發(fā)揮自己的想象力,寫(xiě)出能體現(xiàn)漫畫(huà)所提供的信息即可。此篇文章可以這樣構(gòu)思:(1)觀察漫畫(huà)的內(nèi)容:父親和兒子的談話(huà)。注意不要對(duì)漢語(yǔ)提示直接進(jìn)行翻譯。(2)文章可以分為三段來(lái)寫(xiě):第一段點(diǎn)明漫畫(huà)的內(nèi)容,并對(duì)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行合理的聯(lián)想;第二段可以由漫畫(huà)聯(lián)想到生活實(shí)際;第三段發(fā)表自己的看法。(3)注意在表達(dá)上盡可能多地采用一些復(fù)雜的句型。參考范文:The Gap between Children and ParentsAfter seeing the picture, I c
19、ouldnt help laughing. This father takes a song for something to drink. From this, we can learn that there is a big difference between them, which is called the generation gap.We know that young people have many chances to choose their own ways of life in the modern society. They are interested in ne
20、w things, such as pop music, the Internet, foreign movies and so on, while their parents are conservative and dont like these.In my opinion, parents should pay more attention to their childrens lives and try to find something in common with their children if they want to understand them better.三、寫(xiě)作體
21、裁書(shū)面表達(dá)按體裁可以分為記敘文、說(shuō)明文、議論文和應(yīng)用文四種類(lèi)型,其中應(yīng)用文在近年的高考中涉及的比較多,如書(shū)信、演講稿、留言條、電子郵件、新聞報(bào)道等。對(duì)此我們要給予足夠的注意。1. 記敘文英語(yǔ)記敘文是以敘述人物的經(jīng)歷或事物發(fā)展變化的過(guò)程為主的一種文體。一般要求考生根據(jù)試卷中提供的情景,組織語(yǔ)言材料,編寫(xiě)成文。它主要是記人敘事,用來(lái)說(shuō)明事件的時(shí)間、背景、起因、過(guò)程及結(jié)果等,即我們通常所說(shuō)的五個(gè)“W”(what, who, when, where, why)和一個(gè)“H”(how)。記敘文通常是按照事情發(fā)展的先后順序來(lái)表達(dá)內(nèi)容的。記敘文的重點(diǎn)在于“述說(shuō)”和“描寫(xiě)”,因此一篇好的記敘文要敘述條理清楚,描
22、寫(xiě)生動(dòng)形象。在記敘文體的高考書(shū)面表達(dá)中,命題形式主要是提綱式或圖表式。通常要求考生以第一人稱(chēng)或第三人稱(chēng)來(lái)寫(xiě)作,第一人稱(chēng)主要是寫(xiě)自己的經(jīng)歷,第三人稱(chēng)主要是寫(xiě)他人的經(jīng)歷或事跡。由于記敘文敘述的事情通常發(fā)生在過(guò)去,因而,其時(shí)態(tài)主要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。記敘文特點(diǎn):(1)敘述的人稱(chēng)。英語(yǔ)的記敘文一般是以第一或第三人稱(chēng)的角度來(lái)敘述的。例如:The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that
23、 I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it.(作者以當(dāng)事人的口吻,即第一人稱(chēng)來(lái)敘述,把文段中的事民用工業(yè)以“我”的所見(jiàn)所聞的形式告訴讀者,用主觀的表現(xiàn)手法,給讀者一種親切自然的感覺(jué),如同親身經(jīng)歷一樣,加強(qiáng)了事件的可信性,直接抒發(fā)作者的思想情感,從而引起讀者的共鳴。)Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella. for it was raining hard. On the way, he saw a
24、n old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short. What could he do? Then he had a good idea.(作者從旁觀者的角度來(lái)敘述事件,以客觀的寫(xiě)作方法,充分反映事件中各人的感受及見(jiàn)解,以全知的視角來(lái)敘述,文章的客觀性很強(qiáng)。)(2)敘述的內(nèi)容。在記敘文中,記和敘都離不開(kāi)動(dòng)詞。所以動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)率最高,且富于變化。記敘文中用得最
25、多的是動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式,這是英語(yǔ)記敘文區(qū)別于漢語(yǔ)記敘文的關(guān)鍵之處。英語(yǔ)記敘文寫(xiě)作的優(yōu)美之處就在于這些動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的變化,正是這一點(diǎn)才使得所記、所敘有鮮活的動(dòng)態(tài)感、鮮明的層次感和立體感。應(yīng)注意文章一般多采用一般過(guò)去時(shí),交代清楚事情的始末及細(xì)節(jié)(五個(gè)“W”和一個(gè)“H”),注意事件和人物描述的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。(3)敘述的方法和順序。一般敘述的線(xiàn)索可分為以下幾種:以時(shí)間為線(xiàn)索,按時(shí)間的順序展開(kāi);以地點(diǎn)為線(xiàn)索,以地點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移為順序來(lái)展開(kāi);以事件發(fā)展的過(guò)程為線(xiàn)索,或以人物出現(xiàn)的先后次序來(lái)展開(kāi),以人物的思想行為及認(rèn)知的過(guò)程為繞過(guò)來(lái)展開(kāi)。同時(shí)記敘一件事要有一定的順序。順敘最容易操作,較容易給讀者提供有關(guān)事情的空間和時(shí)間線(xiàn)索。但
26、這種方法也容易使文章顯得平鋪直敘,讀起來(lái)平淡乏味。倒敘、插敘、補(bǔ)敘等敘述方法能有效地提高文章的結(jié)構(gòu)效果,讓所敘之事跌宕起伏,使讀者在閱讀時(shí)思維產(chǎn)生較大的跳躍,從而為文章所吸引,深入其中。但這些方法如果使用不當(dāng),則容易弄巧成拙,使文章結(jié)構(gòu)散亂,頭緒不清,讓讀者不知所云。(4)敘述的過(guò)渡。過(guò)渡在上下文中起著承上啟下、融會(huì)貫通的作用。過(guò)渡往往用在地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移或時(shí)間、事件轉(zhuǎn)換以及由概括說(shuō)明到具體敘述中。例如:In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things. Apart from doing my homework, reading an English novel
27、, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao. It is really a beautiful city. There are many places of interest to see. But what impressed me most was the sunrise.The next morning I got up early. I was very happy because it was a fine day. By the time I got to the beach, the cl
28、ouds on the horizon were turning red. In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing. The sun was very red, not shining. It rose slowly. At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball. At the same time the clouds and the sea water beca
29、me red and bright.What a moving and unforgettable scene!(5)敘述與對(duì)話(huà)。引用故事情節(jié)中主要人物的對(duì)話(huà)是提高記敘文表現(xiàn)力的一種好方法。適當(dāng)?shù)赜弥苯右Z(yǔ)代替間接的主觀敘述,可以客觀生動(dòng)地反映人物的性格、品質(zhì)和心理狀態(tài),使記敘生動(dòng)、有趣,使文章內(nèi)容更加充實(shí)、具體。試比較下面兩段的敘述效果:I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front. I thought maybe someone was knoc
30、king at the door. I asked who it was but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor. I realized it was the cat. I felt released.這本來(lái)應(yīng)是一段故事性很強(qiáng)的文字,但經(jīng)作者這么一寫(xiě),就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是敘述模式,沒(méi)有人物語(yǔ)言,把“懸念”給沖淡了。可作如下調(diào)整:I was in the kitchen cooking something.“Crash!”A loud noise came from th
31、e front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked,“Who?”No reply. After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor.“Its you.”I said, quite released.2. 說(shuō)明文說(shuō)明文是以說(shuō)明為主要表達(dá)方式,用簡(jiǎn)潔明了的語(yǔ)言來(lái)解釋說(shuō)明事物,闡明事理,從而給讀者提供知識(shí)的一種文體。在高考書(shū)面表達(dá)中,其主要命題形式為圖表式作文,有時(shí)也以圖畫(huà)式和提綱式作文來(lái)呈現(xiàn)寫(xiě)作材料。它要求語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)明扼要,通俗易懂,說(shuō)明了過(guò)程講究層次性和條理性。這種文體通常
32、用第三人稱(chēng),時(shí)態(tài)以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主。說(shuō)明文的寫(xiě)作相對(duì)于議論文來(lái)說(shuō),有一定的套路可循,因此不是十分復(fù)雜。例如說(shuō)明“現(xiàn)象”的文章,可以用下列模板:第一段Recently , what amazes us most is , it is true that .There are many reasons explaining . The main reason is .第二段What is more, . Thirdly, . As a result, . Considering all three, .For one thing, ;for another, . In conclusion, .此外
33、,說(shuō)明文的寫(xiě)作應(yīng)該注意的事項(xiàng)有下面幾點(diǎn):(1)語(yǔ)言謝意明扼要,通俗易懂,避免夸張華麗的辭藻,要把真實(shí)的一面展現(xiàn)在讀者面前。(2)說(shuō)明時(shí)一定要把握一個(gè)中心主題。說(shuō)明文中細(xì)枝末節(jié)較多,但不能喧賓奪主。(3)說(shuō)明的次序非常重要。合理的次序會(huì)使文章條理清楚,脈絡(luò)明晰。因此,練習(xí)時(shí)可以嘗試不同的次序進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作,找出最合理的一種。(4)由于說(shuō)明文寫(xiě)實(shí)性較強(qiáng),有時(shí)難免會(huì)讓人感到?jīng)]有生氣。因此,可以適當(dāng)使用一些比喻、擬人等修辭手段,來(lái)增加文章的色彩。典例:根據(jù)以下圖畫(huà),寫(xiě)一篇英語(yǔ)短文,描述今昔通訊方式的變化,以及這些變化給人們生活帶來(lái)的影響。注意:1. 今昔對(duì)比,要點(diǎn)齊全。 2. 參考詞匯:通訊communic
34、ation n. (與某人)聯(lián)絡(luò)communicate(with sb.)vi. 互聯(lián)網(wǎng) the Internet n.思路點(diǎn)撥:從材料的呈現(xiàn)方式(兩幅圖對(duì)比)及材料所提供的要求“描述變化及影響”可知,本文應(yīng)該用說(shuō)明文體來(lái)寫(xiě)作。時(shí)態(tài)的把握是本文的一大難點(diǎn),一般情況下,說(shuō)明文應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),但本文描述的是今昔通訊方式的變化,所以在描寫(xiě)過(guò)去通訊方式的時(shí)候要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:In the past, people kept in touch with each other mainly by writing letters or using the public telephone. 及It us
35、ed to take several days to hear from each other。在描寫(xiě)過(guò)去發(fā)生動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),例如本文的起始句可用“Great changes have taken place in the way of communication in peoples life in recent years.”及講述影響的過(guò)渡句“With these changes, peoples pace of life has been quickened and peoples work has been made more efficient.”。
36、相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō),本文用第三人稱(chēng)容易把握。參考范文:Great changes have taken place in the way of communication in peoples life in recent years.In the past, people kept in touch with each other mainly by writing letters or using the public telephone. But now almost everyone has his own mobile phone. People can communicate with ea
37、ch other almost at any place and at any time. Whats more, people have easy access to the Internet, which enables them to send and receive e-mails whenever they like. With these changes, peoples pace of life has been quickened and peoples work has been made more efficient. It used to take several day
38、s to hear from each other, but now it takes only several minutes, even if they are in two different continents.In a word, people have an easier life nowadays.3. 議論文議論文是作者對(duì)某個(gè)問(wèn)題或某件事進(jìn)行分析、評(píng)論,表明自己的觀點(diǎn)、立場(chǎng)、態(tài)度、看法和主張的一種文體。議論文往往結(jié)合社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)話(huà)題。議論文的寫(xiě)作觀點(diǎn)鮮明,層次分明,即一個(gè)中心論點(diǎn)通常有幾個(gè)分論點(diǎn)支持,不同層次之間要分明,過(guò)渡清晰自然。最后一段總結(jié),得出結(jié)論。多使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。語(yǔ)言
39、應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)潔有力,一般不采用口語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)一般較為固定,通常包括以下三部分:(1)引言(introduction)。由于英語(yǔ)作文受時(shí)間、詞數(shù)的限制。因此,審清題意之后在引言段中作者就必須簡(jiǎn)單解釋要討論的問(wèn)題,并明白地亮出自己的觀點(diǎn),如提倡什么、支持什么、反對(duì)什么。(2)主體段(main body)。主體段是議論的過(guò)程,作者必須有足夠的證據(jù)(adequate proofs)來(lái)論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。一般可提出一個(gè)或兩個(gè)論據(jù),并對(duì)此用一兩句話(huà)分別進(jìn)行闡述。(3)結(jié)論(conclusion)。結(jié)論段可以用一兩句話(huà)來(lái)結(jié)束文章。同時(shí)要注意與引言段呼應(yīng),但不能照搬前面的原話(huà)。常見(jiàn)高考話(huà)題可以分為下面3種模板:(
40、1)看圖(表)作文通過(guò)閱讀圖表中的數(shù)字與項(xiàng)目得出一個(gè)結(jié)論或形成一種看法。圖表類(lèi)作文有其較為固定的表達(dá)方式和使用頻率較高的詞匯以及寫(xiě)作套用模板。表示數(shù)據(jù)變化的單詞或短語(yǔ)in the case of(在的情況下);in terms of(在方面);increase/raise/rise/go up(增加);decrease/grow down/drop/fall(減少);increased by(增長(zhǎng)了);increased to(增長(zhǎng)到);the number sharply goes up to(數(shù)學(xué)急劇上升至)significant(重大的),steady(平穩(wěn)的),gradual(逐漸的)
41、,slow(慢慢的),stable(穩(wěn)定的),rapid(快速的)表示從圖表得知的信息的句型The table/chart/graph shows that(這個(gè)圖表告訴我們)According to the table/chart/graph, we can see that(根據(jù)圖表,我們可以看出)It can be concluded from the graph that(從圖表中可以得出結(jié)論)The table shows the changes in the number of over the period from to(該表格描述了在期間數(shù)量的變化)We can see fr
42、om the chart thatAs can be seen from the chartAs is shown in the chartAccording to the figures given in the picture圖表類(lèi)作文的結(jié)構(gòu)通常是三段式第一段分析圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)變化及其反映出的問(wèn)題或趨勢(shì),簡(jiǎn)要概述圖表所提示的信息;第二段分析原因;第三段提出解決問(wèn)題的辦法或建議。例如:Studying the table carefully, we can see(仔細(xì)研讀表格,我們可以看出);In my opinion, the reasons why are as follows. Fir
43、stly Secondly Thirdly(在我看來(lái),的原因在于以下幾點(diǎn):第一第二第三);To sum up(總而言之)可套用下列模板:第一段As is shown by the figure in the table, (題目?jī)?nèi)容)has been on rise/decrease from (數(shù)據(jù))in (時(shí)間)to (數(shù)據(jù))in (時(shí)間).第二段There are at least two reasons accounting for . On the one hand, . On the other hand, . Maybe there are some other reasons
44、to show (題目?jī)?nèi)容),but it is generally believed that the above-mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.第三段From my point of view, I think . The reason is that .(第三段也可能是你解決問(wèn)題的辦法)寫(xiě)作時(shí)注意直截了當(dāng)、盡快入題,適當(dāng)加入自己的議論,力爭(zhēng)做到觀點(diǎn)明確,不要拐彎抹角,拖泥帶水,使人讀后一頭霧水。典例:中學(xué)生的心理健康狀況越來(lái)越引起人們的關(guān)注。下面這個(gè)條形圖(bar chart)顯示了你們學(xué)校的社會(huì)團(tuán)對(duì)你所在城市不同年齡段孩子的心理健康
45、狀況所進(jìn)行的調(diào)查情況。The percentage of students having psychological problemsage group請(qǐng)根據(jù)上圖信息,以“Psychological problems of children”為題,用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇短文。要求如下:1. 簡(jiǎn)要描述圖中信息;2. 說(shuō)明原因(如學(xué)業(yè)上的壓力、缺乏正確的引導(dǎo)等);3. 談?wù)勀愕目捶āW⒁猓?. 詞數(shù)100120;2. 開(kāi)頭已給出,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。Psychological problems of childrenThe bar chart shows what we have found out about
46、psychological problems of children. 思路點(diǎn)撥:這是一篇條形圖的書(shū)面表達(dá)素材,文章開(kāi)頭已經(jīng)給出。從寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)看,首先要看懂條形圖所包含的信息,但不能逐一敘述圖中的內(nèi)容,而是要將這些信息進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的歸納和對(duì)比,這是本文寫(xiě)作的第一步。寫(xiě)作時(shí)使用第三人稱(chēng)和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)進(jìn)行敘述。圖中顯示的是四個(gè)年齡組的孩子存在心理問(wèn)題的百分比。從寫(xiě)作素材看,本篇寫(xiě)作包括三個(gè)要點(diǎn):1. 圖表闡述的事實(shí):隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),青少年出現(xiàn)心理問(wèn)題的比例越來(lái)越高。2. 原因:引起這一現(xiàn)象的原因很多,首先是隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)壓力越來(lái)越大,當(dāng)他們沒(méi)有得到足夠的正確引導(dǎo)時(shí),就會(huì)出現(xiàn)心理問(wèn)題。同時(shí),可以
47、進(jìn)行適當(dāng)拓展:還有很多其他問(wèn)題也會(huì)造成他們的心理問(wèn)題。3. “我”的看法:青少年的心理問(wèn)題應(yīng)該引起足夠的重視,這樣他們才能健康成長(zhǎng)。參考范文:Psychological problems of childrenThe bar chart shows what we have found out about psychological problems of children. We can see from the chart that more and more students have psychological problems as they become older. For ex
48、ample, only about 10% of children aged 5 to 6 may have psychological problems, while the figure has shot up to about 60% when they reach the age of 17 to 19.In my opinion, many reasons may contribute to the sharp increase, For one thing, as the children grow older, more and more pressure is put in t
49、heir studies. If they dont have enough instructions from their teachers or parents, the pressure may lead to psychological problems.To solve this problem, teachers and parents should pay enough attention to it. Besides, the students themselves should seek proper ways to let out their pressure before
50、 it becomes too serious.(2)“一分為二”的觀點(diǎn)從兩方面去分析一個(gè)問(wèn)題,然后闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)。例如:關(guān)于廣告(about advertisements)。第一段Nowadays more and more people/plays and important part in/like everything else, has/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects/both advantages and disadvantages. Generally, the favorable aspects/advantages ca
51、n be listed as follows.第二段FirstlySecondlyIn addition/Whats more第三段Every coin has two sides. The negative aspects/disadvantages are also apparent/obvious. To begin with; To make matters worse;Worst of all第四段Through the above analysis/All things considered, we can see that the positive aspects/advanta
52、ges outweigh the negative ones/disadvantages. Therefore典例:假如你叫李華,是一位高中生。隨著科技的發(fā)展,iPod已成為中學(xué)生的新寵。用iPod既可聽(tīng)音樂(lè),閱讀純文本電子書(shū),又可玩電子游戲。請(qǐng)你用英語(yǔ)給某英語(yǔ)報(bào)社寫(xiě)一封信,談?wù)勚袑W(xué)生使用iPod的情況。信的內(nèi)容須包括以下幾點(diǎn): 1. 使用iPod對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的好處;2. 對(duì)課堂紀(jì)律和學(xué)習(xí)可能產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面影響;3. 提出自己的建議并說(shuō)明理由。注意:1. 詞數(shù)不少于100;2. 信的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已給出,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。Dear Editor,Im a senior high school student,
53、named Li Hua. Yours sincerely, Li Hua思路點(diǎn)撥:這是一篇文字信息類(lèi)議論文,表達(dá)“一分為二”的觀點(diǎn)。此類(lèi)作文應(yīng)首先說(shuō)明現(xiàn)象,再列出兩種不同的觀點(diǎn)及理由,然后闡明個(gè)人建議及理由。使用iPod好處提示中已列出,而對(duì)課堂紀(jì)律和學(xué)習(xí)可能產(chǎn)生的影響,以及個(gè)人的建議和理由均要求考生自由發(fā)揮,因此這又屬一篇半開(kāi)放作文。參考范文:Dear Editor,Im a senior high school student, named Li Hua. Now many students have iPods and think its a fashion to use them. Using an iPod, we can listen to music, downloa
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