知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)創(chuàng)造88591課件

1、1 知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)創(chuàng)造、運(yùn)用、 管理和保護(hù)The Creation, Use, Management and Protection of Intellectual Property Right中國社會(huì)科學(xué)院法學(xué)研究所研究員 博士生導(dǎo)師 李順德 Chinese Academy of Social SciencesResearcher and Doctorial Tutor Li shunde 12第一部分 知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)基本知識(shí)一、什么是知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)二、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的基本性質(zhì)三、中國現(xiàn)代知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)制度的構(gòu)成第二部分 如何對(duì)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造、運(yùn)用、管理和保護(hù) 一、全球化背景下的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為一個(gè)引人注目的重要問題二、

2、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)的應(yīng)對(duì)措施Part I Basic Knowledge of Intellectual Property Right . What is Intellectual Property Right? . The fundamental nature of Intellectual Property Right. . Components of modern Intellectual Property Right protection system of ChinaPart II How to Create, Use, Manage and Protect Intellectual Pr

3、operty Right? . Intellectual Property Right becomes a remarkable and important issue in the context of globalization . Countermeasures for IPR protection 2第一部分 知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)基本知識(shí)3第一部分 知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)基本知識(shí)一、什么是知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)Part I Basic Knowledge of Intellectual Property Right I. what is Intellectual Property Right?知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)是指自然人或法人對(duì)自然人

4、通過智力勞動(dòng)所創(chuàng)造的智力成果，依法確認(rèn)并享有的權(quán)利。（一）世界知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)組織對(duì)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的定義1967年7月14日簽訂，1970年4月26日生效的建立世界知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)組織公約第2條（8）款對(duì)“知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)”的范圍作了如下定義：Intellectual Property Right is recognized in accordance with law and enjoyed by nature person or legal person for the intellectual achievement created by nature persons intellectual effort.(1)

5、Definition by World Intellectual Property Right OrganizationAccording to Article 2(8) of “Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Right Organization” signed on July 14,1967, came into effect in April 26,1970, “Intellectual Property Right” shall include the rights relating to:3第一部分 知識(shí)

6、產(chǎn)權(quán)基本知識(shí)一、什么是知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)Par4 1.與文學(xué)、藝術(shù)及科學(xué)作品有關(guān)的權(quán)利（指版權(quán)或著作權(quán)）；2.與表演藝術(shù)家的表演活動(dòng)、錄音制品和廣播有關(guān)的權(quán)利（指版權(quán)的鄰接權(quán)）； 3.與人類在一切領(lǐng)域創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的發(fā)明有關(guān)的權(quán)利（指專利權(quán)）； 4.與科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)有關(guān)的權(quán)利； 1. Literary, artistic and scientific works (copyright or literary property), 2. Performances of performing artists, phonograms, and broadcasts (Neighboring right of cop

7、yright ), 3. Inventions in all fields of human endeavor (Patent right), 4. Scientific discoveries,4 1.與文學(xué)、藝術(shù)及科學(xué)作品有關(guān)的權(quán)利（指版權(quán)或著作55.與工業(yè)品外觀設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)的權(quán)利； 6.與商品商標(biāo)、服務(wù)商標(biāo)、商號(hào)及其他商業(yè)標(biāo)記有關(guān)的權(quán)利； 7.與防止不正當(dāng)競爭有關(guān)的權(quán)利； 8.一切來自工業(yè)、科學(xué)及文學(xué)藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域的智力創(chuàng)作活動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的權(quán)利。 5. Industrial designs, 6. Trademarks, service marks, and commercial names and

8、designations, 7. Protection against unfair competition, 8. And all other rights resulting from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary or artistic fields.56（二）世界貿(mào)易組織（WTO）對(duì)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的定義與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)議（TRIPs）第1條對(duì)“知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)”的范圍作了以下定義：1. 版權(quán)與鄰接權(quán)；2. 商標(biāo)權(quán)；3. 地理標(biāo)志權(quán)； 4. 工業(yè)品外觀設(shè)計(jì)權(quán)；5. 專利權(quán)；6. 集成電路布圖設(shè)計(jì)（拓樸圖

9、）權(quán)； 7. 未披露過的信息（商業(yè)秘密）專有權(quán)。 (2) Definition by WTOAccording to Article 1 of “Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right (TRIPS)”, “Intellectual Property Right” shall include the rights relating to:1. Copyright and Neighboring rights2. Trademarks 3. Geographical Indications 4. Indu

10、strial Designs 5. Patent Rights6. Layout-Designs (Topology Map) of IC7. Protection of Undisclosed Information 67二、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的基本性質(zhì) . The Fundamental Characteristics of Intellectual Property Right（一）無形性（二）專有性（三）地域性（四）時(shí)間性（五）可復(fù)制性(A) Intangible (B) Exclusive (C) Regional (D) Timing (E) Duplicability7二、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的基本性

11、質(zhì) . The Fundament8三、中國現(xiàn)代知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)制度的構(gòu)成. Components of Modern Intellectual Property Right Protection System of China（一）憲法是我國的根本大法（二）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法是民法法律部門中的一個(gè)法律制度（三）我國所締結(jié)的國際公約是我國國內(nèi)法的重要組成部分（四）我國與有關(guān)國家簽訂的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)議(A) Constitution is the fundamental law of our country. (B) Intellectual Property Right law belongs to civi

12、l law department.(C) That relevant international conventions to which China is a party is an important component of domestic law of China. (D) Treaties signed between China and relevant countries. 8三、中國現(xiàn)代知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)制度的構(gòu)成. Componen9 第二部分 如何對(duì)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造、運(yùn)用、管理和保護(hù)一、全球化背景下的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為一個(gè)引人注目的重要問題 （一）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為重要的財(cái)富 （二）知識(shí)產(chǎn)

13、權(quán)貿(mào)易已經(jīng)成為國際貿(mào)易中的一種主要形式和競爭手段 （三）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)經(jīng)營成為企業(yè)經(jīng)營的重要內(nèi)容 （四）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為競爭的重要工具Part Two How to Create, Use, Manage and Protect Intellectual Property Right?1. Intellectual Property Right becomes a remarkable and important issue in the context of globalization(1) Intellectual Property Right becomes an important form o

14、f wealth (2) Intellectual Property Right trade has become a major form and competition means in international trade(3) Intellectual Property Right becomes an important branch ofenterprise operation (4) Intellectual Property Right becomes an important tool of competition 9 第二部分 如何對(duì)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造、運(yùn)用、管理10（五）

15、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為投資的重要資本（六）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為重要的非關(guān)稅壁壘（七）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為管理的重要內(nèi)容（八）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相結(jié)合成為企業(yè)追求的重要目標(biāo)（九）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的重要組成部分(5) Intellectual Property Right becomes an important means of investment (6) Intellectual Property Right becomes an important non-tariff barrier (7) Intellectual Property Right becomes an important aspect ofman

16、agement(8) The combination of Intellectual Property Right and standards becomes an important goal for enterprises to pursue (9) Intellectual Property Right has become an important part of development strategy 10（五）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為投資的重要資本11（一）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為重要的財(cái)富1、以知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)為核心的無形資產(chǎn)成為企業(yè)的主要資產(chǎn)年月日中國共產(chǎn)黨第十六屆中央委員會(huì)第三次全體會(huì)議通過的中共中央關(guān)于

17、完善社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制若干問題的決定：“（）建立健全現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)權(quán)制度。產(chǎn)權(quán)是所有制的核心和主要內(nèi)容，包括物權(quán)、債權(quán)、股權(quán)和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)等各類財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)?！?“要依法保護(hù)各類產(chǎn)權(quán)，健全產(chǎn)權(quán)交易規(guī)則和監(jiān)管制度，推動(dòng)產(chǎn)權(quán)有序流轉(zhuǎn)，保障所有市場主體的平等法律地位和發(fā)展權(quán)利。 ”(1) Intellectual Property Right becomes an important form of wealth. the intangible assets with Intellectual Property Right at the core becomes the main assets of enterpr

18、ises On October 14, 2003, The Decision of the Central Government of the Communist Party of China on Certain Issues of Perfecting the System of Socialist Market Economy adopted at the third plenary session of 16th Chinese Communist Party Central Committee: (6) To establish and perfect a modern proper

19、ty rights system. Property right is the core and the main contents of ownership, including property, debt, equity and Intellectual Property Right and other property rights. It is necessary to safeguard various property rights according to law, to improve the property trading rules and regulations, t

20、o promote the orderly transaction of property rights, and to safeguard equal legal status and right to development for all market players.11（一）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為重要的財(cái)富12美國Amgen公司是一家生物技術(shù)公司，其資產(chǎn)評(píng)估總值為150億美元，而其有形資產(chǎn)僅為25億美元，這是由于該公司擁有人紅細(xì)胞生成素（EPO）和人粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子（GCSF）的兩項(xiàng)基本專利，可以壟斷這兩個(gè)暢銷生物藥品的市場所致。Amgen Inc. is a U.S. biotechnol

21、ogy company, with assessed value of its assets for 15 billion U.S. dollars, and its tangible asset is 2.5 billion U.S. dollars. That is because the company owns two basic patents including human erythropoietin (EPO) and human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which gives the company a m

22、onopoly position in market of these two best-selling biological drugs.12美國Amgen公司是一家生物技術(shù)公司，其資產(chǎn)評(píng)估總值為1132、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為商品和服務(wù)價(jià)值的重要組成溫州打火機(jī)在美國市場上，靠的是日本和韓國的品牌，接受日本和韓國的打火機(jī)廠商定牌加工。溫州的打火機(jī)賣給日本和韓國商人平均不到兩個(gè)美元，加工的利潤是10左右，0.2美元左右。而日本和韓國的商人把這個(gè)打火機(jī)賣到美國，是5美元到10美元之間。它的利潤是100到300。我國生產(chǎn)的地球儀出口價(jià)為5美元，在美國可以賣85美元；加工一套女裝的加工費(fèi)是3-4歐元，市場價(jià)為

23、100歐元。2, Intellectual Property Right Becomes an Important Component of the Value of Goods and Services Wenzhou lighters lives upon Japanese and South Korean brands in the U.S. market, taking fixed license processing from Japanese and South Korean lighter manufacturers. The price of Wenzhou lighters

24、sold to Japan and South Korea is less than 2 U.S. dollars on average, the profit of processing is about 10%, about 0.2 U.S. dollars. The price of the same lighter sold to the United States by Japan and South Korean is 5 U.S. dollars to 10 dollars. Its profit is 100% to 300%. The export price of a Ch

25、ina made terrestrial globe is 5 U.S. dollars, which can be sold at 85 U.S. dollars in the United States; the processing fee is of a womans suit is 3-4 Euros, with a market price of 100 Euros.132、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為商品和服務(wù)價(jià)值的重要組成14（二）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易已經(jīng)成為國際貿(mào)易中的一種主要形式和競爭手段1、狹義的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易，狹義的理解就是指以知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)為標(biāo)的的貿(mào)易，它包括知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)許可、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓等

26、內(nèi)容。其實(shí)我們平常接觸很多，如專利許可、商標(biāo)許可、專利的轉(zhuǎn)讓、商標(biāo)的轉(zhuǎn)讓、版權(quán)的許可、版權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)讓、商業(yè)秘密的許可等等，這些都是知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易。2、廣義的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易廣義的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易，還應(yīng)該包括知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易。(2) Intellectual Property Right Trade Becomes a Major Form and Competition Means in International Trade1, The Narrow Sense of Intellectual Property Right Trade Intellectual Property Right trade,

27、in the narrow sense refers to Intellectual Property Right being the subject of trade, which includes Intellectual Property Right licensing, Intellectual Property Right transfers and so on. In fact, we normally come into contact with many, such as patent licensing, trademark licensing, the transfer o

28、f patents, trademarks, the transfer of copyright permission, copyright transfer, license of trade secrets and so on, all of the above are Intellectual Property Right trading.2, The Broad Sense of Intellectual Property Right Trade The broad sense of Intellectual Property Right trading should also inc

29、lude trade of Intellectual Property Right products.14（二）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易已經(jīng)成為國際貿(mào)易中的一種主要形式和153、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)產(chǎn)品知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)產(chǎn)品，就是指那些產(chǎn)品價(jià)值主要是由知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)價(jià)值構(gòu)成的產(chǎn)品，或者說是知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的價(jià)值占產(chǎn)品價(jià)值相當(dāng)比例的產(chǎn)品，如計(jì)算機(jī)軟件、集成電路、影視作品、音像制品、出版物等。一般地說，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)產(chǎn)品主要是指版權(quán)產(chǎn)品，即產(chǎn)品價(jià)值主要是由版權(quán)價(jià)值構(gòu)成的產(chǎn)品，或者說是版權(quán)的價(jià)值占產(chǎn)品價(jià)值相當(dāng)比例的產(chǎn)品。3, Intellectual Property Right ProductsIntellectual Property Right

30、products means that the value of those products is mainly constituted by Intellectual Property Right, or the value of Intellectual Property Right accounts for a significant proportion of the total product value, such as computer software, integrated circuits, video works, audio-visual products, publ

31、ications and so on.In general, Intellectual Property Right products mainly refer to copyright product, which means the product value consists of copyright or copyright value accounts for a considerable proportion of the value of products.15164、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)產(chǎn)業(yè)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)產(chǎn)業(yè)一般是指版權(quán)產(chǎn)業(yè)。版權(quán)產(chǎn)業(yè)是指生產(chǎn)、銷售、提供利用版權(quán)產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)業(yè)。版權(quán)產(chǎn)業(yè)，與我們所說的

32、文化產(chǎn)業(yè)、創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)存在密切關(guān)系，實(shí)質(zhì)上沒有根本區(qū)別。4, Intellectual Property Right Industry Intellectual Property Right industry generally is the copyright industry. The copyright industry is engaged in the production, sale and providing access to copyright. Copyright industries has a close relationship with cultural industr

33、ies, creative industries, in essence, there is no fundamental difference.164、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)產(chǎn)業(yè)17WIPO（世界知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)組織）在其2003年版權(quán)產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)調(diào)查指南中，按照國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)業(yè)分類（簡稱ISIC）代碼界定的版權(quán)產(chǎn)業(yè)包括四類：第一類是核心類的版權(quán)產(chǎn)業(yè)，其特征是創(chuàng)造有版權(quán)的作品或者受版權(quán)保護(hù)的物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品，主要對(duì)享有版權(quán)的再創(chuàng)作、復(fù)制、生產(chǎn)和傳播。這樣講比較抽象，具體談起來有計(jì)算機(jī)軟件業(yè)、錄音制品制作業(yè)、影視節(jié)目制作業(yè)、報(bào)刊和書籍出版業(yè)、電臺(tái)和電視臺(tái)廣播業(yè)、戲劇創(chuàng)作演出、廣告業(yè)，還有數(shù)據(jù)處理等產(chǎn)業(yè)。 In Guide on

34、 Surveying the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based Industries issued by World Intellectual Property Right Organization (WIPO)in 2003, copyright industry shall include four sub sectors according to International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC):First, the core copyright industry, wh

35、ich is characterized in creating works and other protected subject matter, including recreation, reproduction, production and manufacturing copyright works. The above saying is quite abstract, in more specific terms, the core copyright industry includes computer software industry, producing of phono

36、grams industry, producing of film and television program industry, newspapers and book publishing industry, radio and television broadcasting, dramatic composition and performance, the advertising industry, as well as data processing and other industries.17WIPO（世界知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)組織）在其2003年版權(quán)產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)18第二類，部分版權(quán)產(chǎn)業(yè)，就是說

37、產(chǎn)品中的一部分是享有版權(quán)的，如紡織業(yè)、玩具業(yè)和建筑業(yè)；第三類，邊緣（發(fā)行）版權(quán)產(chǎn)業(yè)，是指有版權(quán)的作品進(jìn)行批發(fā)和零售；第四類，交叉版權(quán)產(chǎn)業(yè)，是指生產(chǎn)、制造和銷售主要是為了促進(jìn)有版權(quán)作品的創(chuàng)造、生產(chǎn)或使用的設(shè)備的產(chǎn)業(yè)，如計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)、收音機(jī)、電視機(jī)、錄音音響設(shè)備等產(chǎn)業(yè)。Second, partial copyright industries, which means a partial of the product is related to copyright, such as textile industry, toys industry, architecture industry;Third

38、, the non-dedicated support industry, which refers to whole sale and retailing of works and other protected subject matter;Fourth, the interdependent copyright, which is industry that is engaged in production, manufacture and sale of equipment whose function is to facilitate the creation, production

39、 or use of works and other protected subject matter, such as computer industry, Radios, TV sets, sound recording equipment and other similar industries. 18第二類，部分版權(quán)產(chǎn)業(yè)，就是說產(chǎn)品中的一部分是享有版權(quán)的，19（三）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)經(jīng)營成為經(jīng)營的重要內(nèi)容1、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)經(jīng)營成為企業(yè)的經(jīng)營方式IBM公司不僅是世界上最大的計(jì)算機(jī)硬件制造商，也是世界上最大的計(jì)算機(jī)軟件服務(wù)提供商之一，近些年來該公司建立了第3種經(jīng)營模式，這就是經(jīng)營知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。1995年IBM

40、公司專利許可轉(zhuǎn)讓費(fèi)為6.50億美元，2000年IBM公司在美國取得專利2886項(xiàng)，年度總利潤81億美元，其中專利許可轉(zhuǎn)讓費(fèi)占17億美元，專利許可轉(zhuǎn)讓費(fèi)的年增長率約為25%。IBM在2002年的研發(fā)經(jīng)費(fèi)高達(dá)47.5億美元，取得專利3288項(xiàng)，專利許可轉(zhuǎn)讓費(fèi)入帳高達(dá)11億美元。(3) Intellectual Property Right Business Becomes an Important Aspect of Business 1, Operating of Intellectual Property Right Becomes a Part of Enterprise Managemen

41、t IBM is not only the worlds largest computer hardware manufacturers, but is the worlds largest software service providers. In recent years the company established the third kinds of business model, which is the operation of Intellectual Property Right. In 1995, the patent license transfer fee of IB

42、M was 650 million U.S. dollars, in 2000, IBM obtained 2886 patents in the United States, with an annual gross profit of 8.1 billion U.S. dollars, of which the patent license transfer fees accounted for 1.7 billion U.S. dollars, and the annual growth rate of license transfer fee was about 25%. IBM sp

43、ent as high as 4.75 billion U.S. dollars in R & D in 2002, obtained 3288 patents, and up to 1.1 billion U.S. dollars of patent license transfer fee.19（三）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)經(jīng)營成為經(jīng)營的重要內(nèi)容20IBM在PC上有2000多項(xiàng)專利，聯(lián)想因?yàn)槭召徚薎BMPC部門，每年專利授權(quán)收入達(dá)3000萬美元。 1985年美國在技術(shù)貿(mào)易方面的純收入已達(dá)85億美元以上。僅美國的TI（德克薩斯）公司1986年1989年的專利許可使用費(fèi)收入就高達(dá)8億美元。2、出現(xiàn)以經(jīng)營知識(shí)產(chǎn)

44、權(quán)作為主業(yè)的企業(yè)美國高通公司，其80%以上的收入來自專利許可，2006年第二季度財(cái)報(bào)顯示，其專利授權(quán)費(fèi)用收入為6.8億美元，凈利潤達(dá)到了6.3億美元，純利潤占到了收入的92%以上。IBM has more than 2,000 patents in the sector of PC. the annual licensing revenues of Lenovo accounts for 30 million U.S. dollars because the acquisition of PC sector of IBM The net income of U.S. technology tr

45、ade in 1985 has reached more than 8.5 billion U.S. dollars. The patent licensing fees of United States TI (Texas) alone in19861989 was as high as 800 million U.S. dollars.2, The Emergence of Enterprises with Intellectual Property Right as the Main Business QUALCOMM Incorporated, more than 80% of its

46、 revenue is from patent licensing, and the second-quarter financial results in 2006 show that, the licensing fee income was 6.8 billion U.S. dollars, the net profit reached 630 million U.S. dollars, and net profit accounted for more than 92% of income.20IBM在PC上有2000多項(xiàng)專利，聯(lián)想因?yàn)槭召徚薎BMP21（四）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為競爭的重要工具

47、 思科訴華為、豐田訴吉利、通用訴奇瑞、 勁量電池專利案、萊伏頓公司訴通領(lǐng)科技、 （五）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為重要的非關(guān)稅壁壘歐盟的CR法案、美國、加拿大的彩電案、數(shù)字電視專利、環(huán)?？照{(diào)機(jī)、(4) Intellectual Property Right Becomes an Important Tool of Competition Cisco v. Huawei, Toyota v. Geely, Chery v. General Motors, Energizer battery patent case, Levin v. Qualcomm co-volt lead science and techn

48、ology,(5) Intellectual Property Right Becomes an Important Non-Tariff Barrier EU CR Act, the United States, Canada, color TV case Digital TV patents, environment friendly air-conditioners,21（四）知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)成為競爭的重要工具222007年3月1日美國強(qiáng)制推行ATSC（美國先進(jìn)電視制式委員會(huì)）數(shù)字電視標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ，對(duì)美出口彩電要付出的專利費(fèi)高達(dá)23美元/臺(tái)：有一些是在模擬電視時(shí)代就已經(jīng)開始征收的，如美國杜比的音頻AA

49、C技術(shù)（每臺(tái)收費(fèi)2美元）、Mpeg La聯(lián)盟的MPEG2視頻壓縮技術(shù)（共795項(xiàng)專利，由24個(gè)專利人所有；每臺(tái)收費(fèi)2.5美元）、加拿大Tzi-vision以及美國GUARDIA MEDIA公司的V-chip技術(shù)（每臺(tái)1.25美元和1美元） March 1, 2007, the United States imposed ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee) digital television standard, as a result, color TV exported to the United States have to pay p

50、atent fees up to 23 U.S. dollars / set:Some patent fees has been introduced since analogue television times, such as the United States Dolby AAC audio technology (2 U.S. dollars per set), MPEG2 video compression technology of Mpeg La Union (a total of 795 patents, owned by 24 patentees; 2.5 U.S. dol

51、lars per set), Tzi-vision of Canada and the United States GUARDIA MEDIA companys V-chip technology (1.25 U.S. dollars per set and one U.S. dollars respectively) 222007年3月1日美國強(qiáng)制推行ATSC（美國先進(jìn)電視制式23數(shù)字電視專利有：美國Lucent和Zenith兩家公司收取的分別為1美元/臺(tái)和2.5美元/臺(tái)湯姆遜公司掌握著數(shù)字電視的18 件核心專利技術(shù)，包括編解碼技術(shù)、圖像素處理技術(shù)和V-chip技術(shù)等，這其中大部分近日被AT

52、SC采用為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)內(nèi)容。上述專利的收費(fèi)高達(dá)35美元/臺(tái) ，湯姆遜還向日本平板電視廠商Funai轉(zhuǎn)讓了500項(xiàng)專利，這部分專利將按每臺(tái)至少2美元， Digital television patents are as follows: Lucent and the Zenith U.S. charge 1 dollar / set and 2.5 U.S. dollars / set respectively Thomson holds 18 core patented technology of digital TV, including the codec technology, pixel pr

53、ocessing technology and V-chip technology, most of which recently have been adopted as the standards of ATSC. The above-mentioned patent fees are as high as 3-5 dollars / set, Thomson has also transferred 500 patents to the Japanese manufacturer Funai flat-panel TV, and this patent will be at least

54、two U.S. dollars per set,23數(shù)字電視專利有：24索尼掌握的核心技術(shù)雖然只有四項(xiàng)（主要是數(shù)字接口和POD模塊技術(shù)），但是其收取的專利費(fèi)卻很高，其收費(fèi)模式為每臺(tái)彩電收費(fèi)600日元再加總營業(yè)收入的2%，這相當(dāng)于每臺(tái)收取至少7美元 還有美國Sun公司關(guān)于數(shù)字電視中間件的費(fèi)用、日立公司擁有的專利費(fèi)用 歐洲類似于美國ATSC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的是DVB-T標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，有跡象表明，歐洲也開始向中國彩電企業(yè)伸出收費(fèi)之手。 Although Sony only masters four core technology (mainly digital interface module and the POD

55、 technology), but the patent fees is very high, and the charging mode for each color TV is 600 Yen plus 2% of total operating income, which is equivalent to at least seven U.S. dollars per set. In addition, there are digital TV middleware cost from Sun Company of United States and patent fee charged

56、 by Hitachi. Similar to the U.S. ATSC standard, there is DVB-T standard in Europe, and there are indications that Europe began to charge Chinese color TV enterprises.24索尼掌握的核心技術(shù)雖然只有四項(xiàng)（主要是數(shù)字接口和POD模25江蘇是中國彩電向美國出口的主要省份，江蘇省出口彩電有六成輸往美國，2006年該省出口美國電視機(jī)373.6萬臺(tái)，涉及60多家企業(yè)，出口額達(dá)到12.21億美元，如果足額按每臺(tái)電視20到30美元不等的專利費(fèi)計(jì)算

57、，江蘇省彩電出口企業(yè)將增加約1億美元的專利費(fèi)用。江蘇省對(duì)美彩電出口是以加工貿(mào)易為主， 對(duì)于部分以自主品牌出口的蘇企而言，將面臨成本大幅上漲的壓力。 Jiangsu is the main province of China exporting color TV to the United States and 60% export color TV of Jiangsu Province are exported to the United States. In 2006, the total TV sets exported to the United States of this prov

58、ince was 3,736,000, involving more than 60 enterprises, accounted for1.221 billion U.S. dollars. If the patent fees were fully calculated about 20-30 U.S. dollars, the patent fee cost of color TV export enterprises in Jiangsu Province will be increased by about 100 million U.S. dollars. Though the m

59、ain form of TV exporting to U.S. in Jiangsu Province is processing trade, some export enterprises using own brands will face the pressure of rising costs.25江蘇是中國彩電向美國出口的主要省份，江蘇省出口彩電有六成26中國彩電企業(yè)因?qū)＠跈?quán)，每年將支出大約10億美元的費(fèi)用。中國彩電企業(yè)利潤率僅為1.7%。每年只有30億（折合不到4億美元）利潤。The Chinese color TV manufacturing enterprises hav

60、e to pay one billion US dollars as the annual fee to obtain the grant of relevant patents.The profit rate for Chinese color TV manufacturers is merely 1.7%, with the profit of 3 billion RMB (less than 0.4 billion US dollars).2627中國是目前全球最大的空調(diào)生產(chǎn)國，2006年中國空調(diào)產(chǎn)量為5500萬臺(tái)，約占世界總產(chǎn)量70%左右。國內(nèi)空調(diào)企業(yè)正在經(jīng)歷從氟利昂到HCFC22制冷