MBA翻譯之理論與技巧4

1、MBA 翻譯之理論與技巧 英譯漢概論MBA 大綱對(duì)英譯漢的要求及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 （ 10 月，能夠?qū)⒁话阈灶}材的英語(yǔ)短文在正確理解的基礎(chǔ)上翻譯成通順的漢語(yǔ)。譯文應(yīng)忠實(shí)原文，表達(dá)正確。采用語(yǔ)篇翻譯的考試形式。將150-200 詞的一般性題材的英語(yǔ)段落翻譯成漢語(yǔ)。滿分為20 分。 1 月，考查考生理解所給英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言材料，并將指定部分譯成漢語(yǔ)的能力。譯文應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確、完整、通順。有兩種形式，A ，一篇 450 詞的文章，將其中5 個(gè)劃線部分約 1330 詞譯成漢語(yǔ)。B，將 180 詞左右的英文段落譯成漢語(yǔ)。滿分20 分）順達(dá)雅，信和順，忠實(shí)通順，對(duì)譯者漢語(yǔ)水平的要求非常高。段落翻譯的基本步驟和過(guò)程。理解階段，通

2、讀全文，理解大意，弄清邏輯關(guān)系，弄清代詞的指代意思，分析其中的習(xí)慣用法，特殊的比喻，弄清說(shuō)話人的身份，地位，立場(chǎng)。表達(dá)階段，把信息輸出的過(guò)程，著手翻譯，方法和技巧下文主要講解。最主要的方法是直譯和意譯。審核階段，有沒有漏譯和誤譯，邏輯問題，語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行潤(rùn)色，修整。不符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的。注意書寫工整規(guī)范。3.英譯漢的特點(diǎn)及翻譯技巧4.英譯漢實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練5.歷年考題內(nèi)容，規(guī)律及特點(diǎn)分析。一，直譯法和意譯法Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems ev

3、aporate.砸鏡子不能使丑八怪變漂亮，也不能使社會(huì)問題煙消云散。砸鏡子并不能解決實(shí)際問題。(太籠統(tǒng) )I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.我把青春獻(xiàn)給海洋，我回家的時(shí)候便把老年給了我的妻子。（不通順）我把青春獻(xiàn)給海洋，等我回到家里的見到妻子的時(shí)候，已經(jīng)是白發(fā)蒼蒼了。直譯指不但表達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容，而且還保留原文的表達(dá)形式，比如比喻，原文的形象，民族特色。意譯不拘泥原文的表達(dá)方式，而是根據(jù)譯出語(yǔ)的文化語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣通順，貼切的表達(dá)。能直譯的盡量直譯，前提是英語(yǔ)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容大體符合漢語(yǔ)的思維形式。

4、要求是詞義表達(dá)貼切。注意把握尺度，直譯的得分比不貼切的意譯要高。例1.There is no reason for us to be enemies.我們沒有理由成為敵人。2. You are crazy to go out in this stormy weather.你在這樣的暴風(fēng)雨里外出簡(jiǎn)直是瘋了。3. Keep your shirt on!別激動(dòng)嘛！4.She is a busy-body.她是個(gè)多嘴多舌，愛管閑事的人。5. Do you see any green in my eyes?你以為我是好欺負(fù)的嗎？6. He is the last man I want to see.他是

5、我最不愿意見的人。7. I hasd butterflies in my stomach for an hour or so before I was due to make my speech.在輪到我演講之前，有一個(gè)小時(shí)左右我心里都是怪緊張的。8. After so much bad blood between us, how generous can I expect him to be ?1我們兩之間既然仇恨這么大，他還能寬厚的待我嗎？The burning question of my childhood had been richly answered.我小時(shí)候夢(mèng)寐以求想得到答案的

6、問題，終于得到了滿意的回答。When Joan graduated from high school, she looked at the world through rose-colored glasses.她高中畢業(yè)的時(shí)候，把一切事情看得太容易了。二，增詞法That shirt is indeed cheap and fine.那件襯衫真是價(jià)廉物美。After the volleyball match, he still has an important conference.看完排球比賽之后，他還有一個(gè)重要會(huì)議要參加。As he came in and begun to talking,

7、 words poured out.他一進(jìn)來(lái)就講開了，滔滔不絕的說(shuō)個(gè)沒完。A red sun rose from the sea.一輪紅日從海面升起。Avoid using the machine in extreme heat, cold or humidity.不要在過(guò)熱， 過(guò)冷，濕度過(guò)大的情況下使用這臺(tái)機(jī)器。Without gravity there would be no air around the earth.如果沒有地球引力， 地球周圍就不會(huì)有空氣。Such a conclusion can drawn with confidence.我們可以很自信的得出這樣一個(gè)結(jié)論。It is

8、 generally considered not advisable to act that way.大家認(rèn)為這樣做是不妥當(dāng)?shù)摹? Most of the problems have been settled satisfactorily.大多數(shù)的問題已經(jīng)被滿意地解決了。For mistakes had been made, bad ones.因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)犯了許多錯(cuò)誤，而且還是很糟糕的錯(cuò)誤。三，減詞法（省略法）We live and learn. He who hesitates is lost.當(dāng)斷不斷?；畹嚼希瑢W(xué)到老。I can do it, and so can you .我能做，你也能做

9、。3 Smoking is prohibited in public places.公眾場(chǎng)合不準(zhǔn)吸煙。4.If winter comes, can spring be far behind?冬天來(lái)了，春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎？5. United, we stand; divided, we fail .合則存，分則忘。6. It has rained several days.下了幾天雨了。7. She covered her face with her hand as if to protect her faces.她用手蒙臉，好像去保護(hù)眼睛。8. Wash your hands before you

10、take your meals.2飯前要洗手。There is rapidly increasing range of uses for computers.計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用范圍正在迅速擴(kuò)大。四，重復(fù)法You should help her since you have promised to do so .你既然答應(yīng)了要幫助她就應(yīng)該幫助她。Let s revise our safety and sanitary regulations.我們開修訂安全規(guī)則和衛(wèi)生規(guī)則吧。Marketing is pervasive social activity that goes considerably bey

11、ond the selling of toothpaste, soap,and steel.營(yíng)銷是一種無(wú)處不在的社會(huì)活動(dòng)，它遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)牙膏，肥皂或者鋼鐵的銷售活動(dòng)。Needs are the basic, often instinctive, human forces that motivate a person to do something.各種需要是人類基本的，通常又是出于本能的驅(qū)動(dòng)力，這種驅(qū)動(dòng)力促使一個(gè)人去從事某件事情。五， 隱喻的翻譯1 It is regrettable that our appeal remained a dead letter.遺憾的是，我們的呼吁石沉大海。分譯法

12、The comprehensive work covers the entire history of China.這部著作內(nèi)容豐富多彩，包括了中國(guó)整個(gè)歷史。They relentlessly tear at the flowers they see.他們見花就摘，毫不愛惜。But another round of war in the region obviously would put strains on international relations.但是，如果該地區(qū)再次發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，顯然會(huì)使國(guó)際關(guān)系處于緊張狀態(tài)。4 It is certain that man will eventual

13、ly solve the riddle of UFO.人類最終將解開飛行物之謎，這是肯定的。五，詞義的選擇、This is the first round. 這是第一輪。There is a round table the room.室內(nèi)有一個(gè)圓桌。Round the corner slowly.慢慢繞過(guò)這個(gè)角。He walked round the house. 他圍繞房子轉(zhuǎn)。Come round tomorrow.明天來(lái)吧。She likes reading more than writing. 喜歡He doesn t look like a professor不.像I can t pl

14、ay piano like you do不.如你3. He shook her hand and went away. 手Mike writes a good hand.字寫的不錯(cuò)His hand is out.技能荒廢了Give me a hand, please.幫This office is short of hands.人手We have the situation well in hand.把握4.1.Could you pick me up at 7?接34.2.He slipped and fell , but quickly picked himself up.爬起4.3.Sh

15、e picked up a used camera at the flea market. 挑了4.4.His healthpicked up after a week in hospital.恢復(fù)4.5.Survivors of the air disaster were picked up by small boats.救起4.6.Don t pick up strange boys.勾搭4.7.How can you manage to pick up the language in such a short period of time?獲得，學(xué)會(huì)4.8.The murderer wa

16、s picked up within 24 hours.抓獲4.9.We picked up the story again at the point where Jack has lost his job at the newspaper.接著5 I want to present everyone present a present.給在場(chǎng)的各位增送一份禮物。The insurance was invalid for the invalid.無(wú)效。殘疾人六，詞義的轉(zhuǎn)換He is no drinker, no smoker.不喝酒，也不抽煙，名-動(dòng)He is for the suggesti

17、on, but I am against it.支持，反對(duì) 介 =動(dòng)Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.獨(dú)立思考對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)是絕對(duì)必需的。The promotion was a success.這次促銷活動(dòng)是成功的。I had the fortune to meet you.我幸運(yùn)的遇到了你。名-副They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.病號(hào)和傷員 形 -名I love having Fridays off.休息副-動(dòng)8 How long will she be

18、 away?離開副 -動(dòng)七，肯定譯為否定法My guess is as good as yours.我的猜測(cè)并不比你的高明。I love you more than I can say.我 說(shuō)不出有多愛你。3. His explanation is far from being satisfactory.他的解釋根本不能令人滿意。4. I would rather go out for a walk than stay in the room doing nothing.我寧愿到外面去散步也不愿呆在房間里什么都不做。5、 You should know better than to make

19、noise while the others are sleeping.你應(yīng)該知道在別人睡覺時(shí)吵鬧是不對(duì)的。八，否定譯為肯定I couldn t agree more about it.我對(duì)此非常贊同。4His story was nothing but lies.他的話純粹是謊言。She is no less diligent than her sister.她和她姐姐一樣用功。We did not notice this matter until yesterday.直到昨天我們才注意到這件事。The policeman were not going to lose sight of hi

20、m.警察會(huì)繼續(xù)監(jiān)視他的行蹤。九，被動(dòng)的譯法1 Nothing can be seen in the dark room.在這個(gè)黑暗的屋子里什么也看不見。2. He appeared in the room and was warmly welcomed by the audience.他出現(xiàn)在屋里，受到了聊天者的熱烈歡迎，不一定是被，也可以是由。為，所，3.It is reported that Taiwan authorities refused to accept any help from the mainland .據(jù)報(bào)道，臺(tái)灣當(dāng)局拒絕接受大陸的幫助。There are known t

21、o be thousands of different languages.據(jù)人們所知， 有幾千種不同的語(yǔ)言。十，長(zhǎng)句的譯法弄清語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，找中心主干在找各層次內(nèi)容，分析各層意思之間的關(guān)系，如邏輯，因果，時(shí)間順序。再按漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣譯出。1.（順序法）I think he realized discomfort, for he leant forward in his chair and spoke to me, his voice gentle, asking if I would have some more coffee, and when I shook my head I felt th

22、at his eyes were still upon me, puzzled.我認(rèn)為他意識(shí)到了我的不安，因?yàn)樗谝巫由蟽A過(guò)身來(lái)對(duì)我說(shuō)話，溫文爾雅的問我要不要來(lái)電咖啡，而且當(dāng)我搖了搖頭時(shí)，我感覺到他的一雙眼睛依然迷惑不解的盯著我看。逆序法Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.許多人常常寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取白領(lǐng)工人的社會(huì)地位

23、，這在西方倒是人之常情。And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, who boast that they can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, have not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the still resistance that gets in the way.由于受到頑強(qiáng)抵抗，吹噓能在幾小時(shí)內(nèi)就占領(lǐng)戰(zhàn)略要地的敵人甚至還沒能占領(lǐng)外圍地帶，這一事實(shí)使我增強(qiáng)了信心。分譯法The

24、 president said at a press conference domi nated by questions on yesterdayelections results that hecould not explain why theRepublicans had suffered such a side spread defeat, which in the end woulddeprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.在一次記者招待會(huì)上，問題集中于頭一天的選舉結(jié)果，總統(tǒng)就此發(fā)了言。他說(shuō)他

25、不能夠解釋為什共和黨遭到二樓這樣大的失敗。這種情況最終會(huì)使共和黨失去在眾議院中長(zhǎng)期享有的優(yōu)勢(shì)。4.插入法Ifyou go to visit Nobel olds residence, the house in whichthe great chemist remained a bachelor5throughout his life, you will catch sight of a shelf laden with experimental records.如果你參觀諾貝爾的故居 在那座房子里， 這位偉大的化學(xué)家過(guò)了一輩子的獨(dú)身生活 你將會(huì)看到一個(gè)堆滿實(shí)驗(yàn)記錄的書架。重組法The poor

26、 are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.對(duì)于以往的幾代人來(lái)說(shuō)，舊式的體力勞動(dòng)是一種擺脫貧窮的手段，而技術(shù)的幾步則摧毀了窮人賴以衛(wèi)生的體力勞動(dòng)。因此，首先體驗(yàn)到進(jìn)步之害的是窮人。十一，從句的翻譯（一）名詞性從句的譯法11.主語(yǔ)從句在翻譯由what, whatever, whoeve

27、r, that, when, where, how, whether等引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，一般仍按照原文句子結(jié)構(gòu)的前后順序。Whoever fulfills his task first will lend a helping hand to others.無(wú)論誰(shuí)先完成自己的工作，都要去幫助別人。由 it 做形式主語(yǔ)的從句，It is a fact that the USA has sent its fleet to all parts of the world.美國(guó)已經(jīng)把艦隊(duì)派往世界各地，這是事實(shí)。2， 賓語(yǔ)從句I have noticed that if you speak too slowl

28、y people may cut you off.我注意到，如果你說(shuō)得太慢，人們常會(huì)打斷你。有 it 做形式賓語(yǔ)，They consider it a great compliment that the President should visit them.他們認(rèn)為總統(tǒng)訪問他們是莫大的榮幸。3.表語(yǔ)從句The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.問題在于我們能不能在明天晚上以前完成這項(xiàng)工作。同位語(yǔ)從句中間用冒號(hào)，或即來(lái)連接We can not deny the fact the Beijing , at

29、 the moment, is not as green a city as what we like it to be. 我們不能否認(rèn)這個(gè)事實(shí)： 北京目前并非一個(gè)讓我們滿意的綠色城市。The scientists made an exciting discovering that this waste material could be turned into plastics. 科學(xué)家們有了一個(gè)令人振奮的發(fā)現(xiàn)，即可以把這種廢物變成塑料。（二）定語(yǔ)從句的譯法1.如果定語(yǔ)較短，可以放在被修飾詞之前，中間加的。They are the engineers that designed the ne

30、w- type machine.他們就是設(shè)計(jì)這種新式機(jī)器的工程師。2.如果定語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)，可以后置，譯成并列分句。The relations between China and the United States of American have been improved, which will contribute to world peace.中美兩國(guó)關(guān)系已經(jīng)得到改善，這將有利于世界和平。3.一些定語(yǔ)在意義上與主句有狀語(yǔ)關(guān)系，說(shuō)明原因，時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，目的，讓步等Electronic computers, which have many advantages, can not carry out c

31、reative work and replace man.6雖然計(jì)算機(jī)有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是他們不能進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性工作，也代替不了人。The young reporter wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.這個(gè)年輕的記者想寫一篇文章，以便引起公眾的注意。（三）狀語(yǔ)從句Just as radar is to airplanes and ships, so eyes are to human body.雷達(dá)對(duì)飛機(jī)和輪船就好像眼睛對(duì)于人的身體一樣。2.You can fly to London

32、 this evening providing you don t mind changing planes in Paris.假如你不介意在巴黎換飛機(jī)的話，今天晚上你就可以飛往倫敦。練習(xí)1.The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketpl

33、ace for those goods and services that they want most.參考譯文 美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)是以基本的私有企業(yè)和市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向經(jīng)濟(jì)為架構(gòu)的，在這種經(jīng)濟(jì)中，消費(fèi)者很大程度上通過(guò)在市場(chǎng)上為那些他們最想要的貨品和服務(wù)付費(fèi)來(lái)決定什么應(yīng)該被制造出來(lái)。As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and

34、with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.參考譯文 隨著家庭離開他們?cè)瓉?lái)穩(wěn)定的社區(qū)， 離開他們多年的朋友和擴(kuò)展的家庭關(guān)系， 非正式的信息流動(dòng)被切斷了，隨之而去的是對(duì)在需要時(shí)能獲得可靠和值得信賴的信息的信心。3.The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and preve

35、nted the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. 參考譯文 這種變化通過(guò)引入許多的專業(yè)因素從而適應(yīng)了這個(gè)新時(shí)代的技術(shù)要求，并且它(這種變化 )防止了效率的降低。 這種效率的降低在精力充沛的創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后的第二代和第三代人(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)公司 )的時(shí)候，經(jīng)常會(huì)毀掉那些家族公司的財(cái)富。.4. Such large, impersonal manipulation o

36、f capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.參考譯文 這樣巨大而非個(gè)人

37、的對(duì)資金和產(chǎn)業(yè)的操縱極大地增加了股東的數(shù)量和他們作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的重要性，這是國(guó)家生活中代表不負(fù)責(zé)任的財(cái)富的一個(gè)因素，這種財(cái)富不但遠(yuǎn)離了土地和土地?fù)碛姓叩呢?zé)任，而且?guī)缀跬瑯优c公司的負(fù)責(zé)任的管理毫無(wú)關(guān)系。5.After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia Northerns Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurabl

38、y illpatients who wish to die.參考譯文 經(jīng)過(guò)了六個(gè)月的爭(zhēng)論以及最后16 個(gè)小時(shí)激烈的議會(huì)辯論，澳大利亞北部地區(qū)成了世界上第一個(gè)允許醫(yī)生終止希望死去的絕癥病人生命的立法當(dāng)局。76. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it b

39、arely generates electricity.參考譯文 例如，阿斯旺大壩使得尼羅河不再洪水泛濫，但是它也奪去了埃及以前所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥 -這些換來(lái)的就是這么個(gè)疾病滋生的水庫(kù)，現(xiàn)在這個(gè)水庫(kù)積滿了淤泥，幾乎不能發(fā)電了。New ways of organizing the workplace-all that re-engineering and downsizing-are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors

40、suchas joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training,參考譯文 企業(yè)重組的新方法 -所有那些重新設(shè)計(jì)、縮小規(guī)模的做法 -只是對(duì)一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的整體生產(chǎn)力做出了一方面的貢獻(xiàn)。這種經(jīng)濟(jì)還受許多其他因素的驅(qū)動(dòng)，比如結(jié)合設(shè)備和機(jī)械上的投資、新技術(shù)，以及在教育和培訓(xùn)上的投資。Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone

41、humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so-and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro toreport back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloni

42、ng. 參考譯文 他宣布自己反對(duì)使用這種非同尋常的畜牧繁殖技術(shù)來(lái)克隆人類，并下令不準(zhǔn)聯(lián)邦政府基金用于做此類試驗(yàn) -盡管還沒有人建議這么做 -他還請(qǐng)一個(gè)以普林斯頓大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)哈羅得 ?夏皮羅為首的獨(dú)立的專家組在 90 天內(nèi)向白宮匯報(bào)關(guān)于制定有關(guān)克隆人的國(guó)家政策的建議。It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the neces

43、sity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. 參考譯文 審查者完全有理由相信，知道自己準(zhǔn)備做什么、怎么做的科學(xué)家不應(yīng)該因?yàn)楸仨氁恢谎鄱⒅浙y機(jī)，一只眼盯著顯微鏡而分散了注意力。. 10.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary-the dangers of drug interactions, for example-and many are required by state or federal regu

44、lations, it isn tclear that they actuallyprotect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.參考譯文 盡管警告常常是適當(dāng)而且必須的-比如對(duì)于藥物相互作用的危險(xiǎn)提出警告-許多警告還是按州或聯(lián)邦政府規(guī)定要求給出的，然而(我們 )并不清楚，如果顧客受到傷害時(shí)，這些警告是不是確實(shí)可以使得生產(chǎn)者和銷售者豁免責(zé)任。11. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into t

45、he male- dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan srigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.參考譯文 戰(zhàn)后嬰兒潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主導(dǎo)的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)使得青少年的發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)變得極為有限，他們已經(jīng)在不停地質(zhì)疑為了爬上日本國(guó)內(nèi)那通往優(yōu)秀學(xué)校和體面工作的嚴(yán)酷的社會(huì)階梯而做出的巨大

46、的個(gè)人犧牲。12 . The existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented, and policy makers and responsible employers are particularly sensitive to the plight of the black female employee on the theory that she is doubly the victim of discrimination.8【譯文】 大量文獻(xiàn)證明，就業(yè)中存在著種族和性別

47、歧視；政策的制定者和有責(zé)任心的雇主對(duì)黑人女職員的境遇特別敏感，因?yàn)椋瑥睦碚撋蟻?lái)說(shuō)，她們?cè)馐苤p重歧視。13.Unlike his hero Theodore Roosevelt, who helped create the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) while in office, Nixon repeatedly backed away from opportunities to use the prestige of his office to have an influence in the world of spor

48、t, such as preventing the relocation of the Washington Senators baseball team to the Dallas Ft. Worth area. He did, however, attempt to use sport as venue to shape cultural values.【譯文】 西奧多 羅斯福總統(tǒng)是他崇拜的人物，在執(zhí)政期間幫助創(chuàng)立了全國(guó)大學(xué)生體育協(xié)會(huì)。與羅斯福不一樣的是：尼克松多次拒絕利用總統(tǒng)威望來(lái)影響體育界的機(jī)會(huì)。但是，他的確想將體育運(yùn)動(dòng)當(dāng)做樹立文化價(jià)值觀的手段。Between 1940 and 198

49、0 in the United States, for example, per-acre yields of corn tripled, those of wheat and soybeans doubled, and farm output per hour of farm work increased almost 10 fold as capital was substituted for labour.【譯文】例如，美國(guó)在1940 1980 期間玉米的畝產(chǎn)量增加了2 倍，小麥和大豆增加了1 倍；換算為現(xiàn)金計(jì)算，每工時(shí)的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量增加了近9 倍。And the focus of thei

50、r talks about colleges centered not on how money could be more effectively directed, but how to get greater productivity out of a system that many feel has become highly inefficient and resistive to change.【譯文】 在大學(xué)問題上，他們談話的焦點(diǎn)不是如何更有效地花錢，而是提高大學(xué)體制的效率，許多人感到這個(gè)體制效率非常低下，而且變得僵化。Ridge and his fellow governor

51、s came away from the meetings resolute in the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of new technologies and a changing work force.【譯文】 會(huì)議結(jié)束后，里奇和其他州長(zhǎng)們更堅(jiān)信：高等教育需要革新?lián)Q面，也許應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)提高效率，滿足新技術(shù)和變化的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的要求。17.Like our political society, the uni

52、versity is under severe attack today and perhaps for the same reason; namely, that we have accomplished much of what we have set out to do in this generation, that we have done so imperfectly, and while we have been doing so, we have said a lot of things that simply are not true.【譯文】 像我們的政治社會(huì)一樣，今天的大

53、學(xué)正在受到嚴(yán)厲抨擊，而且理由也許相同，即：我們這個(gè)時(shí)代要做的事情已經(jīng)大都完成，但是我們做得還不盡善盡美，而且，雖然我們做出了一些論斷，但我們也說(shuō)了許多不正確的話。918.At this moment of crisis in our nations history, thought has become more contemplative, prayerful, andspiritual. It may be the time to tell the entertainment industry that we want not a temporary pause in the flow o

54、f tastelessness, but a long-term cleanup.【譯文】 在目前我們國(guó)家歷史上這個(gè)危機(jī)時(shí)刻，人們?cè)谒枷胫蟹此?、祈禱、冥想。也許是我們?cè)摳嬖V娛樂業(yè)的時(shí)候了：我們要的不是暫時(shí)停止制作那些低級(jí)趣味的東西，而是永遠(yuǎn)清除它們。2007 年P(guān)owering the great ongoing changes of our time is the rise of human creativity as the defining feature of economic life. Creativity has come to be valued, because new te

55、chnologies, new industries and new wealth flow from it. And as a result, our lives and society have begun to echo with creative ideas. It is our commitment to creativity in its varied dimensions that forms the underlying spirit of our age.Creativity is essential to the way we live and work today, an

56、d in many senses always has been. The big advances in standard of living -not to mention the big competitive advantages in the marketplace-always have come from better recipes, not just more cooking. One might argue that nots strictly true. One might point out, for instance, that during the long per

57、iod from the early days on the Industrial Revolutionto modern times, much of the growth in productivity and material wealth in the industrial nations came not just from creative inventions like the steam engine, but from the widespread application ofquantity business methods likeassivem division of

58、labor ,concentration of assets, vertical integration and economies of scale. But those methods themselves were creative developments.參考答案人類創(chuàng)造力的提升，作為經(jīng)濟(jì)生活所定義的特征，為我們這個(gè)時(shí)代正在發(fā)生的巨大變化，提供了巨大的動(dòng)力。 因?yàn)樾碌募夹g(shù)， 新的工業(yè)， 新的財(cái)富都伴隨著創(chuàng)造力產(chǎn)生， 創(chuàng)造力逐漸受到重視。 所以，我們的生活中和社會(huì)中，開始回響著創(chuàng)造性的思想。正是我們?cè)诟鱾€(gè)方面對(duì)創(chuàng)造力的認(rèn)同，形成了我們這個(gè)時(shí)代潛在的精神。創(chuàng)造力對(duì)于我們今天的生活和工作是

59、致關(guān)重要的， 從許多意義上來(lái)說(shuō)曾經(jīng)也是。 在不設(shè)計(jì)大市場(chǎng)中大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的情況下，生活水平的大幅度提高總是來(lái)自更好的食譜，而不是更多的烹飪。也許會(huì)有人提出這并不完全正確。有人也許會(huì)舉例指出，從早期的工業(yè)革命到現(xiàn)代化時(shí)代這么長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期內(nèi)，在工業(yè)領(lǐng)域中，許多生產(chǎn)效率的進(jìn)步和物質(zhì)財(cái)富的增長(zhǎng)并不僅僅來(lái)源煜創(chuàng)造性的發(fā)明，如蒸氣機(jī)，還來(lái)源于講求量的商業(yè)方法的廣泛應(yīng)用，比如大規(guī)模的勞動(dòng)力劃分，資本集中，縱向聯(lián)合和經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模。但是這些方法本身就是創(chuàng)造性的發(fā)展。2006 年Each year in the United States more people are killed or injured in accid

60、ents-at home, at work or school, at play, or while traveling- than were killed or injured in the Vietnam war. In the early 1990s, about half of these accidental deaths were the result of motor-vehicle accidents. Other major causes of accidental deaths were falls, fires, and poisoning. On a worldwide