中國(guó)古代四大發(fā)明中英文版

1、The Four Great Inventions of ancient ChinaPapermaking Printing GunpowderCompass 1、PapermakingvWhen the paper appeared? What is to be made of? First paper appeared at Xian in the Western Han Dynasty, and it made by oakum . In 1986, a tomb in Tianshui of Gansu Province unearthed a paper map. According

2、 to appraisal of some experts ，this piece of paper is a plant fiber paper. 最早的紙出現(xiàn)在西漢時(shí)期的西安，是用麻絮來制成的。最早的紙出現(xiàn)在西漢時(shí)期的西安，是用麻絮來制成的。 1986年，在甘肅省天水的一座古墓中年，在甘肅省天水的一座古墓中 出土了一幅紙地圖。經(jīng)專家鑒定，出土了一幅紙地圖。經(jīng)專家鑒定， 認(rèn)為西漢時(shí)期的紙屬于植物纖維紙。認(rèn)為西漢時(shí)期的紙屬于植物纖維紙。PapermakingvWhen it appeared that todays paper experience ? Who invented it? In

3、Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun summarized the experience, improved paper making, so this paper is also known as Marquis Cais paper. 如今的造紙經(jīng)驗(yàn)在什么時(shí)候就出現(xiàn)了？由誰發(fā)明？如今的造紙經(jīng)驗(yàn)在什么時(shí)候就出現(xiàn)了？由誰發(fā)明？ 東漢末年，蔡倫總結(jié)了造紙經(jīng)驗(yàn)，改進(jìn)了造紙法，所以這種紙又稱為東漢末年，蔡倫總結(jié)了造紙經(jīng)驗(yàn)，改進(jìn)了造紙法，所以這種紙又稱為“蔡候蔡候紙紙”。vWhat raw materials used in Eastern Han Dynasty papermak

4、ing ? What is the process? Raw materials - bark, hemp head, rags, old fishing nets Process - Pulping, paper fishing, drying 東漢時(shí)造紙使用什么原料？有什么工序？東漢時(shí)造紙使用什么原料？有什么工序？ 原料原料樹皮、麻頭、破布、舊魚網(wǎng)樹皮、麻頭、破布、舊魚網(wǎng) 工序工序制漿、撈紙、烘干制漿、撈紙、烘干Papermakingvpapermaking propagation 4th century AD, introduced to the Korean, Vietnam. 7th

5、 century, introduced to Japan, the Arab region. 12th century, spread to Europe, Africa. 造紙術(shù)對(duì)外流傳造紙術(shù)對(duì)外流傳 公元公元4世紀(jì)，傳入朝鮮、越南。世紀(jì)，傳入朝鮮、越南。 公元公元7世紀(jì)，傳入日本、阿拉伯地區(qū)。世紀(jì)，傳入日本、阿拉伯地區(qū)。 公元公元12世紀(jì)，傳入歐洲、非洲。世紀(jì)，傳入歐洲、非洲。2、PrintingPrintingvHow is the printing generated? The earliest books are copied by hand, but then it is als

6、o time-consuming and error-prone. Therefore， printing generated . 印刷術(shù)是怎么樣產(chǎn)生的？印刷術(shù)是怎么樣產(chǎn)生的？ 最早的書籍是用手來抄寫的，但是這樣既費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力也容易出錯(cuò)。因此就產(chǎn)生的最早的書籍是用手來抄寫的，但是這樣既費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力也容易出錯(cuò)。因此就產(chǎn)生的印刷術(shù)。印刷術(shù)。vMost original printing - rubbing method. In 4th century AD, people put the paper on the stone rubbing, get some rubbings.This method i

7、s the most original printed methods. 最原始的印刷術(shù)最原始的印刷術(shù)拓印方法。拓印方法。 公元公元4世紀(jì)，人們把紙放在石碑上拓印，得到一些拓本。這種方法就是最原始世紀(jì)，人們把紙放在石碑上拓印，得到一些拓本。這種方法就是最原始的印刷方法。的印刷方法。vWoodblock printing Sui and Tang dynasties, people put words carved on wood, let the word protruding ink painted on top, then spread on top of paper, brush it.

8、 This is the famous woodblock printing. 雕版印刷術(shù)雕版印刷術(shù) 隋唐時(shí)期，人們把字刻在木板上，讓字凸出，在上面涂上墨，再把紙鋪在上隋唐時(shí)期，人們把字刻在木板上，讓字凸出，在上面涂上墨，再把紙鋪在上面，刷一刷就可以了。這就是聞名的雕版印刷術(shù)。面，刷一刷就可以了。這就是聞名的雕版印刷術(shù)。PrintingvMovable type - Bi Sheng In the 11th century, the Song Dynasty people Bi Sheng invented movable type. This printing method both eff

9、ort and quickly find errors ，which can also be corrected promptly. 活字印刷術(shù)活字印刷術(shù)畢升畢升 公元公元11世紀(jì)，宋代人世紀(jì)，宋代人畢升畢升發(fā)明了活字印刷術(shù)。這種印刷方法既省力又迅速，發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤還可發(fā)明了活字印刷術(shù)。這種印刷方法既省力又迅速，發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤還可以及時(shí)改正。以及時(shí)改正。vLater it was also invented a higher quality printing technology Wood type - copper type - type of lead 后來人們還發(fā)明印刷質(zhì)量更高的技術(shù)后來人們還發(fā)明印

10、刷質(zhì)量更高的技術(shù) 木活字木活字銅活字銅活字鉛活字鉛活字vMovable type external communication It gradually spread to Korea, Japan and Western countries. 活字印刷術(shù)對(duì)外傳播活字印刷術(shù)對(duì)外傳播 陸續(xù)傳到朝鮮、日本和西方各國(guó)。陸續(xù)傳到朝鮮、日本和西方各國(guó)。3、CompassvWhat inspired people to make the guide tools? Long ago, people discovered that lodestone can absorb the iron (which is

11、 now what we call the magnet). As early as the Warring States period, Chinese ancestors have made Si nan by lodestone to indicate direction. This is the first guide tool. 人們是受到什么啟發(fā)才制造了指南工具的？人們是受到什么啟發(fā)才制造了指南工具的？ 很早以前，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了能吸鐵的天然磁石（即現(xiàn)在我們所說的磁鐵）很早以前，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了能吸鐵的天然磁石（即現(xiàn)在我們所說的磁鐵）。早在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，中國(guó)先民已用天然磁石制成指示方向的早在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)

12、期，中國(guó)先民已用天然磁石制成指示方向的司南司南。這就是最這就是最早的指南工具。早的指南工具。v In the Three Kingdoms period, Ma Jun invented the guide car. Song dynasty scientist Shen Kuo describes a method of making use of the needle pointing in its Dream Pool Essays . Later, it developed into a needle and bearing plate into the compass. In the

13、 late Northern Song dynasty, the compass has been used in navigation; In the Southern Song Dynasty, people have been using dial navigation. The invention of the compass, for the exchange of maritime traffic and the economic and cultural development, played a significant role. 在三國(guó)時(shí)，在三國(guó)時(shí)，馬鈞發(fā)明了發(fā)明了指南車。宋

14、代科學(xué)家宋代科學(xué)家沈括在其在其夢(mèng)溪筆談中記載了制作指向用的磁針的方法。后來，又發(fā)展成磁針和方位盤聯(lián)成中記載了制作指向用的磁針的方法。后來，又發(fā)展成磁針和方位盤聯(lián)成一體的一體的羅盤。在北宋后期，指南針已用于航海；南宋時(shí)，已使用針盤導(dǎo)。在北宋后期，指南針已用于航海；南宋時(shí)，已使用針盤導(dǎo)航。指南針的發(fā)明，對(duì)于海上交通的發(fā)展和經(jīng)濟(jì)文化的交流，起了極大航。指南針的發(fā)明，對(duì)于海上交通的發(fā)展和經(jīng)濟(jì)文化的交流，起了極大作用。作用。4、Gunpowderv Gunpowder was invented in China, dating back more than 1000 years. Research be

15、gan in ancient alchemy . Alchemy was popular for a thousand years, but finally nothing. However, some of the specific methods used in alchemy still has merit, and it shows the original form of the chemical, refining methods like gunpowder. Thus the invention of gunpowder has some chance. 火藥是中國(guó)人發(fā)明的，距

16、今已有火藥是中國(guó)人發(fā)明的，距今已有1000多年了?；鹚幍难芯渴加诠糯嗄炅恕；鹚幍难芯渴加诠糯鸁挼ばg(shù)。煉丹術(shù)流行了一千多年，最后還是一無所獲。但是，煉丹術(shù)所煉丹術(shù)。煉丹術(shù)流行了一千多年，最后還是一無所獲。但是，煉丹術(shù)所采用的一些具體方法還是有可取之處的，它顯示了化學(xué)的原始形態(tài)，就采用的一些具體方法還是有可取之處的，它顯示了化學(xué)的原始形態(tài)，就如火藥的煉制方法。因此火藥的發(fā)明具有一定的偶然性。如火藥的煉制方法。因此火藥的發(fā)明具有一定的偶然性。v Gunpowder consists of saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal powder, so it is also ca

17、lled black powder. 火藥是用硝石、硫磺和木炭的粉末混合制成的，所以也叫火藥是用硝石、硫磺和木炭的粉末混合制成的，所以也叫“黑火黑火藥藥”。 GunpowdervGunpowder applications: In the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be used for military. For example, people often use the Rocket in the fire attack. During the Song and Yuan Dynasty (AD 960 - AD 1368), gunpowder i

18、s widely used in the military, there has been a lot of gunpowder weapons, such as rockets, handguns, spears, guns and so on. 火藥的應(yīng)用：火藥的應(yīng)用： 唐朝末年，火藥開始用于軍事。比如在火攻中常使用唐朝末年，火藥開始用于軍事。比如在火攻中常使用“火箭火箭”。 宋、元時(shí)期宋、元時(shí)期(公元公元960年年公元公元1368年年)，軍事上廣泛應(yīng)用火藥，出現(xiàn)了許，軍事上廣泛應(yīng)用火藥，出現(xiàn)了許多火藥武器，主要有火箭、火銃、突火槍、火炮等。多火藥武器，主要有火箭、火銃、突火槍、火炮等。

19、vExternal communication of gunpowder In the 13th century, gunpowder was passed by the Indian businessman into Arab countries. The Greeks knew gunpowder by translating the books of Arabs. 火藥的對(duì)外傳播火藥的對(duì)外傳播 13 13世紀(jì)火藥是由世紀(jì)火藥是由商人商人經(jīng)印度傳入阿拉伯國(guó)家的。希臘人通過翻譯阿拉伯人的經(jīng)印度傳入阿拉伯國(guó)家的。希臘人通過翻譯阿拉伯人的書籍才知道火藥。書籍才知道火藥。 Gunpowder we

20、apons spread through the Arab countries by war , in the period of Genghis Khan westward conquest, the Mongol army used gunpowder weapons. In the 1260 year , Kublai Khans army was defeated in war with Syria, the Arabs seized their weapons and gunpowder, so as to equip the manufacture and use of gunpowder weapons. 火藥武器是通過火藥武器是通過戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)傳到阿拉伯國(guó)家，成吉思汗西征，蒙古軍隊(duì)使用了火藥傳到阿拉伯國(guó)家，成吉思汗