(完整版)機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)課件

1、機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)Subject-Based English for Mechanical Engineering機(jī)械與電氣工程學(xué)院2022/7/22教學(xué)要求及目的 了解專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)，熟悉專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯，逐步培養(yǎng)學(xué)生具有比較熟練的專(zhuān)業(yè)文獻(xiàn)閱讀理解能力、翻譯能力和英文學(xué)術(shù)論文的寫(xiě)作能力。掌握國(guó)外英文專(zhuān)利和文獻(xiàn)資料的查詢(xún)方法，能以英語(yǔ)為工具，獲取本專(zhuān)業(yè)所需信息。了解國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)交流的常用表達(dá)方式。 教學(xué)方式課堂講授、討論與自學(xué)相結(jié)合。以教師講授為主，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生積極閱讀指定參考文獻(xiàn)，完成課外作業(yè)，參與課堂討論。有意識(shí)地積累與自己研究方向相關(guān)的詞匯與文獻(xiàn)資料，掌握專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法。教材及參考文獻(xiàn)教材：施平 機(jī)

2、械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程（第二版）北京：電子工業(yè)出版社，2008參考文獻(xiàn)：葉邦彥，陳統(tǒng)堅(jiān)編：機(jī)械工程英語(yǔ)北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2006唐一平主編：先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2004；王慧莉，賈衛(wèi)國(guó)編國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)交流英語(yǔ)大連：大連理工大學(xué)出版社，2005 主要教學(xué)內(nèi)容Lesson 1 Basic Concept in MechanicsLesson 2 Forces and Their EffectsLesson 3 Overview of Engineering MechanicsLesson 4 Shafts and CouplingsLesson 5 Shafts and Associate

3、d PartsLesson 6 Belts, Clutches, Brakes, and ChainsLesson 7 Fasteners and SpringsLesson 14 Physical Properties of MaterialsLesson 29 Tolerances and Surface RoughnessLesson 35 Coordinate Measuring MachineLesson 36 LathesLesson 37 Milling Machines and Grinding MachinesLesson 38 Drilling OperationsLess

4、on 44 Nontraditional Manufacturing ProcessesLesson 62 The Computer and ManufacturingLesson 63 Computers in Design and ManufacturingLesson 64 Computer-Aided Analysis of Mechanical SystemsLesson 65 Computer-Aided Process PlanningLesson 66 Numerical ControlLesson 71 Industrial RobotsLesson 77 Technical

5、 Report ElementsLesson 78 Writing the Technical ReportExtra lesson 1 English for International Academic ExchangeExtra lesson 2 Expression of Numbers, Signs, Equations and Graphs in EnglishExtra lesson 3 Professional Literature and Patent Retrieval課外學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容通過(guò)學(xué)校圖書(shū)館網(wǎng)頁(yè)上“電子資源”欄查詢(xún)與自己研究方向相關(guān)的英文文獻(xiàn)。重點(diǎn)是“EI工程索引 （）

6、”、“ELSEVIER （）”和“IEL（IEEE/IEE） （）”通過(guò)“小木蟲(chóng)”、“科學(xué)網(wǎng)”、“學(xué)問(wèn)社區(qū)”等網(wǎng)站查找專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)資料，學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)研究方法。學(xué)習(xí)使用參考文獻(xiàn)的管理軟件如EndNote。通過(guò)“google學(xué)術(shù)搜索（）”和“google 專(zhuān)利檢索（/patents）”查詢(xún)英文文獻(xiàn)和英文專(zhuān)利。掌握一些在線翻譯軟件作為輔助工具。如“有道”。專(zhuān)利檢索資源薈萃（一）新！百度專(zhuān)利搜索網(wǎng)址：/1.因特網(wǎng)專(zhuān)利數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)介紹（中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)局）： /sipo/wxfw/ytwzlsukjs/ytwzlsjkjs/200508/t20050816_67485.htm 2.中國(guó)專(zhuān)利檢索：/sip

7、o/zljs/3.中國(guó)專(zhuān)利法律狀態(tài)檢索：/sipo/zljs/searchflzt.jsp 4.中國(guó)專(zhuān)利實(shí)施數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)（中國(guó)專(zhuān)利信息中心）：/aboutus/actualize/shishiku/tuiguang_edit.asp 5.專(zhuān)利信息服務(wù)平臺(tái)試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)（數(shù)據(jù)含中、美、日、歐、WO、德、法、英、俄、加、印、瑞士、韓國(guó)、澳大利亞）：/pubpisfts/index.do 6.中外專(zhuān)利數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)報(bào)務(wù)平臺(tái)：:8080/cnipr/index.htm 7.中國(guó)專(zhuān)利數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)檢索系統(tǒng)：/Search/CN/ 專(zhuān)利檢索資源薈萃（二）8.美國(guó)專(zhuān)利檢索：/patft/index.html 9.歐洲專(zhuān)利檢索：/ 10

8、.從ESPACENET數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)提取世界各國(guó)專(zhuān)利文獻(xiàn)的方法（國(guó)知局提供）：/sipo/wxfw/ytwggsjkjs/ytwzlsjkjs/ESPACENET.doc 11.歐洲專(zhuān)利局免費(fèi)專(zhuān)利數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)（含歐洲各國(guó)家入口）：/access/index.en.htm 12.歐洲專(zhuān)利局專(zhuān)利數(shù)據(jù)高級(jí)檢索（含歐洲、PCT和世界范圍三個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)）：/advancedSearch?locale=en_ep 13.歐洲專(zhuān)利法律狀態(tài)查詢(xún)：/portal/public/registerplus 14.PCT專(zhuān)利檢索：/pctdb/en/ 15.英國(guó)專(zhuān)利檢索：.uk/search/index.htm 專(zhuān)利檢索資源薈萃（三）

9、16英國(guó)專(zhuān)利法律狀態(tài)查詢(xún)：.uk/patent/p-find/p-find-number.htm 17.德國(guó)專(zhuān)利檢索1：http:/www.deutsches-patentamt.de/suche/patentdatenbanken.html 18德國(guó)專(zhuān)利檢索2：http:/publikationen.dpma.de/set_lng.do?loc=en 19.瑞士專(zhuān)利檢索：https:/client.ip-search.ch/?c=login&a=client&l=1 20.俄羅斯專(zhuān)利檢索（英文）：http:/www.fips.ru/ensite/ 21.臺(tái)灣專(zhuān)利檢索：.tw/ 22. 韓國(guó)專(zhuān)

10、利檢索（英文）：http:/eng.kipris.or.kr 23. 加拿大專(zhuān)利檢索：http:/patents1.ic.gc.ca/intro-e.html 24. 法國(guó)專(zhuān)利檢索：http:/www.boutique.inpi.fr/inpiboutic/index_anglais.htm 25. 印度同族專(zhuān)利庫(kù)（多國(guó)、多組織）：http:/patinfo.nic.in/ 專(zhuān)利檢索資源薈萃（四）26. 印度專(zhuān)利數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)：.in/db/db.htm 27.新加坡綜合專(zhuān)利數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)（含美國(guó)、新加坡、PCT、歐洲專(zhuān)利、英國(guó)、中國(guó)、加拿大、韓國(guó)、中國(guó)臺(tái)灣、日本、泰國(guó)）：.sg/ 28.香港專(zhuān)利檢索：.hk

11、/inx.html 29.澳門(mén)專(zhuān)利檢索： .mo/web/DSE/public?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=Pg_ES_AE_QE_PATENT&locale=zh_CN 30. google專(zhuān)利搜索：/patents 31.日本專(zhuān)利檢索：http:/www.jpo.go.jp/quick_e/index_search.htm http:/www4.ipdl.inpit.go.jp/Tokujitu/tjftermena.ipdl?N0000=114 機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)信息檢索ASME-American Society of Mechanical Engineers美國(guó)機(jī)械工程師協(xié)會(huì)

12、SAE-Society of Automobile Engineers美國(guó)汽車(chē)工程師協(xié)會(huì)EI-Engineering Index工程索引IEEE-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (美國(guó))電機(jī)及電子工程師學(xué)會(huì) IET-The Institution of Engineering and Technology英國(guó)工程技術(shù)學(xué)會(huì)（IET）系英國(guó)電氣工程師學(xué)會(huì)（IEE）和英國(guó)企業(yè)工程師學(xué)會(huì)（IIE）于2006年初合并組建而成 NTIS-National Technical Information Service美國(guó)國(guó)家技術(shù)情報(bào)服務(wù)局UM

13、I-美國(guó)UMI公司，學(xué)位論文的信息服務(wù)（ProQuest ）。ISO-International Organization for Standardization國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織。Lesson 1 Basic Concept in Mechanics Terminology 術(shù)語(yǔ),專(zhuān)有名詞 ,t:minldi Text tour 2022/7/2213機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程Terminology2022/7/2214機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程Gear 齒輪, 傳動(dòng)裝置1.A toothed machine part, that meshes with another toothed part to tr

14、ansmit motion or to change speed or direction. 齒輪：有齒的機(jī)器零件，與另一個(gè)有齒零件相嚙合，從而傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)或者改變運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向或速度。2. A complete assembly that performs a specific function in a larger machine傳動(dòng)裝置：一套裝置，在一個(gè)更大機(jī)器中發(fā)揮具體功能 V belt and pulleypuli V帶和帶輪Bearing A device that supports, guides, and reduces the friction of motion between

15、fixed and moving machine parts.軸承：在機(jī)器的固定和運(yùn)動(dòng)部件之間起支撐、引導(dǎo)和減少運(yùn)動(dòng)摩擦的裝置。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/2215Couple A pair of forces of equal magnitude acting in parallel but opposite directions, capable of causing rotation but not translation 力偶：數(shù)值相等但方向相反的兩平行力，它能使物體轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)但不能產(chǎn)生平移。Scalar A quantity, such as mass, length, or spe

16、ed, that is completely specified by its magnitude and has no direction.標(biāo)量：一個(gè)只有大小沒(méi)有方向的量，如質(zhì)量、長(zhǎng)度或速度等 2022/7/2216機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程Momentum mumentm A measure of the motion of a body equal to the product of its mass and velocity動(dòng)量：表示物體運(yùn)動(dòng)特性的一個(gè)物理量，等于運(yùn)動(dòng)物體的質(zhì)量和速度的乘積。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/2217The branch of scientific analy

17、sis which deals with motions, time, and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i.e., those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems which change with time.對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)、時(shí)間和作用力做出科學(xué)分析的分支稱(chēng)為力學(xué)。它由靜力學(xué)

18、和動(dòng)力學(xué)兩部分組成。靜力學(xué)對(duì)靜止系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分析，即在其中不考慮時(shí)間這個(gè)因素，動(dòng)力學(xué)對(duì)隨時(shí)間而變化的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分析。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/22Text tour18Forces are transmitted into machine members through mating surfaces, e. g., from a gear to a shaft or from one gear through meshing teeth to another gear, from a V belt to a pulley, or from a cam to a follower.力通過(guò)配合

19、表面?zhèn)鞯綑C(jī)器中的各構(gòu)件上。例如，從齒輪傳到軸或者從齒輪通過(guò)嚙合的輪齒傳到另一個(gè)齒輪，從V帶傳到帶輪，或者從凸輪傳到從動(dòng)件。If the forces between gear teeth are too large, the oil film may be squeezed out from between them. This could result in flaking and spalling of the metal, noise, rough motion, and eventual failure.如果齒輪間相嚙合的齒與齒之間的力過(guò)大，就會(huì)將油膜從齒間擠壓出來(lái)。這會(huì)造成金屬的碎裂

20、和剝落，噪音增大，運(yùn)動(dòng)不精確，直至報(bào)廢。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/2219Two equal and opposite forces acting along two non-coincident parallel straight lines in a body cannot be combined to obtain a single resultant force. Any two such forces acting on a body constitute a couple. The arm of the couple is the perpendicular ,p:pndi

21、kjul distance between their lines of action, and the plane of the couple is the plane containing the two lines of action.作用在同一個(gè)剛體上的兩條不重合平行線上的兩個(gè)大小相等, 方向相反的力不能被合并成一個(gè)合力。作用在一個(gè)剛體上的兩個(gè)這樣的力構(gòu)成一個(gè)力偶。力偶臂是這兩條作用線之間的垂直距離，力偶面是包含這兩條作用線的平面。 機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/2220Mechanics deals with two kinds of quantities: scalars an

22、d vectors. Scalar quantities are those with which a magnitude alone is associated. Examples of scalar quantities in mechanics are time, volume, density, speed, energy, and mass. Vector quantities, on the other hand, possess direction as well as magnitude. Examples of vectors are displacement, veloci

23、ty, acceleration, force, moment, and momentum.力學(xué)涉及到兩種類(lèi)型的量：標(biāo)量和矢量。標(biāo)量是那些只有大小的量。在力學(xué)中標(biāo)量的例子有時(shí)間，體積，密度，速率，能量和質(zhì)量。另一方面，矢量既有大小又有方向。矢量的例子有位移，速度，加速度，力，力矩和動(dòng)量。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/2221Lesson 2 Forces and Their Effects TerminologyText tour 2022/7/2222機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程Terminology2022/7/2223機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程Compressive Serving to or a

24、ble to compress壓縮的：起壓縮作用或能夠壓縮的Turning The shaping of metal or wood on a lathe車(chē)削：用車(chē)床將金屬或木材加工成型的過(guò)程Lathe 車(chē)床機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/22Rectilinear,rektilini Moving in, consisting of, bounded by, or characterized by a straight line or lines:直線的：以直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的，向直線組成的，以直線為邊的，具有直線之特點(diǎn)的 micrometer 千分尺 24 2022/7/2225機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教

25、程Thread A helical or spiral ridge on a screw, nut, or bolt螺紋：螺釘、螺母或螺栓上螺旋型的凸棱Shaper牛頭刨床A study of any machine or mechanism shows that each is made up of movable parts. These parts transform a given motion to a desired motion. In other words, these machines perform work. Work is done when motion resul

26、ts from the application of force. Thus, a study of mechanics and machines deals with forces and the effects of forces on bodies.參考譯文：研究表明機(jī)器或者機(jī)構(gòu)都是由若干運(yùn)動(dòng)零件組成的。這些零件將給定運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換成目標(biāo)運(yùn)動(dòng)。換句話說(shuō)，這些機(jī)器做功。因?yàn)榱Φ淖饔卯a(chǎn)生運(yùn)動(dòng)而做功。因此，力學(xué)和機(jī)械（學(xué)）研究力以及力對(duì)物體的影響。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/22Text tour26 A force is a push or pull. The effect of a for

27、ce either changes the shape or motion of a body or prevents other forces from making such changes. Every force produces a stress in the part on which it is applied. Forces may be produced by an individual using muscular action or by machines with mechanical motion. 參考譯文：力分為推力和拉力，力可以改變物體的形狀或運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)或者防止其

28、他力作這樣的改變。施加在零件上的力會(huì)在其內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力。力可以由個(gè)人的肌肉活動(dòng)或者由機(jī)器的機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)生。 Forces are produced by physical or chemical change, gravity, or changes in motion. When a force is applied which tends to stretch an object, it is called a tensile force. A part experiencing a tensile force is said to be in tension. A force can als

29、o be applied which tends to shorten or squeeze the object. Such a force is a compressive force. 參考譯文：力由物理或化學(xué)變化、地心引力或者運(yùn)動(dòng)變化產(chǎn)生。當(dāng)力用于拉伸物體時(shí)叫拉力。零件受拉力作用被稱(chēng)為受拉（處于拉伸狀態(tài)）。力也可用于縮短或擠壓物體，這種力叫壓力。A third force is known as a torsional force, or a torque since it tends to twist an object. Still another kind of force, w

30、hich seems to make the layers or molecules mlikjuls of a material slide or slip on one another, is a shearing force. 參考譯文： （我們知道的）第三種力是扭轉(zhuǎn)力，或者叫扭矩，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)扭曲物體。還有另一種力，它似乎會(huì)使材料的各層或分子間產(chǎn)生相對(duì)滑移，稱(chēng)為剪切力。 Each of these forces may act independently or in combination. For example, a downward force applied on a vertic

31、al steel beam tends to compress the beam. If this beam is placed in a horizontal position and a load is applied in the middle, the bottom of the beam tends to stretch and is in tension. At the same time, the top area is being pushed together in compression. If the compressive and tensile forces are

32、greater enough to make the layers of the material slide upon each other, a shearing force results.參考譯文：這些力都可以單獨(dú)或者組合起來(lái)起作用。例如，一個(gè)向下的力施加在垂直鋼梁上會(huì)壓縮它。如果將梁水平放置，載荷施加在梁的中央，則梁的下方會(huì)伸長(zhǎng)而受拉。同時(shí)梁的上方被壓縮而受壓。如果壓力和拉力足夠大到使材料的各層產(chǎn)生相對(duì)滑移，則會(huì)出現(xiàn)剪切力。28機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/22The turning of a part in a lathe is another example of sever

33、al forces in action (as shown in Figure 1).11. turning of a part 這里指“對(duì)一個(gè)零件進(jìn)行車(chē)削加工”。全句譯為：幾個(gè)力同時(shí)作用的另外的一個(gè)例子是在車(chē)床上對(duì)零件進(jìn)行車(chē)削加工（如圖1所示）。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/22Fig. 1 The turning of a part in a lathe 29As the work revolves and the cutting tool moves into the work, the wedging action of the cutting edge produces a sh

34、ear force. This force causes the metal to seem to flow off the work in the form of chips.2 2. chip 這里指“切屑”。work 這里指“工件，即 workpiece ”。全句可譯為：工件旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)刀具切入工件，切削刃的楔入動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生剪切力。這個(gè)力使得金屬看起來(lái)像以切屑的形式從工件上流出來(lái)一樣。If this workpiece is held between the centers of the lathe, the centers exert a compressive force against th

35、e work.33. centers of the lathe 意為“車(chē)床的兩個(gè)頂尖”。全句可譯為：如果一個(gè)工件被安裝在車(chē)床的兩個(gè)頂尖之間，頂尖對(duì)工件施加一個(gè)壓力。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/2230The lathe dog which drives the work tends to produce a shearing force. The pressure of the cutting tool against the work produces tension and compression, as well as a shearing action.參考譯文：驅(qū)動(dòng)工件的車(chē)床夾

36、頭會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)扭轉(zhuǎn)力。刀具頂在工件上的壓力會(huì)同時(shí)產(chǎn)生拉力和壓力，以及剪切作用。Considerable attention is given to the action of centrifugal force in grinding wheels. That is, the bonding agent that holds the abrasive particles on the wheel must be stronger than the forces which tend to make the revolving wheel fly apart at high speeds. For

37、 this reason, the speed of a grinding wheel should not exceed the safe surface speed limit specified by the manufacturer. Centrifugal force increases with speed.參考譯文：對(duì)磨削用的砂輪來(lái)講離心力的影響要特別給以關(guān)注。即把磨料顆粒粘合在砂輪上的粘合劑它的粘合力必須大于使高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的砂輪分崩離析的離心力。因此，砂輪的轉(zhuǎn)速不能超過(guò)制造商給定的安全表面速度限制。離心力隨轉(zhuǎn)速的增加而增大。 31機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/22The pri

38、nciples of centrifugal force are used in the design of centrifuge-type machines. Some centrifuges are used to separate chemicals; others are used to remove impurities in metals by centrifugal casting processes. Centrifugal force principles are also used in common appliances such as clothes dryers an

39、d in devices to control motor speeds and accelerate moving machines.參考譯文：離心力的這種原理用在離心型機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)中。一些離心分離機(jī)用于分離化學(xué)制品；還有的通過(guò)離心鑄造工藝分離金屬中的雜質(zhì)。離心力作用也有普通的應(yīng)用如干衣機(jī)、控制發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速的裝置以及用于加速運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)器。32機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/22Centripetal force causes an object to travel in circular path. This action is caused by the continuous applicat

40、ion of forces which tend to pull the object to the center. In other words, the inward force which resists the centrifugal force is called the centripetal force. The centripetal force of objects spinning at a constant rate produces an acceleration toward the center which is equal and opposite to the

41、centrifugal force.參考譯文：向心力使物體沿著圓形軌道運(yùn)動(dòng)。這種現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生是由于將物體拉向（軌道）中心的力的持續(xù)作用。換句話說(shuō)，這種抵抗離心力的向內(nèi)的力就叫向心力。以固定速率作旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體的向心力產(chǎn)生一個(gè)向心的加速度，這個(gè)向心力與離心力大小相等，方向相反。33機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/22The materials used in the construction of rapidly moving machine parts and mechanisms must be structurally strong enough to provide the centri

42、petal force required to hold the parts to a circular path. At the same time, the materials must be able to withstand the centrifugal force which tends to pull the parts apart.參考譯文：用于制造高速運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)械零件和機(jī)構(gòu)的材料組織上必須有足夠強(qiáng)度，以提供保持零件在圓形軌道上所需的向心力。同時(shí)，這種材料必須能經(jīng)得起可將零件拉裂的離心力的作用。34機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/22Motion and the basic l

43、aws which affect motion are important considerations because of the numerous applications of these principles to produce work through mechanical devices.參考譯文：對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)和影響運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本定律需要重視，因?yàn)橛性S多根據(jù)這些原理通過(guò)機(jī)械裝置做功的應(yīng)用。 There are two primary mechanical motions: rotary and rectilinear. These terms suggest that rotary mo

44、tion is a circular movement around a center line and rectilinear motion is a straight line motion.參考譯文：有兩個(gè)主要的機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)：回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)和直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。這些術(shù)語(yǔ)表明（顧名思義），回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)是一種繞著一根中心線的環(huán)狀運(yùn)動(dòng)，而直線運(yùn)動(dòng)是沿著一根直線的運(yùn)動(dòng)。 For either rotary or rectilinear motion, it is possible, with added mechanical devices, to produce other forms of motion such

45、as intermittent motion and reciprocating motion. 參考譯文：對(duì)回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)或直線運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)說(shuō)，如果可能的話，加上機(jī)械裝置則可產(chǎn)生其他形式的運(yùn)動(dòng)如間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)和往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。35機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/22Rotary Motion. The motion that is commonly transmitted is rotary motion. This type of motion may be produced with hand tools or power tools. Rotary motion is required to drill h

46、oles, turn parts in a lathe, mill surfaces, or drive a generator or fan belt.4 4. rotary motion 意為“回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)”。全句可譯為：回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng) 通常稱(chēng)為回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，這種運(yùn)動(dòng)可以由手動(dòng)工具或動(dòng)力工具產(chǎn)生。鉆孔、在車(chē)床上車(chē)削零件、銑平面、驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)或風(fēng)扇的帶等都需要回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/2236Rectilinear ,rektilini Motion. The feed of a tool on a lathe, the cutting of steel on a power saw, o

47、r the shaping of materials are all situations in which rectilinear or straight line motion produces work. In each of these situations a part or mechanism is used to change rotary motion to straight line motion. The screw of a micrometer and the threads in a nut are still other applications where the

48、 direction of motion is changed from rotary to rectilinear.5 5. the screw of a micrometer 意為“千分尺中的螺桿”,全段可譯為：直線運(yùn)動(dòng) 車(chē)床上刀具的進(jìn)給、在鋸床上鋸鋼材以及材料的刨削等都是直線運(yùn)動(dòng)做功的情況。每個(gè)這些（類(lèi)）情況都要用一個(gè)零件或機(jī)構(gòu)將回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化為直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。千分尺中的螺桿和螺母中的螺紋是把運(yùn)動(dòng)方向從轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)變?yōu)橹本€的另外一些應(yīng)用實(shí)例。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/2237Harmonic and Intermittent Motion.6 Any simple vibration, such

49、 as the regular back-and-forth movement of the end of a pendulum, is simple harmonic motion.76. harmonic and intermittent motion 意為“諧波運(yùn)動(dòng)和間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)”。7. simple harmonic motion 意為“簡(jiǎn)諧運(yùn)動(dòng)”。全句可譯為：任何簡(jiǎn)單的振動(dòng)，例如擺的下端有規(guī)律的往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)是簡(jiǎn)諧運(yùn)動(dòng)。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/2238However, many manufacturing processes require intermittent or irreg

50、ular motion. For example, the fast return stroke of a power hacksaw or shaper ram is desirable because no cutting is done on the return stroke. Therefore, as more time is saved in returning the cutting tool to the working position, the less expensive is the operation.參考譯文：然而，很多制造工藝要求間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)或不規(guī)則運(yùn)動(dòng)。例如，電動(dòng)

51、弓鋸或刨床滑枕的快速回程（快回）就是令人想要的結(jié)果，因?yàn)樵诨爻讨袥](méi)有進(jìn)行切削。因此，在刀具回到工作位置的過(guò)程中節(jié)省的時(shí)間越多，這道工序的成本越低。 39機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/22The combinations of rotary and rectilinear motion obtainable are unlimited because of the large variety of parts such as gears, cams, pulleys, screws, links, and belts which can be combined in many arrange

52、ments.參考譯文：可得到的回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)和直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的組合是無(wú)限的，因?yàn)橛写罅康牧慵琮X輪、凸輪、帶輪、螺桿、連桿和帶等可以以不同的排列形式組合起來(lái)。40機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/22Lesson 3 Overview of Engineering Mechanics TerminologyText tour 2022/7/2241機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程Terminology2022/7/2242機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程Interactive Acting or capable of acting on each other互相作用的或能互相作用的Iterative itrtiv Charact

53、erized by or involving repetition, recurrence, reiteration, or repetitiousness ,repitisnis 重復(fù)的, 反復(fù)的, 迭代的：以反復(fù)、循環(huán)、重述或重復(fù)為特征的，或與之相關(guān)的Pinpoint 精確地定位或確認(rèn)To locate or identify with precision精確地定位或確認(rèn)機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/22Equilibrium ,i:kwilibrim A condition in which all acting influences are canceled by others,

54、resulting in a stable, balanced, or unchanging system 平衡，均衡：一種所有動(dòng)作的影響都互相抵消，整個(gè)系統(tǒng)處于平穩(wěn)的、均勢(shì)的、不變的狀態(tài)。Tractable Easily handled or worked易于處理或操作的Order of magnitude A range of values between a designated lower value and an upper value ten times as large, such as the masses of Earth and the sun differ by five

55、 orders of magnitude數(shù)量級(jí)：處于相差10倍的兩個(gè)數(shù)值之間的那一段數(shù)值的范圍。例如，地球與太陽(yáng)的質(zhì)量相差五個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)。 43As we look around us we see a world full of “things”: Machines, devices, tools; things that we have designed, built, and used; things made of wood, metals, ceramics, and plastics. We know from experience that some things are bette

56、r than others; they last longer, cost less, are quieter, look better, or are easier to use.參考譯文：看看我們周?chē)梢园l(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)了“東西”的世界：機(jī)器、裝置、工具等等；這些東西是我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)、建造和使用的；這些東西是由木材、金屬、陶瓷和塑料制成的。我們從經(jīng)驗(yàn)知道一些東西比其他的要好；它們壽命更長(zhǎng)，成本更低，更安靜，更好看，或更易于使用。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/22Text tour44Ideally, however, every such item has been designed accor

57、ding to some set of “functional requirements” as perceived by the designersthat is, it has been designed so as to answer the question, “Exactly what function should it perform?”11. so as to 意為“使得，如此，以至于”。全句可譯為：然而，在理想的情況下，每一件產(chǎn)品都是設(shè)計(jì)人員根據(jù)其對(duì)某些“功能要求”的理解而設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)的，也就是說(shuō)，在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中，應(yīng)該回答這樣的問(wèn)題，即“它應(yīng)該具有那種確切的功能？” In the

58、world of engineering, the major function frequently is to support some type of loading due to weight, inertia, pressure, etc. From the beams in our homes to the wings of an airplane, there must be an appropriate melding of materials, dimensions, and fastenings to produce structures that will perform

59、 their functions reliably for a reasonable cost over a reasonable lifetime.參考譯文：在工程世界里，主要的功能常常是去支撐一些由重量、慣性、壓力等產(chǎn)生的負(fù)荷。 從我們家里的房梁到飛機(jī)的機(jī)翼，一定有適當(dāng)?shù)牟牧稀⒊叽?、緊固件的組合應(yīng)用，以制造出在合理的生命周期里以合理的成本滿(mǎn)足功能要求的結(jié)構(gòu)。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程2022/7/2245In practice, the engineering mechanics methods are used in two quite different ways:The developme

60、nt of any new device requires an interactive, iterative consideration of form, size, materials, loads, durability, safety, and cost.參考譯文：在實(shí)踐中，工程力學(xué)方法有兩個(gè)很不相同的用途：（1）任何一個(gè)新裝置的設(shè)計(jì)都需要在形式、尺寸、材料、載荷、耐久度、安全性和造價(jià)等方面進(jìn)行反復(fù)的、交互式的考慮。 (2) When a device fails (unexpectedly) it is often necessary to carry out a study to