SCI寫作講義課件

1、醫(yī)學文獻的特點 數(shù)量龐大，57年倍增 時效性強，5年以內(nèi)的價值最大 語種繁多，但英語占70以上Publish or perish!SCIScience Citation IndexStupid ChineseIdea ？SmartChineseIdea ？Types of Medical WritingOriginal ArticleShort PapersCase ReportsReview ArticlesEditorialLetter to EditorPersonal ViewsSpecial CommunicationMost common problem in ChinaWriti

2、ngproblems No storyNo results, just dataLack of logical flowLanguage problemsWordGrammarExpression-ChinglishFindasimilar paper, studyit!Story tellingLogical is the basis.Clarity is the top priority!Simple is beauty!Simplewordssimple sentence simpleparagraph!Title Abstract IntroductionResults Discuss

3、ion Acknowledge Reference TablesFigures and legendMaterials & Methods Materials & MethodsWeave one story from results,by reading andreadingTables, FiguresResults Discussion Introduction Reference Abstract TitleAcknowledgeOrder of Writing?IntroductionTo awaken the readers interestTo be informative en

4、oughto prepare readersSTORY LINEIn a hypothesis-testing paper, the first step is the question.In a descriptive paper, it is the message for example, the key features of a new structure.In a methods paper, it is the new or improved method, material, or apparatus（器械）.IntroductionWhat is knownWhat is n

5、ot knownwhat is the questionWhat you intend to do toanswer the questionLogic is in top priorityIt is known that several general anesthetics, including barbiturates, depress the bronchomotor response to vagus never stimulation 1,7,9. However, the site of this depression has not been determined. To de

6、termine which site in the vagal motor pathway to the bronchiolesis most sensitiveto depression by barbiturates, we did experiments in isolated rings of ferret trachea in which we stimulated this pathway at four different sites before and after exposure to bartiturates.Diagnostic studyInaccurate accu

7、rateInvasive noninvasiveSimple method sophisticate methodExpensive inexpensiveEarly prediction long-term effectClinical studiesObservational RCTRCT observational (real-life)Treatment regimenmono comboExpensive inexpensiveEfficacyShort-term long-termJust case series ?ExploreSummarizeAnalyzeHypothesiz

8、ewriteSeek help from:Clinical epidemiologistsStatisticianClinical expertsDISCUSSIONFOR WRITING MEDICAL RESEARCH PAPERShyi-Jang ShinDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismTo answer the question posedin the Introduction.To explain how the results support the answers and how the answer fit in with exi

9、sting knowledge on the topicFunction of theDiscussionHow towritediscussionfrom results?Howtowritediscussionfromresults?Collect the question-related-results and weave into one story to answer your questionHow to write discussion from results?Find the Newness, importance, conflict, unexpectedHow towri

10、tediscussionfrom results?Weave two stories to answer two questionsin two separatepapersFunctionof DiscussionMajor: to answer the question(s) posedin the introductionImportant: to explain how the resultssupport the answer(s)Important: to explain how the answersfit in with existing knowledgeon this to

11、pic科研倫理與學術(shù)不端行為 第一部分 研究倫理研究倫理國內(nèi)外規(guī)范性文件紐倫堡法典(Nuremberg principles)赫爾辛基宣言(Declaration of Helsinki) 貝爾蒙特報告(The Belmont Report)藥物臨床試驗質(zhì)量管理規(guī)范人胚胎干細胞研究倫理指導(dǎo)原則涉及人的生物醫(yī)學研究倫理審查辦法（試行）涉及人體的醫(yī)學科學技術(shù)研究管理辦法（征求意見稿）涉及人的生物醫(yī)學研究必須遵循的基本原則：“尊重”自主權(quán)、知情權(quán)、隱私權(quán)“有利”受試者、家人、社會“無傷”傷害最小化（身體、心理、精神、 經(jīng)濟、社會），及時（中）終止“公正”公平地選取，標準的納入和排除研究倫理基本原則涉

12、及人的生物醫(yī)學研究如何體現(xiàn)四項原則？受試者知情同意書(Written Informed Consent)試驗設(shè)計方案(Study Protocol)經(jīng)倫理委員會審核批準(Ethics Approval)前瞻性干預(yù)性臨床試驗在世界衛(wèi)生組織國際臨床試驗注冊平臺上注冊(Clinical trial registration)研究倫理基本原則臨床實驗Materials and Methods:Written informed consent was obtained from the subjects, and the study was conducted according to the Decl

13、aration of Helsinki. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the local ethics committee (Comit de Protection des Personnes, Sud-Est 1, France) and registered at (reference: NCT01127191).研究倫理展示 十九世紀以來，隨著以動物為主要研究對象的實驗醫(yī)學的問世和推廣，為動物福利立法已經(jīng)成為國際社會的共識。實驗動物管理條例實驗動物質(zhì)量管理辦法實驗動物許可證管理辦法(試行)關(guān)于善待實驗動物的指導(dǎo)性意見研究倫理動物實驗

14、 動物實驗倫理的基本原則是禁止虐待實驗動物，即保證受試動物的基本生活權(quán)利。人道主義實驗技術(shù)原理提出“3R”原則：“替代”(Replacement)“減少”(Reduction)“優(yōu)化”(Refinement)英國動物學家羅素、微生物學家伯奇，1959年研究倫理動物實驗 動物實驗應(yīng)符合研究所在地的，全國性實驗動物操作規(guī)范，并取得倫理許可。Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals b) Ethical Committee for Animal Use of XXX University 研究倫理動物實驗動物實驗Materials and Me

15、thods:The animal experiments were performed according to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals; the study protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of xxx University. (with approval No. if available) 研究倫理展示第二部分 發(fā)表倫理學術(shù)不端行為概述2012年中國科技論文統(tǒng)計分析報告，科學技術(shù)部發(fā)展計劃司。第一

16、類 重復(fù)發(fā)表指兩篇或更多具有相同的假設(shè)、研究方法、數(shù)據(jù)、論點、結(jié)論的論文同時或先后由同一作者或研究小組以同一種或不同語言發(fā)表在不同雜志上的行為，而不論這些論文之間是否相互引用。常見學術(shù)不端行為種類問題1 某研究已經(jīng)在會議論文集上發(fā)表了，還可以投全文稿給雜志嗎？問題2 某論文已經(jīng)在中文雜志上發(fā)表，還能翻譯成英文投稿給其他雜志嗎？常見學術(shù)不端行為種類常見學術(shù)不端行為種類第二類 學術(shù)造假在研究和學術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)有意做出虛假的陳述，包括：編造數(shù)據(jù)；篡改數(shù)據(jù)；改動原始文字記錄和圖片；在項目申請、成果申報，以及職位申請中做虛假的陳述等，都屬于學術(shù)造假。第三類 抄襲剽竊指將他人具有著作權(quán)的內(nèi)容，如學術(shù)觀點、數(shù)據(jù)資

17、料、內(nèi)容情節(jié)、架構(gòu)或研究成果等原封不動或雖改變形式但未改變內(nèi)在本質(zhì)后在本人論文中據(jù)為己有或采用他人成果時不注明出處的行為。常見學術(shù)不端行為種類問題1 抄襲自己發(fā)表的論文是否算剽竊？問題2 與別人所用實驗方法相同，僅照抄方法部分是否可以？問題3 如果標注了參考文獻，可否原封不動地照抄他人的語句呢？常見學術(shù)不端行為種類第四類 不當署名在學術(shù)論文上署名，既表明擁有著作權(quán)和科技成果的所有權(quán)，同時也必須要承擔相應(yīng)的責任。對研究工作沒有實驗、技術(shù)或智力貢獻的人不應(yīng)該署名；而對實驗提供了指導(dǎo)、幫助或分析的人應(yīng)該署名。常見學術(shù)不端行為種類很多雜志沿用ICMJE定義的署名條件：substantial contr

18、ibutions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published; Authors should meet conditions a, b, and c. 常見學術(shù)不端行為種類國際醫(yī)學期刊編輯委員會很多雜志沿用

19、ICMJE定義的署名條件： d) Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.常見學術(shù)不端行為種類國際醫(yī)學期刊編輯委員會第五類 論文買賣2013年11月，科學雜志發(fā)表長篇報道中國的論文發(fā)表買賣市場，科學特約編輯Mara Hvistendahl及其同事通過5個月的暗訪調(diào)

20、查，揭露了中國繁榮的論文發(fā)表黑市。Mara H. Chinas Publication Bazaar. Science. 2013, 342(6162):1035-1039常見學術(shù)不端行為種類第三部分 學術(shù)不端行為后果 科研不端行為一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)，會對行為負責人和研究成果造成哪些后果呢？ 論文撤稿名譽受損，甚至身敗名裂學術(shù)不端行為后果論文撤稿學術(shù)不端行為后果之一Figure 1. (A) Number of retracted articles for specific causes by year of retraction. (B) Percentage of published articl

21、es retracted for fraud or suspected fraud by year of publication.Fang F. Misconduct accounts for the majority of retracted scientific publications, PNAS. 2012;109(42):17028學術(shù)不端行為后果之一Figure 2. Country of origin of publications retracted for fraud or suspected fraud (A), plagiarism (B), or duplicate p

22、ublication (C).論文撤稿學術(shù)不端行為典型撤稿原因署名不當論文抄襲重復(fù)發(fā)表數(shù)據(jù)問題私自發(fā)表同事的數(shù)據(jù)（即剽竊）刻意引用某雜志論文來增加其影響力未妥善保護參與者隱私圖片張冠李戴作者未付版面費雜志社或出版商的原因撤稿監(jiān)察 /bbs/topic/20569908學術(shù)不端行為典型撤稿原因一稿兩投！學術(shù)不端行為典型撤稿原因未妥善保護受試者隱私學術(shù)不端行為典型撤稿原因數(shù)據(jù)造假！學術(shù)不端行為典型撤稿原因偽造郵箱，自己當審稿人！學術(shù)不端行為典型撤稿原因圖片張冠李戴！學術(shù)不端行為典型撤稿原因刻意引用某一雜志的論文來增加其影響力學術(shù)不端行為典型撤稿原因撤稿原因千奇百怪，多涉及學術(shù)不端或嫌疑！幾點經(jīng)驗和

23、建議：作者排名意見有分歧時，應(yīng)理智、及時處理；避免研究生使用導(dǎo)師電子郵箱私自投稿；更不要偽造郵箱，推薦自己為審稿人，這是地地道道的學術(shù)不端行為；實驗數(shù)據(jù)的處理必須十分謹慎，稍不小心就會觸犯“數(shù)據(jù)造假”這條高壓線。第四部分 學術(shù)不端嫌疑學術(shù)不端嫌疑定義 學術(shù)不端嫌疑是指研究人員被指控為學術(shù)不端行為（或違背科學共同體公認道德的行為），但尚未被倫理委員會或相關(guān)機構(gòu)確認的情形。學術(shù)不端嫌疑如何避免?研究過程長期保存實驗資料和原始數(shù)據(jù)嚴格遵守學術(shù)規(guī)范 倫理審批 遵循人體試驗基本原則 遵循動物實驗3R原則 生物統(tǒng)計學專家審核學術(shù)不端嫌疑如何避免?倫理審批中國醫(yī)學倫理學，2008，21(6):128學術(shù)不端嫌疑如何避免?遵守涉及人的試驗基本原則尊重、有利、無傷、公正案例10 Jesse Gelsinger事件Jesse Gelsinger患有鳥氨酸氨甲?；D(zhuǎn)移酶缺乏癥，1999年參加了一項由賓西法尼亞大學開展的基因治療臨床試驗，在被注射了帶有糾正基因的腺病毒載體4天后，出現(xiàn)劇烈的免疫排斥反應(yīng)并死亡，成為第一個公開確認的在基因治療臨床試驗中死亡的案例。學術(shù)不端嫌疑如何避免?遵循動物實驗3R原則學術(shù)不端嫌疑如何避免?論文寫作過程避免抄襲恰當署名，避免“被署名”保護受試者隱私恰當致謝（基金、提供幫助的人）披露利益沖突學術(shù)不端嫌疑如何避免?論文發(fā)表過程避免一稿二投避免修回階段改投學