新視野大學英語(第三版)讀寫教程第三冊Units1-3教案

1、1. 1. preclude vt. (fml.) prevent sth. or make sth. impossible 阻礙；阻止；妨礙Unit 1 Text A Never, ever give up! . Background Informationpublic schoolIn the UK (with the exception of Scotland), the term public school refers to a group of older, more expensive and exclusive fee-paying private schools, which

2、 cater primarily for children aged between 13 and 18. It is independent of the state system in regard to endowment and administration. The typical great public school such as Eton, Harrow, and Winchester evolved from an institution founded by a single benefactor during the late European Middle Ages

3、or the Renaissance. The curriculum from the beginning placed heavy emphasis on the Greek and Roman classics and continued to do so until well into the 20th century.In the US, public schools generally refer to elementary or secondary schools, offered to all children by the government and paid for, in

4、 whole or in part, by public funding from taxation. The term may also refer to institutions of post-secondary education funded, in whole or in part, and overseen by the government.Stanford Law SchoolIt is a graduate school at Stanford University. It was established in 1893 and is regularly ranked am

5、ong the top three law schools in the United States, along with Harvard Law School and Yale Law School.Winston ChurchillSir Winston Churchill (1874-1965) grew up as the son of a British noble. He attended a private school from age seven, and entered Harrow in 1888. He was not impressed with his educa

6、tion. Later he entered Sandhurst Royal Military College in 1893, after three attempts to pass the entrance test. He joined the army in 1895.He was a British Conservative politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during World War II. Widely regarded as one of the greates

7、t wartime leaders of the 20th century, he served as prime minister twice (1940-1945 and 1951-1955). A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize for Litera

8、ture (in 1953), and was the first person to be made an Honorary Citizen of the United States.Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein (1879-1955), born to a Jewish family in Germany, grew up in Munich and moved to Italy in 1894. As a boy, he was said to be slow in learning to talk, but later in his childhood

9、he showed great curiosity about nature and a likewise great ability to solve difficult mathematical problems. After he left school, he went to Switzerland, where hegraduated from university with a degree in mathematics. In 1905, Einstein published a series of papers which shook the whole scientific

10、and intellectual world. For the theories he established in his papers, he won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. Among the important discoveries Einstein made in his life, the greatest is the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity. He was considered the greatest scientist of the 20th century

11、and one of the greatest of all time. His discoveries and theories have greatly influenced science in many fields.Thomas EdisonThomas Edison (1847-1931) was an American inventor, scientist and businessman. Edison had very little formal education as a child, attending school only for a few months. He

12、was taught reading, writing, and arithmetic by his mother, but he was always a very curious child and taught himself much by reading on his own. This belief in self-improvement remained throughout his life.He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonogr

13、aph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laborator

14、y. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. Edison originated the concept and implementation of electric-power generation and distribution to homes, businesses, and factories a crucial development in the modern industriali

15、zed world.Sandra Day OConnorSandra Day OConnor (1930- ,) is an American jurist who was the first female member of the Supreme Court of the United States. She served as an Associate Justice from 1981 until her retirement from the Court in 2006.She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the hi

16、ghest civilian honor of the US in 2009.StanfordCommonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, it is an American private research university located in Stanford, California. Stanford is a founding member of the Association of American Universities, and one of the worlds leading research and

17、 teaching institutions. Its academic reputation, alumni, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world. .New WordsBetter options may come along later, and taking the first option will preclude them from being free for the later and better ones. 后面可能會出現(xiàn)更好的選擇

18、，選了第一個他們就 無法自由選擇后面更好的了。. whereby ad. （fml.） used for saying that sth. is done according to the method, arrangement, rule, etc. that has been referred to憑那個；借以O(shè)fficials proposed a system of double-checking on traders whereby they would be obliged to list every item exported and imported. 官員們提出了一個對貿(mào)易商

19、進行復核的制度， 這樣貿(mào)易商將被迫列出進出口的每一個項目。.patriotic a. feeling a lot of love, respect, and duty toward your country 愛國的；有愛國心的The Chinese people have a glorious patriotic tradition, and they are great peace-loving people. 中國人民具有光榮的愛國傳統(tǒng)，是偉大的、熱愛和平的人民。.clear-cut a. definite and easy to understand, recognize, or mak

20、e a decision about 明確 的；清楚的You have to be really clear-cut about who you are and what youre trying to achieve. 你必須真正清楚你是誰，你想達到什么目的。.inhibit vt. make it difficult for a process to start or continue in a normal way 阻礙； 妨礙； 抑制This strict supervision of their activities will make them less decisive and

21、may inhibit them from giving orders or taking charge of the situation. 對他們行動的這種嚴密監(jiān)控將使他 們優(yōu)柔寡斷，還可能會妨礙他們發(fā)布命令、掌控局勢。. bypass vt. 1 avoid dealing with sb. or sth., esp. because you think you can achieve sth. more quickly without using them （做某事時）避開，越過（某人）A flexible plan can allow us to bypass unnecessary

22、tasks and ignore unimportant interruptions. 一個靈活的計劃可以讓我們避開不必要的任務，忽略不重要的干擾。2 avoid the center of a town or city by using a road that goes round it繞過；繞 走Roadways, bridges, overpasses, and interchanges could run through or bypass urban areas. 公路、橋梁、天橋和立體交叉道穿過或繞過城區(qū)。. spur n. C sth. that encourages sb. t

23、o do sth.刺激；激勵；鞭策；鼓舞The soccer teams manager said that the teams success on Saturday would be a spur which would lead to even greater effort this season.這支足球隊的經(jīng)理說球隊周六的勝利將會鼓舞球隊在本賽季更加努力。vt.1 encourage sb. to do sth.刺激；激勵；鞭策；鼓舞The promise of bonuses or gifts can spur workers to higher achievement.承諾給工人

24、獎金或禮品可以激勵他們?nèi)〉酶蟮某煽儭? cause sth. to happen使發(fā)生13.maintain 13.maintain vt. make sth. stay the same; keep保持；維持13.maintain 13.maintain vt. make sth. stay the same; keep保持；維持The discovery of diamonds and gold spurred wealth and immigration in this region. 鉆石和黃金的發(fā)現(xiàn)使該地區(qū)財富激增，并引發(fā)了涌往該地區(qū)的移民潮。dedication n. U the

25、 large amount of time and effort that sb. spends on sth.奉獻；獻身The volunteers dedication and support have been invaluable for the Art Associations funds and for managing them effectively.在藝協(xié)基金及其有效管理上，志愿者的奉獻和支持是非常寶貴的。commend vt. （fml.） 1 praise sb. or sth. formally or publicly （正式或公開）表揚， 稱贊，表彰I would l

26、ike to commend you for the support you give with your excellent articles to rural artists and craftspeople.我十分贊賞你通過精彩的文章而給予農(nóng)村藝術(shù)家和手藝人的支持。2 tell sb. that a person or thing is good, useful, or suitable推薦I dont usually commend everyone who does a good job; I only commend people who do an excellent job.

27、對工作干得好的人我不是都推薦，我只推薦工作成績優(yōu)異的人。endeavor n. C, U an effort to do sth., esp. sth. new or difficult 努力；盡力Driving is a serious endeavor and all drivers must remain alert, awake, and aware to reduce the number of accidents on the roads.駕車是一個嚴肅認真的行為，所有的司機都必須保持警覺，頭腦清醒，盡力減少道路事故的發(fā)生。vi. （fml.） （ to do sth.） try

28、very hard to do sth. 努力做（某事）；盡力做（某事）They endeavor to tell the stories behind each picture, allowing visitors to see paintings of landscapes with a greater understanding. 他們盡力去講述每幅畫背后的故事，讓參觀者 欣賞風景畫時有更深層的理解。11.unprecedented a. 1 never having happened or existed before前所未有的；史無前例的The vice-president woul

29、d take the unprecedented step of using federal money to raise the salaries of some teachers.副總統(tǒng)將采取史無前例的措施，利用聯(lián)邦基金來提高部分教師的工資。2 the greatest in size, amount, degree, etc. that has ever been kno（大小、wn數(shù)量、 程度等）前所未知的，空前的In the late 1950s, the slaughter of dolphins began on an unprecedented scale. 2世紀050 年代

30、后期，對海豚前所未有的大規(guī)模屠殺開始了。12.nominate vt. officially suggest that sb. should be given a job, or that sb. or sth. should receive a prize 提名；推薦The private schools director nominated Mr. Williams as his official representative at the conference. 在這次會議上，該私立學校的校董提名威廉斯先生為他的官方代表。Only a few people nowadays are ab

31、le to maintain friendships into adulthood.如今只有少數(shù)人能將友誼維持到成年了。. transcend vt. （fml.） become free of negative attitudes, thoughts, or feelings that limit what you can achieve 超越，擺脫（消極的態(tài)度、思想或情緒）She was able to transcend her own suffering and help others.她能夠戰(zhàn)勝自身的痛苦并幫助他人。.handicap n. Ca disadvantage that

32、prevents you from doing sth. well障礙；不利條件Smoking is a known handicap to sleep. 人們已知吸煙對睡眠不利。（old-fashioned） a physical or mental injury or illness that is severe and permanent（身體或智力的）缺陷，殘疾（該詞現(xiàn)在被認為具冒犯義）Often some physical or mental handicap prevents a child from learning.身體或智力上的某種缺陷常常妨礙孩子學習。Phrases and

33、 expressionsremove sth. / sb. from sth.take sth. or sb. away from a place移開；拿開；去掉；從 機構(gòu)開除The new computerized system removed 700 people from their jobs.新系統(tǒng)的計算機化使得700人失去了工作。deviate from sth.be different from sth.; do sth. differently from what is usual or expected 背離；偏離；違背Those who deviate from one pa

34、rt of the plan are almost certain to deviate from the whole in the end. 偏離部分計劃的人最終幾乎一定會背離整體計劃。preclude sb. from doing sth.prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事；妨礙某人做某事Better options may come along later, and taking the first option will preclude them from being free for the later and better ones.后面可能會

35、出現(xiàn)更好的選擇，選了第一個他們就無法自由選擇后面更好的了。write sb. / sth. offdecide that sb. or sth. is a failure or not worth paying any attention to認定 失?。ɑ驔]有價值、不可救藥等）Dont write John off too soon; he may surprise you!不要過早放棄約翰，他也許會出乎你的意料！fail in sth.not be successful in achieving sth. 做 失??；未能做到Im sorry to tell you that your fr

36、iend failed in his attempt to get the position.很抱歉地告訴你，你朋友爭取得到這個職位的嘗試失敗了。triumph overdefeat sb. or sth.; be successful打??；戰(zhàn)勝；成功The Qin triumphed over six rival states and emerged as the only power posed to unify China. 秦國戰(zhàn)勝了六國對手，成為統(tǒng)一中國的唯一強權(quán)。n (the) pursuit of sth.in the process of looking for or tryi

37、ng to find sth. 在追求 的過程中；在尋求 的過程中Unfortunately, not every magazine is produced and edited in the pursuit of excellence.遺憾 的是，不是每本雜志的制作和編輯都力求卓越。work ones way to / through / intoachieve sth. gradually by working (通過努力)逐步達到He spent 16 years with one company and worked his way into a top management posi

38、tion.他在一家公司干了16 年，通過努力最后成為了公司高層。act asperform a particular role or function 充當；起作用My dictionaries act as great helpers in my study.我的字典是我學習中的好幫手。fall downfail because of a particular reason or in a particular way不足；不夠好The local authority is falling down on the job of keeping the streets clean. 地方政府沒

39、能做 好保持街道整潔的工作。 .Structure Analysis:Part One(Paras. 1-2) : It introduces the theme question of the text: What is the secret of success?Part Two(Paras. 3-7) : examples to illustrate the secret of success.Part Three(Paras. 8): Conclusion: With hard work, determination, dedication , and preparation , yo

40、u can transcend any handicap, accomplish any feat, and achieve success! .Detailed Study of the Text:He was not a good student, and had he not been from a famous family, he probably would have been removed from the school for deviating from the rules. (Para. 1)Meaning: Churchill was not a good studen

41、t. If he had not been from a famous family, he probably would have been dismissed from the school because of breaking the rules.Sentence structure note“: Had he not been 為倒裝的虛擬條件句，相當于 ”“ If he hadnot been ”。 在書面語中，條件從句可以不用連詞if, 而將謂語中的had, were 或 should等移至主語之前，構(gòu)成倒裝。例如： Had it not been for his help, I

42、 would never have completed the project.要不是他幫忙，我完不成這個項目。Were you in my position, you would do the same.你要是處于我這個位置，你也會這樣做的。Should you be passing, do come and see us如果你經(jīng)過這里，一定要來看我們。 .Thankfully, he did finish at Harrow and his errors there did not preclude him from going on to the university. (Para. 1

43、)Meaning: Fortunately, he graduated from Harrow and his mistakes there did not keep him from going to college.He eventually had a premier army career whereby he was later elected prime minister. (Para. 1)Meaning: Finally he joined the army, and then his outstanding army career made it possible for h

44、im to be elected prime minister.Personal history, educational opportunity, individual dilemmas none of these can inhibit a strong spirit committed to success. (Para. 3)Meaning: Personal experience, educational background or individual difficult situations nothing can prevent a person with a strong w

45、ill from succeeding.No task is too hard. No amount of preparation is too long or too difficult. (Para. 3) Meaning beyond words :A person with a strong will is not fearful of any difficult task and is willing to put in lots of time and hard effort to get prepared for his goal. Sentence structure note

46、:“ No too 是一種強調(diào)句型。例如： ” No job is too small. 沒有任何一種工作是微不足道的。His background was certainly not glamorous. (Para. 4) Meaning: His background was actually very plain.He failed in business twice, suffered a nervous breakdown when his first love died suddenly and lost eight political elections. (Para. 4)M

47、eaning: He tried to run a business twice, neither of which was successful. He experienced a serious emotional and psychological collapse when his first love died suddenly, and he failed in eight political elections.Just like Churchill and Lincoln, only those who keep their eyes on the prize, those w

48、ho uphold a committed and focused will and spirit, will find their endeavors successful. (Para. 5) Meaning: Just like Churchill and Lincoln, only those who stay focused on their goal and concentrate their will and spirit on their work, will finally achieve success through their sustained efforts.Not

49、e: keep ones eyes on the prize: stay focused on the end result; not let small problems get in the way of good results 執(zhí)著地追求成功I know its difficult going to class after work,but just keep your eyes on the prize. At the end of next year, youll have your MBA. 我知道 下班之后再去上課是很困難的，但是你得堅持既定目標！明年底你就能獲得工商管理 碩士

50、了。They achieved prosperity because they possessed a fierce will to keep preparing and working and a passion to succeed. (Para. 5)Meaning: They made such great achievements because they had a strong will to persist in preparing and working, and they were eager to be successful.They attained success,

51、not because it was easy, but because they had the will to overcome profound obstacles and to work diligently in the pursuit of their goals. (Para. 5)Meaning: They became successful not because it didnt need much hard work, but because they were strong-willed to defeat many great difficulties, and th

52、ey worked extremely hard to realize their aims.Sentence structure note“: not because but beca是比較重要的平行結(jié)構(gòu)句型，表use ”示 “不是因為 ，而是因為” 。這種句型一般否定前半部分，肯定后半部分，從而形成對比。例如：Sometimes plagiarism occurs not because students are trying to cheat, but because they have not been taught how to paraphrase accurately.剽竊的存在

53、有時不是因為學生想作弊，而是因為老師沒有教他們?nèi)绾螠蚀_地轉(zhuǎn)述。I think markets move not because of an external force, but because the internal structures are either strengthening or weakening.我認為市場的變化不是因為外部力量，而是因為其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)在加強或削弱。After growing up on a cattle ranch without running water or electricity, Sandra Day OConnor fought to achie

54、ve the best education possible. (Para. 6)Meaning: After growing up on a cattle ranch where neither running water nor electricity was available, Sandra Day OConnor struggled to get the best education she could.Unit 1 Text B Chance favors the prepared .Reading SkillsUnderstanding denotation and connot

55、ationB2U5 has given us a detailed explanation of denotation and connotation. Connotation goes hand in hand with the authors attitude and thus constitutes the major tone of the passage. Successful readers can understand the implied meaning of a specific word or even figure out the reason why the auth

56、or chooses this one instead of that one. To describe someone who is hard to be persuaded, we can use the adjective stubborn, obstinate, or we can use determined and resolute. The difference lies in the authors attitude toward this person. If the author disapproves of the person, he may prefer the fo

57、rmer, and if the author approves of the person, he may prefer the latter.Here, lets look at some sentences from Text A. Pay attention to the underlined words, of which both denotation and connotation have been given.Thankfully, he did finish at Harrow and his errors there did not preclude him from g

58、oing on to the university. He eventually had a premier army career whereby he was later elected prime minister. (Para. 1) Denotation: fortunatelyConnotation: The word thankfully is associated with a feeling of relief and pleasure, indicating the authors positive attitude toward Churchill.In the end,

59、 both Einstein and Edison overcame their childhood persecution and went on to achieve magnificent discoveries that benefit the entire world today. (Para. 3) Denotation: extremely bad treatment of someone, especially because of their race, religion, or political beliefsConnotation: The word persecuti

60、on is too big a word for the trouble a child goes through, but it indicates the tremendous hardships Einstein and Edison suffered in their childhood. It makes the authors point quite clear, that is, despite the great trouble, they finally succeeded because they never gave up.Just like Churchill and