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1、2002MBA備考-商務(wù)英語重點詞匯補(bǔ)充A business , company, or firm is an organization that sells goods or services. A business may also be referred to formally as a concern. Business is the production, buying, and selling of goods and services.A business may be referred to approvingly as an enterprise to emphasize i
2、ts adventurous, risk-taking qualities, and business in general may be referred to in the same way, for example in combinations such as free enterprise and private enterprise.Business is also referred to as commerce. This word, and its related adjective commercial, are often used to distinguish the b
3、usiness sphere from other areas such as government or the arts, or to distinguish it from nonmoney-making activities.注釋:Busiinesss 商商業(yè);生生意;公公司Coompaany 公司;商號FFirmm (合合伙的)商號;商行Conccernn 康采采恩(壟壟斷企業(yè)業(yè)形式之之一)CCommmercce 商商業(yè); 商務(wù)CCommmercciall 商業(yè)業(yè)的;商商務(wù)的;商用的的Enteerprrisee 企事事業(yè)單位位Freee EEnteerprrisee 自由由企業(yè)PPr
4、ivvatee Ennterrpriise 私人企企業(yè)Fromm muultiinattionnalss too smmalll fiirmss 從跨跨國公司司到小型型企業(yè)Largge ccomppaniies aree reeferrredd too ass coorpoorattionns, esppeciiallly iin tthe Uniitedd Sttatees. Corrporratee iss ussed to desscriibe thiingss reelattingg too a corrporratiion, orr too coorpoorattionns iin
5、ggeneerall, iin eexprresssionns llikee thhe ooness inn thhe nnextt exxerccisee. LLargge ccomppaniies opeerattingg inn maany couuntrriess arre mmulttinaatioonalls.Bigg buusinnesss caan rrefeer tto llargge bbusiinesss oorgaanizzatiionss orr too anny bbusiinesss aactiivitty tthatt maakess a lott off mo
6、oneyy. SSmalll ccomppaniies aree reeferrredd too ass smmalll buusinnessses or smaall firrms.Unllikee soome lannguaagess, EEngllishh dooes nott haave an eveerydday terrm ffor smaall andd meediuum-ssizeed ccomppaniies, appartt frrom thiis rrathher cluumsyy exxpreessiion.注釋:Corpporaatioon 大大公司;股份有有限公司司
7、Corrporratee 法人人;團(tuán)體體Mulltinnatiionaal 跨跨國的;多國的的Big bussineess 大型企企業(yè);大大公司SSmalll aand meddiumm siizedd coompaaniees中小小規(guī)模的的公司Smalll bbusiinesss 小小公司SSmalll ffirmm 小公公司Induustrriess annd ssecttorss 工業(yè)業(yè)及其部部門Busiinesssess maay bbe cclasssiffiedd acccorrdinng tto wwhicch iinduustrry ttheyy arre iin: forr
8、exxampple connstrructtionn, ooil, baankiing, foood.Secctorr iss soomettimees uusedd too meean inddusttry in thee saame wayy, ppartticuularrly by speeciaalissts succh aas ffinaanciial jouurnaalissts, buut iit iis mmoree offtenn ussed to tallk aabouut ddifffereent parrts of thee ecconoomy in commbinna
9、tiionss suuch as pubblicc seectoor aand priivatte ssecttor, orr abboutt tyypess off buusinnesss inn exxpreessiionss liike serrvicce ssecttor andd maanuffactturiing secctorr.注釋:Induustrry 工工業(yè);產(chǎn)產(chǎn)業(yè)Seectoor 部部門;部部分Publlic secctorr 公共共部門PPrivvatee seectoor 私私營部門門manuufaccturringg seectoor 制制造部門門Serrvicce
10、 ssecttor 服務(wù)部部門Publlic secctorr annd pprivvatee 公共共部門和和私營部部門Whenn a priivatte ccomppanyy iss booughht bby tthe staate andd brrougght intto tthe pubblicc seectoor, it is nattionnaliizedd inn a proocesss oof nnatiionaalizzatiion. A nattionnaliizedd coompaany is staate-ownned. Whhen thee sttatee reetur
11、rns a ccomppanyy too thhe pprivvatee seectoor iin aa seell-offf, iit iis pprivvatiizedd. TThiss iss prrivaatizzatiion.Thee fiirstt too bee soold offf inn a priivattizaatioon pproggramm arre oofteen tthe commpanniess reespoonsiiblee foor tthe pubblicc suupplly oof eelecctriicitty, watter andd gaas: t
12、hee uttiliitiees.注釋:Natiionaalizzed 國有化化的Naatioonallizaatioon 國國有化PPrivvatiizedd 私有有化的Privvatiizattionn 私有有化Sttatee-owwnedd 國有有的Seell offf 廉價價出清Selll-offf 廉廉價出售售;拋售售Utiilittiess 公用用事業(yè);公用事事業(yè)部門門Stakkes份份額;股股份If CComppanyy A ownns ssharres or equuityy inn Coompaany B, A hhas or hollds a sstakke, holldi
13、nng oor ssharrehooldiing in B. If A oownss leess thaan hhalff thhe ssharres in B, it hass a minnoriity staake in B.IIf AA owwns morre tthann haalf thee shharees iin BB, iit hhas a mmajooritty sstakke oor cconttrolllinng sstakke iin BB. IIf yyou havve ssharres in a ccomppanyy yoou aare a ssharrehoold
14、eer.注釋:Sharres/staake 份額;股份EEquiity 股份;產(chǎn)權(quán);普通股股票Hooldiing 持有;股票額額Sharrehooldiing 持有股股票數(shù)SSharrehooldeer 股股東Hoold a sstakke 持持有份額額Majooritty sstakke 大大股東(50%以上)Conntroolliing staake 大股東東Minnoriity staake 小股東東Pareentss annd ssistterss 母公公司和姐姐妹公司司A hooldiing or holldinng ccomppanyy iss onne tthatt hoolds
15、s sttakees iin oone or morre ssubssidiiariies. Iff itt owwns alll thhe ssharres in a ssubssidiiaryy, tthe subbsiddiarry iis aa whhollly-oowneed oone.A hholddingg coompaanys rrelaatioonshhip to itss suubsiidiaariees iis tthatt off paarennt ccomppanyy, aand thee suubsiidiaariees rrelaatioonshhip to ea
16、cch ootheer iis tthatt off siisteer ccomppaniies. A holldinng aand itss suubsiidiaariees fformm a grooup.A coongllomeeratte iis aa grroupp coontaainiing a llot of diffferrentt coompaaniees iin ddifffereent bussineessees. Jouurnaalissts alsso rrefeer tto llargge ggrouups as giaantss. 注釋:Holddingg coo
17、mpaany 控股公公司Suubsiidiaary 子公司司W(wǎng)hoollyy-owwnedd suubsiidiaary 全資子子公司Pareent commpanny 母母公司SSistter commpanny 姐姐妹公司司Grooup 集團(tuán)公公司Congglommeraate 聯(lián)合大大企業(yè)GGiannt 大大企業(yè);企業(yè)巨巨人(新新聞用語語)Preddatoors, raaideers, annd wwhitte kknigghtss 掠奪奪者、搶搶劫者和和善意合合作者The takkeovver proocesss iis oofteen ddesccribbed in terrms o
18、f onee annimaal hhunttingg annothher: a commpanny oor iindiividduall seeekiing to takke ooverr annothher commpanny mmay be refferrred to as a ppreddatoor, andd thhe ttargget commpanny aas tthe preey. Preedattorss arre aalsoo reeferrredd too ass raaideers or corrporratee raaideers.A ccomppanyy wiishi
19、ing to ressistt, wwardd offf, or fennd ooff beiing takken oveer hhas a nnumbber of opttionns. It mayy deevisse pplanns tthatt giive exiistiing shaarehholdderss sppeciial rigghtss, oor iit mmay makke iitseelf lesss aattrracttivee too biiddeers by selllinng ooff a vvaluuablle ppartt off thhe ccomppany
20、y, oor hholddingg onn too ann unnatttracctivve oone. Acctioons likke tthesse aare poiisonn piillss.Or it mayy peersuuadee a friienddly parrtneer, a wwhitte kknigght, too taake a sstakke iin tthe commpanny, thuus pprevventtingg a commpleete takkeovver by a hhosttilee biiddeer. Biddderrs mmay agrree t
21、o witthdrraw theeir bidd iff paaid enooughh mooneyy foor tthe shaaress thhey holld iin tthe tarrgett coompaany. Thhis is greeen maiil.注釋:Preddatoor 掠掠奪者(惡意吞吞并其它它企業(yè))Preey 獵獵物(被被惡意并并購的企企業(yè))RRaidder 掠奪者者(惡意意并購其其它企業(yè)業(yè))Coorpooratte rraidder 合伙掠掠奪者FFendd offf aa biid 阻阻止收購購Warrd ooff a bbid 阻止收收購Poisson bil
22、ll毒藥藥(公司司通過給給予股東東某些特特權(quán)、或或賣掉部部分有價價值資產(chǎn)產(chǎn),而持持有或購購進(jìn)價值值不大的的資產(chǎn),從而減減少自己己對并購購公司的的吸引力力)Whitte KKnigght指指購買公公司部分分股份以以免遭兼兼并企業(yè)業(yè)完全兼兼并的善善意和或或者。Greeenmaail 綠函交交易指兼兼并企業(yè)業(yè)以增加加股票價價值為條條件撤回回自己向向標(biāo)的企企業(yè)投標(biāo)標(biāo)的交易易。Leveeragged buyy-ouuts andd juunk bonnds 杠桿收收購和垃垃圾債券券In aa leeverrageed bbuyoout, orr LBBO, a ccomppanyy iss accqui
23、iredd byy a grooup of invvesttorss, oofteen ffinaanceed bby hheavvy bborrrowiing. Thhe ddebtt iss thhen paiid oout of thee taargeet ccomppanyys opeerattingg reevennuess orr byy seelliing itss asssetts.TThe borrrowwingg innvollvedd inn LBBOs is oftten higgh- rissk ddebtt caalleed jjunkk boondss.LBOOs
24、 ffinaanceed bby jjunkk weere freequeent in thee 19980ss annd aafteer aan aabseencee foolloowinng tthe exccessses of thaat pperiiod, thhey aree noow ooccuurriing agaain.注釋:Leveeragged buyy-ouut 杠杠杠收購購LBO = LLeveeragged buyy-ouutJunkk boondss 高風(fēng)風(fēng)險債券券Joinnt vventturees aand alllianncess 合資資與聯(lián)盟盟Two or
25、morre ccomppaniies mayy deecidde tto wworkk toogettherr byy seettiing up a jjoinnt vventturee orr allliaancee inn whhichh eaach hollds a sstakke.注釋:Joinnt vventturee 合資資企業(yè)Alliiancce 企企業(yè)聯(lián)盟盟Merggerss 兼并并Whenn twwo ccomppaniies commbinne, usuuallly vvoluuntaarilly, theey mmergge iin aa meergeer.注釋:Merg
26、gerss 兼并并Mergger 兼并Resttruccturringg 企業(yè)業(yè)重組(1)A grroupp coontaainiing manny ttypees oof bbusiinesss iis ddiveersiifieed. A ggrouupss baasicc buusinnesss acctivvityy, pperhhapss thhe oone it oriiginnallly sstarrtedd wiith, iss itts ccoree buusinnesss. SSepaaratte bbusiinesss aactiivittiess maay bbe vv
27、iewwed as proofitt ceenteers, eaach ressponnsibble forr geenerratiing proofitt.Buusinnessses aree offtenn enncouuragged to conncenntraate or foccus on theeir corre aactiivittiess annd tto sselll offf, spiin ooff, orr diispoose of nonn-esssenntiaal aasseets. Thhesee asssetts aare oftten refferrred to
28、 as nonn-coore asssetss.A ssalee off asssetts iin tthiss waay iis rrefeerreed tto aas aa seell-offf, sppin-offf, oor ddispposaal. A sspinn-offf ccan alsso rrefeer tto aa buusinnesss thhat hass beeen spuun ooff.注釋:Diveersiifieed 多多樣化;多角化化Corre bbusiinesss 核核心經(jīng)營營Proofitt ceenteer 利利潤中心心Foccus 集中經(jīng)經(jīng)營Ass
29、eets 資產(chǎn);基金NNon-corre aasseets 空心資資本Seell offf 拋售售Selll-ooff 拋售Spinn offf 剝剝離;拆拆分Sppin-offf 剝離離Dissposse oof 處處理;變變賣Diispoosall 處理理;變賣賣Manaagemmentt buuy-ooutss管理層層收購Whenn a grooup is resstruuctuuredd, tthe mannageers of a bbusiinesss tthatt iss too bee soold offf maay wwantt too buuy iit tthemmsellv
30、ess inn a mannageemennt bbuy-outt orr MBBO, usuuallly iin ccombbinaatioon wwithh ann orrgannizaatioon pprovvidiing finnancce iin tthe forrm oof vventturee caapittal.注釋:Manaagemmentt buuyouut = MBBO 管理層收收購Ventturee caapittal 風(fēng)險投投資Suitts套中中人(在在文學(xué)作作品中對對經(jīng)常穿穿套裝的的商人、企業(yè)家家等人的的一種非非正式而而又帶有有輕微貶貶義的稱稱呼)PPeopple
31、of alll soortss woork in bussineess, annd tthe terrms bussineessmman andd buusinnessswomman refflecct tthiss, rrefeerriing as theey ddo tto aa wiide rannge of inddiviiduaals, frrom thee riich andd faamouus rrighht tthrooughh too smmalll coompaany ownnerss, ffromm peeoplle iin llargge oorgaanizzatiio
32、nss too thhosee whho wworkk foor tthemmsellvess. BBusiinesssmeen aand wommen aree reeferrredd too toogettherr ass buusinnessspeooplee. WWhenn suuppooseddly morre creeatiive tyypess suuch as wriiterrs oor aactoors deaal wwithh buusinnessspeooplee, ttheyy maay rrefeer tto tthemm, iinfoormaallyy annd s
33、sligghtlly iinsuultiinglly, as suiits.Entrreprreneeurss annd ttycooonss企業(yè)家家和金融融巨頭AAn eentrreprreneeur(企業(yè)家家) iis uusuaallyy soomeoone whoo buuildds uup aa coompaany froom nnothhingg: aa sttartt-upp(新創(chuàng)創(chuàng))coompaany. Enntreepreeneuurs mayy onne dday beccomee tyycooons(實業(yè)界界/金融融界巨頭頭), maggnattes(產(chǎn)業(yè)大大王)oor
34、mmoguuls(工商巨巨擘): riich andd suucceessfful peooplee wiith powwer andd innfluuencce wwho heaad bbig orgganiizattionns, usuuallly ooness thhey havve bbuillt uup tthemmsellvess annd iin wwhicch ttheyy haave a llargge pperssonaal sstakke.Manaagerrs aand exeecuttivees經(jīng)理理和董事事 A maanagger is sommeonne iin a
35、a poosittionn off reespoonsiibillityy inn ann orrgannizaatioon. An exeecuttivee(總經(jīng)經(jīng)理;董董事) is usuuallly aa maanagger at quiite a hhighh leevell. EExeccutiivess arre aalsoo exxecss, aan iinfoormaal eexprresssionn. PPeopple at thee heead of an orgganiizattionn arre sseniior exeecuttivees(高高級董事事/主管管) oo
36、r sseniior mannageers(高層管管理者/總經(jīng)理理, toop eexeccutiivess(高層層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者者)orr toop mmanaagerrs(總總經(jīng)理).Laddiess annd ggenttlemmen of thee booardd董事會會成員TThe peooplee leegallly ressponnsibble forr a commpanny aare itss booardd orr booardd off diirecctorrs(理理事會/董事會會).In thee USS,thhe hheadd off a commpanny mmay hav
37、ve tthe tittle preesiddentt(總裁裁/董事事長). Aggainn, tthe ressponnsibbiliitiees oof tthiss poost varry ffromm coompaany to commpanny, andd thhe ppostt maay bbe ccombbineed wwithh annothher.In thee USS, aa seenioor mmanaagerr inn chhargge oof aa fuuncttionn maay hhavee thhe ttitlle vvicee-prresiidennt(副副總
38、裁/副董事事長) andd maay bbe oon tthe boaard. Onne vvicee prresiidennt mmay havve rrespponssibiilitty ffor runnninng tthe commpanny, or mayybe nott, aas tthe lasst eexammplee beeloww inndiccatees oonlyy tooo wwelll.Exxecuutivve ddireectoors(執(zhí)行董董事) on a bboarrd aare higgh lleveel mmanaagerrs oof tthe commp
39、anny. Othher dirrecttorss arre nnon-exeecuttivee diirecctorrs(非非常務(wù)董董事), peerhaaps briingiing theeir knoowleedgee annd eexpeerieencee too seeverral commpanny bboarrds.Headdhunntinng獵頭頭 Heeadhhuntterss(獵頭頭者) aree sppeciialiist connsulltannts whoo seearcch ffor higghleevell, oofteen bboarrd-lleveel, ex
40、eecuttivees aand tryy too peersuuadee thhem to leaave theeir currrennt jjob in ordder to go to worrk iin aanottherr coompaany. Maanaggerss fooundd inn thhis wayy arre hheaddhunntedd inn a proocesss oof hheaddhunntinng.EExeccutiivess maay bbe pperssuadded to movve ccomppanyy byy thhe pprommisee off a
41、 golldenn heelloo(見面面禮):a llargge ssum of monney or somme ootheer ffinaanciial entticeemennt ooffeeredd byy thhe ccomppanyy thhey movve tto.Execcutiive payy主管人人員的收收入 Wheen ttalkkingg abboutt exxecuutivve ppay, coompeensaatioon(薪薪水)ccan reffer, coonfuusinnglyy, tto ttwo diffferrentt thhinggs:whatt to
42、op eexeccutiivess geet ffor runnninng aa coompaany. whatt thhey gett onn leeaviing a ccomppanyy.Aparrt ffromm saalarry, an exeecuttivees commpennsattionn paackaage(工資袋袋)caan iinclludee: bonuusess: eextrra ppaymmentts, sommetiimess, bbut nott allwayys, rellateed tto tthe firrmss peerfoormaancee.benee
43、fitts(福福利;津津貼)aand perrks(額外津津貼)rranggingg frrom shaare opttionns(優(yōu)優(yōu)先股票票權(quán)), thhe rrighht tto bbuy thee coompaanys ssharres at an advvanttageeouss prricee, tto aa chhaufffeuur-ddrivven carr.Remuunerratiion(待遇)is alsso uusedd too taalk aboout exeecuttivees sallaryy annd bbeneefitts.EExeccutiive payy-o
44、fffs主主管人員員的遣散散費A commpennsattionn paackaage forr ann exxecuutivve lleavvingg a commpanny iis aalsoo knnownn ass a golldenn gooodbbye(黃金再再見), gooldeen hhanddshaake(黃金握握別), orr gooldeen pparaachuute(黃金降降落).Commpennsattionn foor ssomeeonee leeaviing a ccomppanyy maay bbe rrefeerreed tto aas aa coompeen
45、saatioon ppaymmentt, coompeensaatioon ppayooff, orr coompeensaatioon ppayoout(賠償金金).Theese payymennts mayy foorm parrt oof aa seeverrancce ppackkagee(解雇雇金).Sevveraancee paaymeentss caan bbe tthe subbjecct oof ccompplexx neegottiattionns wwhenn ann exxecuutivve lleavves, orr iss ouusteed(免免職): foorce
46、ed tto lleavve.WWhenn exxecuutivves aree ouusteed, peooplee maay ttalkk abboutt coompaaniees ggiviing theem tthe golldenn booot(給被解解職/離離職的主主管人員員的補(bǔ)償償金).Numbberss peeoplle計算算數(shù)值的的人Buusinnesss orrgannizaatioons obvviouuslyy neeed peooplee whho aare goood wwithh nuumbeers andd coompuuterrs.PPeopple reffe
47、r, sllighhtlyy offfennsivvelyy, tto aaccoounttantts aand othher nummeraate speeciaalissts as beaan-ccounnterrs(數(shù)數(shù)值計算算專家/會計) orr nuumbeercrrunccherrs(數(shù)數(shù)值計算算專家).Rocckett sccienntissts(這里指指由金融融機(jī)構(gòu)聘聘請的專專門處理理最新的的、極為為復(fù)雜的的金融工工具的數(shù)數(shù)學(xué)及相相關(guān)學(xué)科科的高級級專門人人才) aree peeoplle wwithh addvanncedd quualiificcatiionss inn ma
48、atheematticss annd rrelaatedd suubjeectss reecruuiteed bby ffinaanciial insstittutiionss too woork on neww annd eextrremeely commpleex ffinaanciial prooduccts. Manaagemmentt annd llaboour勞勞資雙方方Peooplee woorkiing forr a commpanny aare refferrred to as itss woorkfforcce(勞勞動力), emmplooyeees(雇雇工), sttaf
49、ff(職員員), of perrsonnnell(雇員員) aand aree onn itts ppayrrolll(工資資發(fā)放名名冊).In somme cconttextts, esppeciiallly mmoree coonseervaativve ooness, eemplloyeees andd woorkfforcce rrefeer tto tthosse wworkkingg onn thhe sshoppflooor(車間)of a ffacttoryy acctuaallyy maakinng tthinngs. Siimillarlly, staaff is somm
50、etiimess ussed to reffer onlly tto mmanaagerrs aand offficeebassed worrkerrs.TThiss trradiitioonall diivissionn iss allso fouund in thee exxpreessiionss whhitee-coollaar(白白領(lǐng)) andd bllue-colllarr(藍(lán)領(lǐng)領(lǐng)).Anootheer ttradditiionaal ddiviisioon iis tthatt beetweeen mannageemennt(資資方)aand labbor(勞方).Persson
51、nnel or humman ressourrcess?職員員還是人人力資源源Thee peeoplle wworkkingg foor aan oorgaanizzatiion aree, fformmallly, itss peersoonneel(職職員/人人事). Inn laargee orrgannizaatioons, addminnisttrattionn off peeoplle iis ddonee byy thhe pperssonnnel depparttmennt(人人事部), aalthhouggh tthiss exxpreessiion is noww soom
52、ettimees rrejeecteed. Commpanniess taalk inssteaad aabouut ttheiir hhumaan rresoourcces(人力資資源)oor HHR aand humman ressourrce mannageemennt(人人力資源源管理) orr HRRM.Hiriing andd fiirinng雇傭傭和解雇雇Perrsonnnell deeparrtmeentss arre uusuaallyy innvollvedd inn fiindiing neww sttafff annd rrecrruittingg(招聘聘)thhem,
53、 hiirinng(雇雇傭?ffontt faace=Arriall, HHelvvetiica, saans-serrifhhem, orr taakinng tthemm onn, iin aa prroceess of reccruiitmeent. Soomeoone reccruiitedd iss a reccruiit(新新進(jìn)人員員), or in Ameericcan Engglissh oonlyy, aa hiire. Thhey aree allso invvolvved wheen ppeopple aree maade to leaave thee orrganniz
54、aatioon, or firred(被解雇雇). Theese ressponnsibbiliitiees aare refferrred to, reelattiveely infformmallly, as hirringg annd ffiriing(雇傭和和解雇). IIf yyou leaave a jjob vollunttariily, yoou qquitt(辭職職).Delaayerringg annd ddownnsizzingg延緩和和精簡編編制Miiddlle mmanaagerrs(中中程主管管)arre tthosse iin tthe hieerarrchyy beetweeen senniorr maanaggemeent andd frrontt-liine mannageers(基層管管理人員員) oor llinee maanaggerss(生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)線管理理人員), tthe peooplee maanaggingg emmplooyeees.MMidddle mannageers aree noow mmostt offtenn meentiioneed iin tthe conntexxt oof rre-eengiineeerinng(流流程再造造), dellayeerinng(延延緩), doownssiziing(精簡編編制),
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