英國(guó)文學(xué)史及選讀2-知識(shí)總結(jié)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上以下為英國(guó)文學(xué)史第二冊(cè)的知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) 個(gè)別知識(shí)點(diǎn)會(huì)有錯(cuò)誤或者遺漏 請(qǐng)?jiān)趶?fù)習(xí)的時(shí)候自主補(bǔ)充 愿大家都能取得好成績(jī)VictoriaJPart V The Romantic Period The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death. Wordsworth華茲華斯Coleridge 柯?tīng)柭芍蜸outhey 騷塞The Lake

2、Poets1. William Wordsworth威廉華茲華斯17701850Poet Laureate（桂冠詩(shī)人）a leader of the romantic movement in England. Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌謠集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) It marked the beginning of the Romantic revival in England(1)This is a joint work of Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge.(2)The publication of

3、Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marks the beginning of the Romantic Movement in England.(3)It begins with Coleridges long poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (“古舟子詠”; “老水手之行”) and ends with Wordsworths “Tintern Abbey”(“丁登寺”).(4)Many of the subjects of these poems deal with elements of nature such as bird

4、s, daffodils and simple rural folk.(5)The majority of poems in this collection were written by Wordsworth.The poems in Lyrical Ballads are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, a passionate love of nature and the simplicity and purity of the language.(6) Some of the best poems

5、in the collection are:“Lines Written in Early Spring”(“早春詩(shī)行”), “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (“古舟子詠”; “老水手之行”) “Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” (“丁登寺”).Lucy Poems 露西組詩(shī)“I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud” “獨(dú)自漫游似浮云”=“The Daffodils”“水仙”Theme: 1.Nature embodies human beings in their divers

6、e circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge full of peace”2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a v

7、ivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.“The Solitary Reaper” “孤獨(dú)的收割者”The Prelude 序曲or Growth of a Poets MindThe Excursion 遠(yuǎn)足 漫游Wordsworths Principles of Poetry（feelings，commonplace things，the real language of man and deliberate simplicity，

8、inner self, changed the ordinary speech of the language return to nature.）2. George Gordon Byron喬治戈登拜倫178818241) Hours of Idleness 閑暇時(shí)刻消閑時(shí)光dealing with childish recollections and early friendship, showing the influence of 18th century traditions。2) The English Bards and Scott Reviewers 英國(guó)詩(shī)人和蘇格蘭評(píng)論家Sh

9、e Walks In Beauty 她走在美的光影里When We Two Parted 昔日依依別Sonnet on Chillon錫隆十四行詩(shī)Childe Harolds Pilgrimage 恰爾德哈羅德游記-“I awoke one morning and found myself famous” Spenserian stanza斯賓塞詩(shī)體 9-line stanza, ababbcbcc，long poem with 4 cantosDon Juan/dn'du:n/唐璜masterpiece杰作It was written in Italy during the year

10、s from 1818 to 1823.It has 16,000 lines in 16 cantos It is an epic satire, “a satire on abuses of the present state of society.It is written in ottava rima /'t:v'rim （八行體）. 八行體：每行10或11個(gè)音節(jié)，前6行交替押韻，后2行成一組同腳韻。 Each stanza contains 8 iambic pentameter lines. 每個(gè)節(jié)包含8個(gè)抑揚(yáng)格五音步線 The rhyme scheme is ab

11、ababcc.The later part of the 18th century，a Spanish youth of aristocratic birth.This long poem describes Don Juans vicissitudes(變遷) of life and adventures in many countries.The poem gives a satirical description of English ruling classes and social conditions.The hero shows his disgust at the vanity

12、（虛榮） and hypocrisy（虛偽）of English high society.Byron did not finish the poem. He meant to make the hero take part in the French Revolution and die a heroic death.Comments on Byron1)Byron is one of the most excellent representatives of English Romanticism and one of the most influential poets of the t

13、ime. 2) His literary career was closely linked with the struggle and progressive movements of his age. 3) He opposed oppression and slavery, and has an ardent (passionate) love for liberty. 4) He praised the peoples revolutionary struggles in his works. 5) His poems are favorites of the British work

14、ers and the laboring people of other countries. 6) Byrons poems show energy and vigor, romantic daring (bold, brave) and powerful passion. Some poems show his individual heroism and pessimism.英雄主義和悲觀主義“Byronic heroes”“拜倫式英雄”（在“Oriental Tales“東方敘事詩(shī)”大量體現(xiàn)）A theme that pervades much of Byrons work is th

15、at of the Byronic hero, an idealized but flawed character whose attributes include:Being a rebel 反叛者Having a distaste for social institutions 厭惡社會(huì)體系Being an exile 被流放Expressing a lack of respect for rank and privilege 蔑視權(quán)威Having great talent 極具天賦Hiding an unsavory past 隱藏著令人厭惡的過(guò)去Being highly passion

16、ate 高度的熱情Ultimately, being self-destructive 自我毀滅“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules 殘暴的規(guī)則or moral principles.3. Percy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪萊17921822The finest lyric poets in the English language1) Zastrozzi, 柴斯特羅齊，written when in Eton. 2) The Ne

17、cessity of Atheism, 無(wú)神論的必要性，written when in Oxford University3) Queen Mab, 仙后麥布，written when in London.4) Prometheus Unbound,解放了的普羅米修斯，written when in Italy.5) “The Odes to the West Wind”,“西風(fēng)頌” written when in Italy.Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the real

18、ity. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life

19、 (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded e

20、e. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行詩(shī)aba bcb cdc ded efe )6) The Masque of Anarchy, 暴政的假面，a political lyrics, written when in Italy.7) Ozymandias 奧西曼迪亞斯8) A Song: “Men of En

21、gland” 給英格蘭人的歌9) The Cloud云10)To a Sky-Lark 致云雀Comments on Shelleys Poetry1)Shelley has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite (/érudait/) (learned), complex (difficult), full of classical（古典）and mythological allusions（神話典故）. 2) His style abounds (is rich) in personification 擬人and metaphor比喻

22、 and other figures of speech.Comments on ShelleyHe stood for this social and political ideal all his life.Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied（預(yù)言）a happy and free life for mankind.He

23、stood for this social and political ideal all his life.4. John Keats約翰濟(jì)慈179518211)“O Solitude”,“孤寂”, a sonnet published in Hunts The Examiner檢查官. 2)“On First Looking into Chapmans Homer”,“初讀查普曼譯荷馬史詩(shī)”， a sonnet.3)Poems，詩(shī)集， his first book. 4)Endymion,恩底彌翁 his first long poem.5)Isabella,伊莎貝拉6)Hyperion,

24、許佩里翁，written in blank verse. The theme is the conflict between the old and the new.7)Lamia，萊米亞8) The Eve of St. Agnes，圣·愛(ài)格尼斯之夜，unfinished.9) The great odes: (1)On a Grecian Urn，“希臘古甕頌”.(2)To Psyche，“心靈頌”(3)To a Nightingale，“夜鶯頌”.(4)On Melancholy，“憂傷頌”.(5)To Autumn，“秋頌”Comments on John Keats poe

25、try (synesthesia通感)1) In John Keats short writing career of six or seven years, Keats produced a variety of kinds of work, including epic, lyric and narrative poems. 2) Keats poetry, characterized by exact and closely-knit construction, sensual descriptions, and by force of imagination, gives transc

26、endental values to the physical beauty of the world.3) His artistic aim is to create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid (miserable) reality of his day. He sought to express beauty in all his poems. His leading principle is “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”.5. Walter Scott沃爾特斯科特1

27、77118321. The father of the historical novel2. Scottish Novelist and Poet3. His language is difficult with Scottish dialect. Range: from the Middle Ages to the 18th centurysubjects: history of Scotland, English history, history of European countries.Of the Scottish historyWaverley 威弗利first historica

28、l novel.Rob Roy羅布·羅伊the best of the groupOf the English historyIvanhoe艾凡赫, Norman Conquest the best of the groupStyle：a. combination of history and romanceb. panoramic scene of the medieval Englandc. third-person point of view (story) combined with first-person point of view (authors interventi

29、on);d. the use of disjointed flashbacke. structural clues to move the story alongScotts wish of the reconciliation of two nations and desire for the establishment of a strong centralized nation headed by a wise and just king. e.g. Richard the Lion-hearted is such a king. He is a beautified figure.GE

30、NERAL FEATURES of THE HISTORICAL NOVELBlend of fictional and real characters/events 虛實(shí)相混Detailed description 細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě)Third-person omniscient narrator 第三人稱視角Flashbacks and time shifts 閃回和時(shí)間移位Closeness of the past to the present 從古至今Comments on Scotts Historical NovelsScotts historical novels paved the wa

31、y for the development of the realistic novels of the 19th century and marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.6. Jane Austen簡(jiǎn)奧斯丁17751817The first important English woman novelist, and now ranking among the truly great British novelists.Pride and Pre

32、judice (1813) 傲慢與偏見(jiàn)Sense and Sensibility (1811) 理智與情感Northanger Abbey (1818) 諾桑覺(jué)寺Mansfield Park (1814) 曼斯菲爾德莊園Emma (1816) 愛(ài)瑪Persuasion (1818) 勸導(dǎo)Features of Janes Writing(1) Her writing is realistic. (2) She drew vivid pictures of everyday life of the country society. (3) The themes are mostly about

33、love and marriage. (4) The language is simple, humorous, and witty and with quiet irony. The dialogue is not only fit for the characteristics but also with satire.7. Charles lamb查爾斯蘭姆17751834The best representative of Romantic Prose Writers.British counterpart of Montaigne.蒙田Dream-Children: A Reveri

34、e 夢(mèng)中的兒女：一首幻想曲Poor Relations窮親戚Features of Lambs Essays1) the most important feature of his essays is his humor. Charles Lamb is a humorist and a master of puns and jokes, which abound in his essays.2) Lamb was especially fond of old writers. His writings are full of archaisms (/a:keiizm/古詞).3) His e

35、ssays are intensely personal. They are an excellent picture of Lamb and humanity. His essays are marked by relaxed style, conversational tone and wide range of subject matter.4) Lamb is a romanticist of the city, (while Wordsworth is a romanticist of nature).Lambs imagination was inspired by th

36、e busy life of London, (Wordsworth drew inspirations from the mountains and lakes).Part VI The Victorian Age （Critical Realism in England）A satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classs greed and hypocrisy Satire/grotesqueProfound sympathy for the common people honesty and good-he

37、artedness HumorDemocratic and humanistic character.1. Charles Dickens 查爾斯·狄更斯1812-1870The First Period18361841, Period of youthful optimist: fun, high spirit, naive optimism1) Sketches by Boz (1836) «博茲特寫(xiě)集», the first book 2) The Pickwick Papers (1837) «匹克威克外傳»3). Oliver Twi

38、st (1837-1838) «奧克佛·特維斯特»，霧都孤兒 4). Nichols Nickleby (1838-1839) «尼古拉斯·尼克爾貝»5). The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841) «老古玩店»6). Barnaby Rudge (1841) «巴納比·拉奇»The Second Period1842-1850, Period of excitement, irritation and frustration: exposing the c

39、orrupting influence of wealth and power, optimism turned into dissatisfaction and irritation1) American Notes (1842) «美國(guó)札記» 2) Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1844) «馬丁·朱述爾維特»3) A Christmas Carol (1843) «圣誕頌歌» 4) The Chimes «教堂鐘聲» 5) The Cricket on the Hearth

40、71;灶上蟋蟀» 6) Dombey and Son (1847-1848) «董貝父子»7) David Copperfield (1849-1850)«大衛(wèi)·科波菲爾», the most autobiographical, one of the greatest English novelsThe Third Perioda Period of steadily intensifying pessimism, showing underlying tone of bitterness, loss of hope for Engl

41、ish bourgeois society1) Bleak House(1852-1853) «荒涼山莊»2) Hard Times(1854) «艱難時(shí)世»3) Little Dorrit (1855-1857)«小杜麗»4) A Tale of Two Cities(1859) «雙城記» 5) Great Expectations(1860-1861) «遠(yuǎn)大前程»6) Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865) «我們的共同朋友»7) Edwin Dr

42、ood (unfinished)(1869) «艾德溫·德魯?shù)轮?#187;.Features of His Works這兩個(gè)是批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義都有的特點(diǎn)：批判社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)+妥協(xié)1. Dickens novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation, criticize the vices of ca

43、pitalist society.2. Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. 小資產(chǎn)階級(jí)知識(shí)分子He could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self-perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There is a

44、definite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalists society.3. Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and satire.（批判現(xiàn)實(shí)）4. Almost all his novels have happy endings.（妥協(xié)compromise）5. His novels tell much of the experience of his childhood.（創(chuàng)作源泉）2. William Make

45、peace Thackeray威廉·梅克皮斯·薩克雷 181118631) The Book of Snobs 勢(shì)利人臉譜勢(shì)利者集It gives a satirical description of the different strata of the ruling classes of England and is regarded as a prelude to Thackerays major literary career.2) Vanity Fair: A Novel without a Hero 名利場(chǎng)3) The History of Pendennis

46、彭登尼斯4) The Newcomes 紐克姆一家5) The History of Henny Esmond亨利埃斯蒙德6) The Virginians 弗吉尼亞人 historical novelsComments on Thackerays Novels1) Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century Europe. 2) Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic(刻薄的，尖銳的) and his humor subtle(精妙的).3)

47、 Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels.The Features of Vanity Fair(1) Vanity Fair has a sub-title, A Novel Without a Hero, which intends to portray the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.(2) In Vanity Fair, Thackeray gives block characters(人物群

48、體 ).(3) Vanity Fair is work of social criticism, and is noted for the authors realistic depiction, the ironic and sarcastic tone and constant comment and criticism.(4) Thackeray uses symbolism in Vanity Fair.(5) Thackeray employs an omniscient narrator to tell the story.3. George Eliot 喬治·艾略特18

49、191880 ( Mary Ann Evans瑪麗安·伊萬(wàn)斯)She is a female writer, most of her works are on the moral problems and religion; some are on the political problems with ferocious criticism of the bourgeoisie society.She used a male pen name to ensure her works would be taken seriously. she wanted to escape the

50、 stereotype of women only writing lighthearted romances. Desire to shield her private life from public scrutiny and to prevent scandals attending her relationship with the married George Henry Lewes, with whom she lived for over 20 years 1. Translation: The Essence of Christianity 基督教的本質(zhì)2. Editor of

51、 The Westminster Review威斯敏斯特評(píng)論 Three stories:1)“The Sad Fortunes of the Reverend Amos Barton” “阿莫斯·巴頓牧師的不幸遭遇”2) “Mr. Gilfils Lover Story” “吉爾菲爾先生的戀愛(ài)史”3) “Janets Repentance” “珍妮特的懺悔” 3. Scenes of Clerical Life 教區(qū)生活場(chǎng)景1857 Remarkable Novels:4. Adam Bede 亞當(dāng)·比德 5.The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨房6.

52、 Silas Marner 織工馬南7. Romola 羅慕拉1863 (a historical novel of the Renaissance in Italy problems of religion and morality)8. Felix Holt the Radical， 1866費(fèi)立可斯·霍爾特9. Middlemarch， (18711872) 米德?tīng)栺R契10. Daniel Deronda， 1876 丹尼爾·德龍達(dá)(A study of Jewish racial consciousness)4. The Brontë sisters Ch

53、arlotte Brontë (18161855)Emily Brontë (18181848) Anne Brontë (18201849) They were all talented writers and all of them died young. Emily: Wuthering Heights,呼嘯山莊Anne: Agnes Grey,安格尼斯·格雷 The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall王爾德費(fèi)爾莊園的佃戶Charlottes Representative works1) The Professor,教授 (ba

54、sed on her Brussels experience; not published until her death)2) Jane Eyre,簡(jiǎn)愛(ài) (masterpiece) (1) The criticism of the bourgeois system of education; the Lowood School;(2) The description of the English country squire;(3) Position of woman in society: equalityJane Eyre is a first-person narrative of t

55、he title character. Partly autobiographical, the novel abounds with social criticism, Gothicism and romanticism to create a distinctive Victorian novel.Features of Jane Eyre Jane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved，a poor， plain， little governess who dares to

56、 love her master， a man superior to her in many ways， and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image. In this novel Charlotte characterizes Jane Eyre as a naive，kind-hearted， noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love.Jane Eyre represent

57、s those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Themes:Morality 道德God and ReligionSocial classGender rel

58、ationsLove and PassionIndependenceAtonement and Forgiveness贖罪和寬恕Search for home and family3) Shirley,舍麗 dealing with the life of workers at the time of the Luddites movement (盧德運(yùn)動(dòng), 17 c. machines, deprived, work, destroy)4) Villette,維萊特, a realistic description of her sad experiences at a boarding school in Brussels.Themes of Charlottes works and the image of women protagonists.1. Charlottes works are al