北京版高考英語(yǔ)高中總復(fù)習(xí)專(zhuān)題六《猜測(cè)詞義（試題練）》教與學(xué)

1、高考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)PAGE PAGE 112學(xué)好一門(mén)外語(yǔ)很重要。專(zhuān)題六猜測(cè)詞義探考情 悟真題【考情探究】考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容五年考頻統(tǒng)計(jì)2015北京卷2016北京卷2017北京卷2018北京卷2019北京卷猜測(cè)詞義猜測(cè)詞義題要求考生通過(guò)對(duì)上下文的理解,推斷單詞、短語(yǔ)或句子在語(yǔ)境中的含義11011分析解讀猜測(cè)詞義題旨在考查考生根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)單詞、短語(yǔ)甚至是句子意思的能力,突出考查考生對(duì)語(yǔ)境的分析和把握能力。猜測(cè)詞義題雖不是閱讀理解中的重點(diǎn)題型,但也是?？碱}型,其考查目的不在于檢測(cè)考生是否認(rèn)識(shí)某個(gè)生詞或短語(yǔ)。有時(shí)設(shè)問(wèn)處可能就是學(xué)生認(rèn)為自己認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞或短語(yǔ),但由于語(yǔ)境的變化它已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了新的含義。所以考生還是要以理解

2、語(yǔ)境為首要任務(wù),在語(yǔ)境中對(duì)單詞、短語(yǔ)或句子進(jìn)行理解?！疚迥旮呖肌緼組自主命題北京卷題組Passage 1(2018北京,D) 詞數(shù):479Preparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurists dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Mo

3、tor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isnt leading the way he

4、re. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. Its hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending o

5、n how the transformation is regulated.While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放)and offer more convenient, affordable mobilit

6、y options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.Do we want to copyor even worsenthe traffic of today with driverless cars?Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate lon

7、g, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a fe

8、w blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transportan unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車(chē))services.A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that r

9、eplacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first

10、commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責(zé)任與維護(hù)問(wèn)題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable wi

11、th the technology.Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesnt extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop tra

12、nsportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.1.According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can.A.help deal with transportation-related problemsB.provide better services to customersC.c

13、ause damage to our environmentD.make some people lose jobs2.As for driverless cars, what is the authors major concern?A.Safety.B.Side effects. C.Affordability.D.Management.3.What does the underlined word“fielded”in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A.Employed.B.Replaced.C.Shared. D.Reduced.4.What is the aut

14、hors attitude to the future of self-driving cars?A.Doubtful. B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Sympathetic.答案1.A2.D3.A4.BPassage 2(2016北京,D) 詞數(shù):443Why College Is Not HomeThe college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now th

15、ey are becoming an extended period of adolescence,during which many of todays students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.For previous generations, college was a decisive break from parental control;guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within. In the p

16、ast two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autono

17、my and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility,college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves “trying on” new ways of thin

18、king about oneself both intellectually(在思維方面) and personally. While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.Learning to deal with the

19、 social world is equally important. Because a college community(群體) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern,they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity wi

20、thin a larger and complex community.Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults:the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(規(guī)定) and controlled, the ins

21、ensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is

22、 lacking today is the conflict between adolescents desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.Every college discussion about community values, social climate a

23、nd behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.1.Whats the authors attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?A.Sympathetic.B.Disapproving.C.Supportive. D.

24、Neutral.2.The underlined word “passage” in Paragraph 2 means.A.changeB.choiceC.text D.extension3.According to the author, what role should college play?A.To develop a shared identity among students.B.To define and regulate students social behavior.C.To provide a safe world without tension for studen

25、ts.D.To foster students intellectual and personal development.4.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?I:IntroductionP:Point Sp:Sub-point(次要點(diǎn))C:Conclusion答案1.B2.A3.D4.CPassage 3(2015北京,C) 詞數(shù):450Life in the ClearTransparent animals let light pass through their bodies the

26、 same way light passes through a window.These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feetas far as most light can reach.Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch.Sonke Johnsen,a scientist in biology,says,“These animals live t

27、hrough their life alone.They never touch anything unless theyre eating it,or unless something is eating them.”And they are as clear as glass.How does an animal become see-through?Its trickier than you might think.The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically tra

28、vels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light,bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light,stopping it dead in its tracks.Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it,so you can see it easily.But a transparent object

29、 doesnt absorb or scatter light,at least not very much.Light can pass through it without bending or stopping.That means a transparent object doesnt look very different from the surrounding air or water.You dont see ityou see the things behind it.To become transparent,an animal needs to keep its body

30、 from absorbing or scattering light.Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light.But a transparent animal doesnt have pigments,so its tissues wont absorb light.According to Johnsen,avoiding absorption is actually easy.The real challenge is pr

31、eventing light from scattering.Animals are built of many different materialsskin,fat,and moreand light moves through each at a different speed.Every time light moves into a material with a new speed,it bends and scatters.Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering.Some animals are s

32、imply very small or extremely flat.Without much tissue to scatter light,it is easier to be see-through.Others build a large,clear mass of non-living jelly-like(果凍狀的)material and spread themselves over it.Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge,because they have to make all the differen

33、t tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does.They need to look uniform.But how theyre doing it is still unknown.One thing is clear:for these larger animals,staying transparent is an active process.When they die,they turn a non-transparent milky white.1.According to Paragra

34、ph 1,transparent animals.A.stay in groupsB.can be easily damagedC.appear only in deep oceanD.are beautiful creatures2.The underlined word“dead” in Paragraph 3 means.A.silentlyB.graduallyC.regularlyD.completely3.One way for an animal to become transparent is to.A.change the direction of light travelB

35、.gather materials to scatter lightC.avoid the absorption of lightD.grow bigger to stop light4.The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals.A.move more slowly in deep waterB.stay see-through even after deathC.produce more tissues for their survivalD.take effective action to reduce ligh

36、t spreading答案1.B2.D3.C4.DB組統(tǒng)一命題、省(區(qū)、市)卷題組Passage 1(2019課標(biāo)全國(guó),B) 詞數(shù):329For Canaan Elementarys second grade in Patchogue, N.Y., today is speech day, and right now its Chris Palaezs turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy publ

37、ic speaking.But hes nervous.“Im here to tell you today why you should.should.”Chris trips on the “-ld,”a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support.“.Vote for.me.”Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly wel

38、l. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.A son of immigrants, Chris started learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley recalls(回想起)how at the beginning of the year, when called upon to read, Chris would excuse himself to go to

39、the bathroom.Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.“It takes a lot for any student,”Whaley explains, “especially for a student who is learning English as their new language, to feel confident enough to say,I don

40、t know, but I want to know.”Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and

41、 speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves.“Boasting about yourself, and your best qualities,”Whaley says,“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”1.What made Chris nervous?A.Telling a story.B.Making a speech.C.Taking a test.

42、D.Answering a question.2.What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?A.Improper pauses. B.Bad manners.C.Spelling mistakes.D.Silly jokes.3.We can infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to.A.help students see their own strengthsB.assess students public speaking skillsC.prepa

43、re students for their future jobsD.inspire students love for politics4.Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?A.Humorous.B.Ambitious.C.Caring. D.Demanding.答案1.B2.A3.A4.CPassage 2(2019課標(biāo)全國(guó),A) 詞數(shù):264My Favourite BooksJo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Bo

44、ok Will series(系列) of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.MatildaRoald DahlI once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahls writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds. Matildas battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress

45、, Miss Trunchbull, are equally funny and frightening, but theyre also aspirational.After DarkHaruki MurakamiIts about two sistersEri, a model who either wont or cant stop sleeping, and Mari, a young student. In trying to connect to her sister, Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of d

46、iverse“night people”who are hiding secrets.Gone GirlGillian FlynnThere was a bit of me that didnt want to love this when everyone else on the planet did, but the horror story is brilliant. Theres tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust. Its a real whodunit and th

47、e frustration when you realise whats going on is horribly enjoyable.The StandStephen KingThis is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around. After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the worlds population, a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left. Randal

48、l Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.1.Who does “I” refer to in the text?A.Stephen King.B.Gillian Flynn.C.Jo Usmar. D.Roald Dahl.2.Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri?A.Cosmopolitan.B.Matilda.C.After Dark. D.The Stand.3.What kind of book is Gone Girl?A.A folk tale. B.A biograph

49、y.C.A love story.D.A horror story.答案1.C2.C3.DPassage 3(2019課標(biāo)全國(guó),B) 詞數(shù):338“You can use me as a last resort(選擇), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids lacrosse(長(zhǎng)曲棍球)club.I guess that theres probabl

50、y some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids are

51、nt even on.At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, Ill do it.”Im secretly relieved because I know theres real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. S

52、omewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid sc

53、ore a goal.Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more:Connecting to the community(社區(qū)) as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a rea

54、l joy. Volunteering just feels so good.In that sense, Im pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than Id freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies?1.What can we infer about the parent from her

55、reply in paragraph 1?A.She knows little about the club.B.She isnt good at sports.C.She just doesnt want to volunteer.D.Shes unable to meet her schedule.2.What does the underlined phrase“tug at the heartstrings”in paragraph 2 mean?A.Encourage teamwork.B.Appeal to feelings.C.Promote good deeds.D.Provi

56、de advice.3.What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3?A.She gets interested in lacrosse.B.She is proud of her kids.C.Shell work for another season.D.She becomes a good helper.4.Why does the author like doing volunteer work?A.It gives her a sense of duty.B.It makes her very happy.C.It enabl

57、es her to work hard.D.It brings her material rewards.答案1.C2.B3.D4.BPassage 4(2019課標(biāo)全國(guó),B) 詞數(shù):313For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.“Its no secret that China has always been a source(來(lái)源) of inspiration for designers,” says Amanda Hill,

58、chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(時(shí)尚) shows.Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exp

59、loring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美學(xué)) on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.“China is impossible to overlook,” says Hill.“Chinese models are the f

60、aces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashionthey are central to its movement.” Of course, not only are todays top Western designers being influenced by Chinasome of the best designers of contemporary fa