學術(shù)英語（一）unit 1 重點詞匯

1、編輯pptDiscuss the words meaningExercise 1Exercise 2Exercise 3編輯pptDiscuss the words meaningwidespread: _ _Malnutrition in the region is widespreadaffecting up to 70% of children under 5 years old.existing or happening in many places or among many peopleRead the sentences below and use context to writ

2、e the definitions of the underlined words. One word has been done for you.e.g.編輯pptwithhold: _ During the trial, the prosecution was accused of withholding crucial evidence from the defense.hold back; refuse to hand over or give If you withhold something that someone wants, you do not let them have

3、it.e.g.The withholding of property from the market may cause prices to be higher than normal. (捂盤可能導(dǎo)致房價過高。)Police withheld the dead boys name yesterday until relatives could be told. (警方昨天拒絕在通知親屬前透露死亡男孩的姓名。)Discuss the words meaning編輯ppt condemn: _ The film was condemned by some critics for its raci

4、al prejudice.If you condemn something, you say that it is very bad and unacceptable.e.g.Political leaders united yesterday to condemn the latest wave of violence. (政界領(lǐng)袖昨日聯(lián)合起來對最近激增的暴力事件予以譴責。)It is a document that condemns sexism as a moral and social evil. (這是一份把性別歧視視作道德和社會弊端予以譴責的文件。)to criticize str

5、ongly, usually for moral reasons Discuss the words meaning編輯pptaddress: _ This is a book on environment protection, but in which the problem of the alternative energy sources hasnt been addressed.to give attention to or deal with a matter or problemDiscuss the words meaningIf you address a problem o

6、r task or if you address yourself to it, you try to understand it or deal with it. e.g.You should seek to address those fears when you speak at the meeting. (在會上講話時你應(yīng)該盡量消除恐懼。)Throughout the book we have addressed ourselves to the problem of ethics. (整本書中我們都在探討倫理觀的問題。)more編輯pptaddressn. （收件人的）稱呼和地址；

7、演講； 談吐；獻殷勤vt. 忙于,專注于； 講演； 處理； 在寫姓名地址 We require details of your name and address. Applications should be addressed to the business affairs editor. He is due to address a conference on human rights next week. The prime minister delivered the keynote address at the conference. I heard him address her

8、as darling. The next meeting will address the problem of truancy.Now define “address” in each of the following sentences.編輯pptprevalence:_ The prevalence of drugs in the city is alarming, which has led to disease and poverty. the quality of existing very commonly or happening frequently Discuss the

9、words meaning流行；流行； 盛行；盛行； 普遍；普遍； （疾病等的）流行程度（疾病等的）流行程度 e.g.They were very surprised by the prevalence of asthma in Britain and western Europe. (他們對英國和西歐哮喘的流行感到很吃驚。) prevalent adj.Smoking is becoming increasingly prevalent among younger women. (抽煙在年輕女性中變得越來越常見。)編輯ppt submit: _ They submitted their re

10、ports to the Chancellor yesterday but got no reply yet.hand over formally Discuss the words meaning If you submit a proposal, report, or request to someone, you formally send it to them so that they can consider it or decide about it.e.g.They submitted their reports to the president yesterday. (他們昨天

11、向總統(tǒng)遞交了報告。) The employees yesterday submitted a claim for a 9 per cent pay rise. （雇員們昨天提交了一份要求加薪 9%的聲明。）編輯ppt6. ensure:_ Please ensure that all the lights are switched off at night.make sure, guarantee; make certain Discuss the words meaningTo ensure something, or to ensure that something happens, me

12、ans to make certain that it happens. 保證保證;確保確保;擔保擔保 e.g.Before traveling, we must ensure the availability of food and water. (旅行前，我們必須確保能夠買到食物和水。) We must ensure our children against contamination by bad ideas. （我們必須保護我們的兒童不受壞思想的侵蝕。）more編輯pptTo ensure something, or to ensure that something happens,

13、means to make certain that it happens. 保證; 確保; 擔保 If you assure someone that something is true or will happen, you often make them less worried. 向保證；使確信；使放心Compare ensure and assureExercise: Fill in the blank with ensure or assure.1. I _ you that she can be trusted to do the job.2. The factory must

14、_ that all the waste is properly and safely disposed of.assureensure編輯ppt7. overwhelming:_ The overwhelming majority of those present are in favour of the plan. What we need to do next is to carry it out. too great to rest or overcome, very great Discuss the words meaningIf something is overwhelming

15、, it affects you very strongly. Or you can use overwhelming to emphasize that an amount or quantity is much greater than other amounts or quantities. 極強烈的；勢不可擋的；極強烈的；勢不可擋的；（數(shù)量）巨大的，壓倒性的（數(shù)量）巨大的，壓倒性的e.g. She felt an overwhelming desire to have another child. (她一心想再生一個孩子。) The vote was overwhelming 283

16、in favour, and only twenty-nine against. (投票的結(jié)果是壓倒性的283票支持，只有29票反對。)編輯ppt8.conducive:_ The soft lights and music were conducive to a relaxed atmosphere.making it easy, possible or likely for something to happen Discuss the words meaningIf one thing is conducive to another thing, it makes the other t

17、hing likely to happen 有助有助(于于)的的; 有益有益(于于)的的 e.g.Make your bedroom as conducive to sleep as possible. 盡量把臥室布置得適宜睡眠。This is a more conducive atmosphere for studying. 這樣的氛圍更有利于學習。編輯ppt9. inevitable:_ If the case succeeds, it is inevitable that other trials will follow. that you cannot avoid or prevent

18、 Discuss the words meaningadj. 不可避免的；不可避免的； 必然發(fā)生的必然發(fā)生的e.g.Economic crisis is the inevitable outcome of the capitalist system. (經(jīng)濟危機是資本主義制度的必然結(jié)果。)同義詞同義詞(synonym)： unavoidable編輯ppt10. potential:_ As you are law majors, you are potential lawyers or judges. that may or can come into existence; possible

19、Discuss the words meaningYou use potential (adj. ) to say that someone or something is capable of developing into the particular kind of person or thing mentioned.潛在潛在的；可能的的；可能的 e.g. The firm has identified 60 potential customers at home and abroad. (該公司已在國內(nèi)外找到60個潛在客戶。)If you say that someone or som

20、ething has potential (n. ), you mean that they have the necessary abilities or qualities to become successful or useful in the future. 潛力；潛質(zhì)潛力；潛質(zhì) e.g. The school strives to help each student to achieve their full potential. (學校力求幫助每一個學生充分發(fā)揮其潛力)編輯ppt11.preeminent:_ Dickens was preeminent among Englis

21、h writers of his day. He is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period. more important, more successful or of a higher standard than other Discuss the words meaning adj. 卓越的，杰出的，超群的 e.g.A preeminent actor can bring a fictional character to life. 一個優(yōu)秀的演員能把虛擬的人物演得有聲有色。編輯ppt12.

22、insight:_ Shakespeare was a playwright of great insight into human nature. the ability to see and understand the truth about people or situations Discuss the words meaningIf you gain insight or an insight (n.) into a complex situation or problem, you gain an accurate and deep understanding of it. 洞察

23、力，洞悉； 直覺，眼光； 領(lǐng)悟e.g.The project would give scientists new insights into what is happening to the earths atmosphere. (該項目將使科學家對地球大氣層的狀況有更新的深入了解。) She is a woman of great insight. （她是一個有見解的女人。）編輯ppt13. distinct:_ Although the twins look similar, their characters are actually quite distinct. different i

24、n kind, separate Discuss the words meaningIf something is distinct from something else of the same type, it is different or separate from it. 有區(qū)別的有區(qū)別的; 不同的不同的e.g. Engineering and technology are disciplines distinct from one another. (工程學有別于工藝學。)If an idea, thought, or intention is distinct, it is cl

25、ear and definite.確定無確定無疑的疑的; 清楚的清楚的 e.g. Now that her father was no longer present, there was a distinct change in her attitude. （由于父親不在場了，她的態(tài)度有了明顯的轉(zhuǎn)變。）編輯ppt14. pervade:_ _ Her novels are pervaded by sadness and pessimism. I prefer to read some comedies. to spread through and be noticeable in every

26、part of something Discuss the words meaningIf something pervades a place or thing, it is a noticeable feature throughout it. 貫穿；彌漫；滲透貫穿；彌漫；滲透 e.g.Science and technology have come to pervade every aspect of our lives. (科學和技術(shù)已經(jīng)滲透到我們生活的每一個方面。)編輯ppt15. sanction:_ _ The authorities now have an effective

27、sanction against the killing of whales. This is one of the actions of the government to protect the marine animals. a course of action that can be used, if necessary, to make people obey a law or behave in a particular wayDiscuss the words meaningA sanction is a severe course of action which is inte

28、nded to make people obey instructions, customs, or laws. 處罰處罰; 制裁制裁; 懲罰懲罰 e.g.Prison is the best sanction against a crime like this. (為遏止這類罪行，監(jiān)禁手段是上策。)編輯ppt16. universally:_ It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a large fortune must be in want of a wife.by everyon

29、e; everywhere or in every situation Discuss the words meaninguniversal adj. 普遍的；全體的普遍的；全體的 Something that is universal relates to everyone in the world or everyone in a particular group or society. e.g.The desire to look attractive is universal. 愛美之心，人皆有之。編輯ppt17. approach: _ _ It is no use crying o

30、ver spilt milk. What we should think about is how to approach the problem. to start dealing with a problem, task, etc. in a particular way Discuss the words meaningWhen you approach (v.) a task, problem, or situation in a particular way, you deal with it or think about it in that way. 探討；處理；對待 e.g.

31、Employers are interested in how you approach problems. (雇主們對你如何處理問題感興趣。)Your approach (n. ) to a task, problem, or situation is the way you deal with it or think about it. 方法方法; 態(tài)度態(tài)度; 手段手段 e.g. The high school adjusted its teaching approach and cancelled its departmental system. （他們高中調(diào)整了教學方法，取消了“文理分

32、科”。）編輯ppt18. assume:_ _ If you assume that something is true, you imagine that it is true, sometimes wrongly. to think or accept that something is true but without having proof of it Discuss the words meaningIf you assume that something is true, you imagine that it is true, sometimes wrongly. 假定假定;以

33、為以為;假設(shè)假設(shè) e.g.If the package is wrapped well, we assume the contents are also wonderful.如果包裝精美，我們就會認為里面裝的也是好東西。編輯ppt19. subscribe:_ I heartily subscribe to the states resolution and will try my best to work for it. to agree with or support an opinion, a theory, etc. Discuss the words meaningIf you su

34、bscribe to an opinion or belief, you are one of a number of people who have this opinion or belief. 同意; 贊成 e.g.Ive personally never subscribed to the view that either sex is superior to the other. 我個人從來都不同意性別有優(yōu)劣之分的觀點。編輯ppt20. infraction:_ I got a traffic ticket for crossing a red light. Motorists co

35、mmitting this infraction are heavily fined. an act of breaking a rule or law Discuss the words meaningn. （對規(guī)則、法律等的）違背； 違犯； 犯規(guī)； 違法e.g.An infraction is the least serious offense and generally is punishable by a fine. 違反是最輕的犯罪行為,懲罰措施通常是處以罰金.編輯ppt21. precedence: _ In the royal family, the elder son has

36、precedence over the younger one in succession to the throne. right to come before sb./ sth. in time, order, rank, etc. Discuss the words meaningIf one thing takes precedence over another, it is regarded as more important than the other thing. 優(yōu)先；優(yōu)先權(quán)優(yōu)先；優(yōu)先權(quán) e.g. Have as much fun as possible at college

37、, but dont let it take precedence over work.在大學要盡情娛樂，但不要把它看得比學習還重要。編輯ppt22. enforce: _ It is better not to make laws at all than poorly enforce them.to make sure that people obey a particular law or rule Discuss the words meaningIf people in authority enforce a law or a rule, they make sure that it

38、is obeyed, usually by punishing people who do not obey it. 強行實施，強強行實施，強制執(zhí)行（法律、規(guī)定等）制執(zhí)行（法律、規(guī)定等） e.g.Until now, the government has only enforced the ban with regard to American ships. 到目前為止，政府僅僅對美國船只實施了禁令enforcement n. The doctors want stricter enforcement of existing laws, such as those banning sales

39、of cigarettes to children. 醫(yī)生們希望加大現(xiàn)行法律的執(zhí)行力度，如禁止向孩童出售香煙。編輯ppt23. flout:_ _ Meanwhile, corruption flourishes, and local officials openly flout environmental laws and regulations. to show that you have no respect for a law, etc. by openly not obeying it Discuss the words meaningIf you flout something s

40、uch as a law, an order, or an accepted way of behaving, you deliberately do not obey it or follow it. 無視，藐視，輕視無視，藐視，輕視(法律等法律等) e.g. No one can flout the rules and get away with it. 誰也不能違反這些規(guī)則而不被處分。編輯ppt24. disregard:_ _ There were more traffic accidents in the past year because safety rules were dis

41、regarded.to not consider something; to treat something as unimportant Discuss the words meaningIf you disregard something, you ignore it or do not take account of it.不理會不理會;不顧不顧;漠視漠視 e.g.Critics say he allowed the police and security forces to disregard human rights. 批評人士說他聽任警察和安全部隊漠視人權(quán)。編輯ppt25. alt

42、ernative: _ _ You can be paid in cash weekly or by cheque monthly; those are the two alternatives. a thing that you can choose to do or have out of two or more possibilities Discuss the words meaning If one thing is an alternative (n. ) to another, the first can be found, used, or done instead of th

43、e second. e.g. The only alternative to being taken prisoner was to die fighting. 除了當俘虜之外，惟一的選擇就是奮戰(zhàn)至死了。An alternative (adj. ) plan or offer is different from the one that you already have, and can be done or used instead.e.g. They had a right to seek alternative employment. 他們有權(quán)另謀高就。編輯ppt26. paradoxi

44、cal: _ It is paradoxical that such a rich country should have so many poor people living in it. seemingly contradictory but nonetheless possibly true Discuss the words meaning If something is paradoxical, it involves two facts or qualities which seem to contradict each other. e.g. We were a team of

45、individuals as paradoxical as that sounds. 我們是一個保持了個體的團隊盡管這聽起來自相矛盾。paradox n. 反論，悖論；反論，悖論； 自相矛盾的人或事自相矛盾的人或事e.g. Although Im so successful Im really rather a failure. Thats a paradox, isnt it? 編輯ppt27. arbitrary:_ _ The coach makes unpredictable, arbitrary decisions. His choice of players for the tea

46、m seems completely arbitrary. not seeming to be based on a reason, system or plan and sometimes seeming unfair Discuss the words meaningIf you describe an action, rule, or decision as arbitrary, you think that it is not based on any principle, plan, or system. It often seems unfair because of this.

47、武斷的武斷的; 任意的任意的; 任性的任性的; 主觀的主觀的 e.g.A good judge does not make arbitrary decisions. 一個優(yōu)秀的法官不會作武斷的判決。編輯ppt28. implicate:_ _ The ministers confession implicated numerous officials in the bribery scandal. to show or suggest that somebody is involved in something bad or criminal Discuss the words meaning

48、vt. 牽涉，涉及（某人）e.g.He was obliged to resign when one of his own aides was implicated in a financial scandal.當他的一位助手牽涉進一起金融丑聞時,他被迫辭職。編輯ppt29.suspension:_ _ The athlete received a two-year suspension following a positive drug test. He couldnt take part in any official games in the next two years. the ac

49、t of officially removing somebody from their job, school, team, etc. for a period of time, usually as a punishment Discuss the words meaningn. 停職停職; 暫時除名暫時除名.e.g. A four-day suspension was imposed on her. 她被勒令停職4天. 編輯ppt30. convict:_ In 1977 he was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonm

50、ent. find or declare guilty Discuss the words meaningIf someone is convicted of a crime, they are found guilty of that crime in a law court. 給定罪;宣判有罪 e.g.There was insufficient evidence to convict him. 沒有足夠證據(jù)給他定罪。a convicted drug dealer 已定罪的毒品販子編輯pptBase formOther related forms in the word familyvio

51、latehesitatetransmitacademymobileviolated, violation, violative, violable, inviolable hesitation, hesitative, hesitating, hesitatinglytransmission, transmitted, transmittingacademic, academically, academics, academiamobilize, mobilized, mobility, mobilization2. Find more words of each word family. T

52、he first one has been done for you.Discuss the words meaning編輯pptBase formOther related forms in the word familysecuredistributeillustratestandardincludeselectdistribution, distributional, distributive, distributor, redistributeillustrated, illustrating, illustration, illustrativestandardize, standa

53、rdized, standardizationincluded, including, inclusive, inclusionselected, selecting, selection, selective, selectively, selectorsecured, securely, security, insecure, insecurityDiscuss the words meaning編輯pptBase formOther related forms in the word familyadequateinstructavailinsistsystemapplyinstruction, instructed, instructing, instructive, instructoravailable, availability, unavailableinsistent, insistently, insistence, insistencysyste