學(xué)位英語輔導(dǎo)2

1、學(xué)位英語輔導(dǎo)學(xué)位英語輔導(dǎo)被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)名詞性從句名詞性從句定語從句定語從句完型填空完型填空被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài) 一、動詞的語態(tài)一、動詞的語態(tài)漢語表達被動語態(tài)非常簡單明了，用漢語表達被動語態(tài)非常簡單明了，用“被被”“”“遭遭”“”“受受”等詞來表示，如等詞來表示，如“被捕被捕”、“被殺被殺”、“收到凌辱收到凌辱”等。而英語表達被動的方等。而英語表達被動的方式也不復(fù)雜，用式也不復(fù)雜，用“助動詞助動詞be+動詞的過去分詞動詞的過去分詞”表表示。其中助動詞示。其中助動詞be有人稱、數(shù)量和時態(tài)的變化，而有人稱、數(shù)量和時態(tài)的變化，而這正是英語被動語態(tài)的難點。這正是英語被動語態(tài)的難點。在英語中，語態(tài)是動詞的一

2、種形式，表示主語和謂在英語中，語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式，表示主語和謂語的關(guān)系。英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，即主動語態(tài)和被語的關(guān)系。英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，即主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。動語態(tài)。例如：例如：More and more people use computer now.（主（主動語態(tài)）動語態(tài)）Computers are more and more widely used now.（被動語態(tài)）（被動語態(tài)）English is spoken all over the world. (被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)) 二、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成二、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)由“be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。英語主動語態(tài)有16個時態(tài)；被動

3、語態(tài)常用的有8個，以give為例說明如下：時態(tài)動詞形式一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/are given一般過去時was/were given一般將來時shall/will be given現(xiàn)在進行時am/is/are being given過去進行時was/were being given過去將來時should/would be given現(xiàn)在完成時has/have been given過去完成時had been givenThe origin of the universe will probably never be explained.宇宙的起源大概永遠也不會被解釋清楚。Is the resta

4、urant being decorated? 那家餐館正在裝修嗎？The restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the restaurant has never been decorated。那家餐館沒有在裝修。實際上，那家餐館從來沒有裝修過。 三、被動語態(tài)的用法三、被動語態(tài)的用法說話或發(fā)表意見時，為了顯得客觀公正，也常用被動語態(tài)。Hes said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 據(jù)說/據(jù)信/據(jù)報道他在美國。還有下列常用句型（that后面跟句子）：It is that.據(jù)說It is rep

5、orted that .據(jù)報道It is hoped that希望It is believed that.人們相信it is (well) known that.眾所周知It is been decided that已經(jīng)決定It is suggested that有人建議It must be remembered that務(wù)必記住 四、不能用于被動語態(tài)的動詞四、不能用于被動語態(tài)的動詞不及物動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)，因為它們沒有賓語。表示狀態(tài)而不是動作的及物動詞，如belong to, cost, take place, want, wish等動詞不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。例如： Everybody wan

6、ted Doris to be the manager. 大家都想讓多里斯來當經(jīng)理.We like everybody to say what they think. 我們喜歡讓人人都說出他們的看法。Do you wish me to stay？你希望我留下嗎？ 五、關(guān)于被動語態(tài)的幾點說明五、關(guān)于被動語態(tài)的幾點說明有些動詞形式上是主動，意義上是被動。例如:The cloth washes well. 這料子耐洗。The dictionary sells well. 這詞典銷路很好。Am I to blame? 我該受責備嗎？The house is to let. 房子要出租。Your shi

7、rt needs washing. 你的襯衫該洗了。make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役動詞和感官動詞的賓語后面可以接不帶to的不定式作賓補。但在被動語態(tài)中，不定式符號to必須補上。例如：They made him go. 他們讓他去。例如：He was made to go. 他被要求去了。I heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我聽見他向他的朋友說再見。He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 有人聽到他向他的朋友說再見。除助動詞be外，動詞get有時也可跟過

8、去分詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)，是比較口語化的一種被動語態(tài)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中很少用by短語。例如: I got lost in the huge market. 在那個巨大的市場中我迷失了方向。You might get killed/hurt. 你會送命/受傷的。4 “have/get+賓語+過去分詞”這個句型也表達了一種被動的意思。例如：Ill have the bike repaired in on time. 我一會就把自行車修好。 I had my wallet stolen/lost last Sunday when I was shopping. 上星期天買東西的時候我的錢夾被盜。在need, w

9、ant, require后面，主動的-ing形式表達被動的意思。例如：My watch needs cleaning. (=.needs to be cleaned) 我的表需要清洗。Your garden needs watering. (=.to be watered) 你的花園需要澆水。Does your suit require pressing, sir? 先生，您的衣服要燙嗎？書上練習書上練習P54名詞性從句 一、主語從句一、主語從句1that 引導(dǎo)主語從句時，that 沒有意義，但不能省略。For example:It worried her a bit that her hai

10、r was turning gray. 她的頭發(fā)正在變白，這使她很不安。that引導(dǎo)主語從句，it 作形式主語，that 不能省略。That she is a rich woman is known to us all. 眾所周知，她是個富有的女人。這是that 引導(dǎo)2從句作主語時，多數(shù)情況下由 it 作形式主語，而把主語從句放在后面，尤其是謂語部分（包括賓語）較短的情況下。For example:It wasnt very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。It is important that he should come on time. 他按時來是很重要

11、的。二、賓語從句二、賓語從句在謂語動詞、介詞、動詞不定式、分詞、動名詞之后都可以帶有賓語從句。某些形容詞如sure, happy, glad, certain, pleased 等之后也可以帶有賓語從句。that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句: that 沒有意義，在口語或非正式文體中常省略例如：I really feel shes making a mistake. 我的確感到她正犯錯誤。James said (that) he was feeling better. 詹姆斯說他感到好些了。2. 如果從句作賓語而后面還有補語，為了保持句子的平衡，用it 作形式賓語，而將賓語從句放在句尾。常跟這樣的復(fù)合賓語

12、的動詞有：make, find, see, hear, feel, think, consider等。如：George made it clear that he opposed this project. 喬治已明確表示他反對這個項目。it 代表that 引導(dǎo)的句子，作賓語，clear 是賓語補足語。 They kept it quiet that he was dead. 對他已經(jīng)死亡的消息，他們秘而不宣。三、同位語從句三、同位語從句同位語從句是對名詞的內(nèi)容給予具體、詳細的說明。常在后面接同位語從句的名詞有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion等

13、。同位語從句常用的引導(dǎo)詞為that,有是也用when, where 等疑問詞。如：The news that the United States was hit by terrorist attacks took the whole world by surprise. 美國受到恐怖主義分子襲擊的消息令全世界吃驚。The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong. 你認為不動腦筋就能做好這件工作的想法是完全錯誤的。 四、表語從句四、表語從句表語從句位于主句的連系動詞之后，在非正式文體中引導(dǎo)詞that可

14、以省略。如：Thats not what I want. 那不是我要的。Thats why I have come. 那就是我為什么來了。此外，表語從句還可由as if （好像）引導(dǎo)。如：It looked as if it was/were going to rain. （虛擬語氣）Now lets do some translation:這就是她昨天請一天假的原因。That is why she had a day off yesterday.我的想法是，個人的權(quán)利應(yīng)該得到充分尊重。My idea is that individual rights should be fully resp

15、ected.五、形容詞后的五、形容詞后的that 從句從句that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句還可以用在一些形容詞后面。這種句型一般都用人作主語，所用的形容詞都是表示思想狀況或感情色彩的形容詞，如certain, sure, positive, afraid, worried, glad, happy, sorry等等。如：I am sure/certain that hes at home now.我肯定他現(xiàn)在在家。He became angry that you made the same mistake. 你犯了同樣的錯誤，他生氣了。六、六、what 從句的小結(jié)從句的小結(jié)意思是“所.的事/物”,

16、可以用于以下情況：引導(dǎo)主語從句。如：What she saw frightened her. 她看到的事情嚇了她一跳。What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 曾經(jīng)被認為不可能的事情，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)變成了事實。引導(dǎo)表語從句。如：Times are not what they used to be. 時代不同了。Hes not what he was a few years ago. 他不是幾年前的他了。引導(dǎo)賓語從句，包括介詞賓語。如：He could not express what he felt. 他不能表達他的

17、感受。Well, Ill do what I can. 好吧，我盡力。用作插入語，指代后面的成分。這和非限定性定語從句正好相反，非限定性定語從句指代的是前面的成分。如：Then I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was Marys niece. 后來我發(fā)現(xiàn)，他妻子原來是Mary的侄女，這對我是個新聞。He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking. 他去參加了會議，而且更糟糕的是，他堅持要發(fā)言。書上練習書上練習P74定語從句 所謂從句，就是一個主謂結(jié)

18、構(gòu)相當于整個句子（這樣的句子叫復(fù)合句）的一個成分，因此，從句不能單獨使用。在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞、作定語的句子叫定語從句。定語從句所修飾的詞叫“先行詞”，因為它總是處在定語從句的前頭，比定語從句先行一步。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。e.g. He is the person who/that wants to go shopping. 先行詞 關(guān)系代詞（）“The dog belongs to the Browns. It ate my fish yesterday.” The dog which/that ate my fish yesterday belongs t

19、o the Browns.（2）“The lady has gone to the police station. Her car has been stolen.” The lady whose car has been stolen has gone to the police station.（3）“Ive seen the film. His girl friend played the leading role in it.”Ive seen the film (which / that) his girl friend played the leading role in.Ive

20、seen the film in which his girl friend played the leading role.His girl friend played the leading role in the film (which/that) Ive seen.定語從句很有規(guī)律，總結(jié)如下：在關(guān)系代詞中that既可指人又可指物、既可作主語又可作賓語，因此，除了在非限定性定語從句中，用that一般不會出問題。（4）The hotel is an artistic building. Well stay in it. The hotel where well stay is an art

21、istic building.The hotel (which/that) well stay in is an artistic building.The hotel in which well stay is an artistic building.（5）Perhaps theyve heard of the place. We went there for our holidays last time.Perhaps theyre heard of the place where we went for our holidays last time.（6）Theyre redecora

22、ting the room. A conference will be held in the room.Theyre redecorating the room where a conference will be held.Theyre redecorating the room (which /that) a conference will be held in.Theyre redecorating the room in which a conference will be held.關(guān)系副詞的用法比較單一，它們從句中只起狀語的作用，表示時間的就用when，表示地點的就用where，

23、而why只修飾一個詞，即reason。關(guān)系代詞：who, which, that作從句的主語whom, which, that 作從句的賓語（可省略）whose從句中作定語以下情況只能用that, 不能用which: 先行詞為不定代詞all, little, none, any, every, no ,much, anything, nothing 先行詞有最高級和序數(shù)詞修飾時（包括the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等）先行詞既有人又有物的時候以下情況只能用which, 不能用that:引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句（包括代表整個主句的意思時

24、）介詞關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中關(guān)系副詞：when 指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語where 指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語，只修飾reason。定語從句又分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。限定性定語從句把它的先行詞限定在特定的意義之內(nèi)，對先行詞起限定的作用、是先行詞必不可少的修飾語，沒有它，整個句子的意思就會受到影響、就不完整。非限定性定語從句不對先行詞起限定的作用，不是先行詞必不可少的修飾語，只對先行詞起補充說明的作用，沒有它，整個句子的意思不會受到影響、仍然完整。非限定性定語從句和它的先行詞之間要用逗號隔開。例如：The supermarket which was opened two months ago is now closed down. 兩個月前開的那家超市現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)倒閉了。（限定）The supermarket, which was opened two months ago, is now closed down. 那家超市現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)倒閉了，那家超市兩個月前開的。（非限定）The book(which) youre reading is mine 你正在讀的那本書是我的。（限定）The book, which yo