parallelism平行結(jié)構(gòu)課件

1、parallelismSimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.Eg.Immature poets imitate; mature poets steal.(T.S. Eliot, Philip Massinger, 1920)parallelismSimilarity of strucWhen you are right you cannot be too radical; when you are wrong, you cannot be too conservativ

2、e.(Martin Luther King, Jr., Why We Cant Wait. Signet, 1964)Buy a bucket of chicken and have a barrel of fun.(slogan of Kentucky Fried Chicken)We do not ride on the railroad; it rides upon us.(Henry David Thoreau, Walden, 1854)The loss we felt was not the loss of ham but the loss of pig.(E. B. White,

3、 Death of a Pig. The Atlantic, January 1948)When you are right you cannotIt took a man like Madiba to free not just the prisoner, but the jailer as well; to show that you must trust others so that they may trust you; to teach that reconciliation is not a matter of ignoring a cruel past, but a means

4、of confronting it with inclusion and generosity and truth. He changed laws, but he also changed hearts.(President Barack Obama, speech at the memorial service for former South African president Nelson Mandela, December 10, 2013)It took a man like Madiba to After a few miles, we drove off a cliff.It

5、wasnt a big cliff. It was only about four feet high. But it was enough to blow out the front tire, knock off the back bumper, break Dads glasses, make Aunt Edythe spit out her false teeth, spill a jug of Kool-Aid, bump Missys head, spread the Auto Bingo pieces all over, and make Mark do number two.(

6、John Hughes, Vacation 58. National Lampoon, 1980)After a few miles, we drove oNew roads; new ruts.(attributed to G. K. Chesterton. New Society, 1986)Hes quite a man with the girls. They say hes closed the eyes of many a man and opened the eyes of many a woman.(Telegraph operator to Penny Worth in An

7、gel and the Badman, 1947) They are laughing at me, not with me.(Bart Simpson, The Simpsons)Voltaire could both lick boots and put the boot in. He was at once opportunist and courageous, cunning and sincere. He managed, with disconcerting ease, to reconcile love of freedom with love of hours.(attribu

8、ted to Dominique Edd, source unknown)Truth is not a diet but a condiment.(attributed to Christopher Morley, source unknown)New roads; new ruts.(attribSome of the people said that the elephant had gone in one direction, some said that he had gone in another, some professed not even to have heard of a

9、ny elephant.(George Orwell, Shooting An Elephant. New Writing, 1936)Our transportation crisis will be solved by a bigger plane or a wider road, mental illness with a pill, poverty with a law, slums with a bulldozer, urban conflict with a gas, racism with a goodwill gesture.(Philip Slater, The Pursui

10、t of Loneliness. Houghton Mifflin, 1971)Unlike novelists and playwrights, who lurk behind the scenes while distracting our attention with the puppet show of imaginary characters, unlike scholars and journalists, who quote the opinions of others and shelter behind the hedges of neutrality, the essayi

11、st has nowhere to hide.(Scott Russell Sanders, The Singular First Person. The Sewanee Review, Fall 1998)Some of the people said that O well for the fishermans boy,That he shouts with his sister at play!O well for the sailor lad,That he sings in his boat on the bay!(Alfred Lord Tennyson, Break, Break

12、, Break, 1842)Todays students can put dope in their veins or hope in their brains. . . . If they can conceive it and believe it, they can achieve it. They must know it is not their aptitude but their attitude that will determine their altitude.(Rev. Jesse Jackson, quoted by Ashton Applewhite et al.

13、in And I Quote, rev. ed. Thomas Dunne, 2003)O well for the fishermans boHumanity has advanced, when it has advanced, not because it has been sober, responsible, and cautious, but because it has been playful, rebellious, and immature.(Tom Robbins, Still Life with Woodpecker, 1980)When success happens

14、 to an English writer, he acquires a new typewriter. When success happens to an American writer, he acquires a new life.(Martin Amis, Kurt Vonnegut: After the Slaughterhouse. The Moronic Inferno. Jonathan Cape, 1986)A good ad should be like a good sermon; it must not only comfort the afflicted-it al

15、so must afflict the comfortable.(Bernice Fitz-Gibbon, Macys, Gimbels, and Me: How to Earn $90,000 a Year in Retail Advertising. Simon and Schuster, 1967)Humanity has advanced, when iIt is by logic we prove, but by intuition we discover.(Leonardo da Vinci)If you are idle, be not solitary; if you are

16、solitary, be not idle.(Samuel Johnson, quoted by James Boswell in The Life of Samuel Johnson, 1791)Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.(Francis Bacon, Of Studies, 1625)Those who write clearly have readers;

17、 those who write obscurely have commentators.(Albert Camus)It is by logic we prove, but I had been short, and now I was tall. I had been skinny and quiet and religious, and now I was good-looking and muscular. It was Sally Baldwin who brought me along, told me what to wear and do and think and say.

18、She was never wrong; she never lost her patience. She created me, and when she was done we broke up in a formal sense, but she kept calling me.(Jane Smiley, Good Faith. Alfred A. Knopf, 2003) The wheels wheeled, the chairs spun, the cotton candy tinted the faces of children, the bright leaves tinted

19、 the woods and hills. A cluster of amplifiers spread the theme of love over everything and everybody; the mild breeze spread the dust over everything and everybody. Next morning, in the Lafayette Hotel in Portland, I went down to breakfast and found May Craig looking solemn at one of the tables and

20、Mr. Murray, the auctioneer, looking cheerful at another.(E.B. White, Goodbye to Forty-Eighth Street. Essays of E.B. White. Harper, 1977)I had been short, and now I wEffects Created by ParallelismThe value of parallel structure goes beyond aesthetics. . . . It points up the structure of the sentence,

21、 showing readers what goes with what and keeping them on the right track.(Claire K. Cook, Line by Line. Houghton Mifflin, 1985)Parallelism has the potential to create rhythm, emphasis and drama as it clearly presents ideas or action. Consider this long, graceful (and witty) sentence that begins a ma

22、gazine article on sneakers: Effects Created by ParallelismA long time ago-before sneaker companies had the marketing clout to spend millions of dollars sponsoring telecasts of the Super Bowl; before street gangs identified themselves by the color of their Adidas; before North Carolina States basketb

23、all players found they could raise a little extra cash by selling the freebie Nikes off their feet; and before a sneakers very sole had been gelatinized, Energaired, Hexalited, torsioned and injected with pressurized gas-sneakers were, well, sneakers. First note the obvious parallelism of four claus

24、es beginning with the word before and proceeding with similar grammatical patterns. Then note the parallel list of sneaker attributes: gelatinized, Energaired and so on. This is writing with pizzazz. It moves. It almost makes you interested in sneakers! Of course you noticed the nice bit of word pla

25、y-the sneakers very sole.A long time ago-before sneakepaired constructionIn a sentence, a balanced arrangement of two roughly equal parts: a form of parallelism.By convention, items in a paired construction appear in parallel grammatical form: a noun phrase is paired with another noun phrase, an -in

26、g form with another -ing form, and so on.Eg.I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail.(William Faulkner, Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, Dec. 10, 1950)paired constructionIn a sentenCertainty of death, small chance of success: what are we waiting for?(John Rhys-Davies as Gimli in The

27、Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, 2003)So let us begin anew-remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.(President John Kennedy, Inaugural Address, Jan. 20

28、, 1961)To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds.(President Barack Obama, Inaugural Address, Jan. 20, 2009)Certainty of death, small chaOne might ponder the melancholy question

29、 whether it does take misfortune and great tension, national agitation and even calamity, to arouse and inspire film-makers to dare radical leaps ahead and explode devastating expressions.(Bosley Crowther, The Great Films: Fifty Golden Years of Motion Pictures. Putnam, 1971) Something momentous was

30、bound to happen soon. The entire collective unconscious could not be wrong about that. But what would it be? And would it be apocalyptic or rejuvenating? A cure for cancer or a nuclear bang? A change in the weather or a change in the sea?(Tom Robbins, Still Life With Woodpecker. Random House, 1980)R

31、emember how strong we are in our happiness, and how weak he is in his misery.(Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, 1859)One might ponder the melanchoPairings for EmphasisWhen parallel ideas are paired, the emphasis falls on words that underscore comparisons or contrasts, especially when they occur

32、 at the end of a phrase or clause: Eg.We must stop talking about the American dream and start listening to the dreams of Americans. -Reubin Askew (Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers, A Writers Reference, 7th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2011)The obvious strength of a paired construction is in its balance an

33、d seeming thoughtfulness. When you use a paired construction you are demonstrating that you are capable of planning ahead in a mature fashion, and are not merely putting down words as they pop into your mind.(Murray Bromberg and Julius Liebb, The English You Need to Know, 2nd ed. Barrons, 1997) Pair

34、ings for Emphasisbalanced sentenceA sentence made up of two parts that are roughly equal in length, importance, and grammatical structure: a paired construction.A balanced sentence that makes a contrast is called antithesis.balanced sentenceA sentence maSleeping on a Seely is like sleeping on a clou

35、d.(advertising slogan for Seely mattresses)Buy a bucket of chicken and have a barrel of fun.(advertising slogan for KFC)If youve got the time, weve got the beer.(advertising slogan for Miller beer)Light is faster, but we are safer.(advertising slogan for Global Jet Airlines)Vision without action is

36、daydream; action without vision is nightmare.(Japanese proverb) Life is a comedy to those who think, a tragedy to those who feel.(Horace Walpole)Sleeping on a Seely is like sOn days when warmth is the most important need of the human heart, the kitchen is the place you can find it; it dries the wet

37、socks, it cools the hot little brain.(E.B. White, Coon Tree. Essays of E.B. White. Harper, 1977)Every man has a right to utter what he thinks truth, and every other man has a right to knock him down for it.(Samuel Johnson, quoted by James Boswell in The Life of Samuel Johnson, 1791)On days when warm

38、th is the moAnd the more I thought over what I had got to say, the less I found I could say it, without some reference to this intangible or intractable question. It made all the difference, in asserting any principle of war, whether one assumed that a discharge of artillery would merely knead down

39、a certain quantity of once living clay into a level line, as in a brickfield; or whether, out of every separately Christian-named portion of the ruinous heap, there went out, into the smoke and dead-fallen air of battle, some astonished condition of soul, unwillingly released. It made all the differ

40、ence, in speaking of the possible range of commerce, whether one assumed that all bargains related only to visible property-or whether property, for the present invisible, but nevertheless real, was elsewhere purchaseable on other terms. It made all the difference, in addressing a body of men subjec

41、t to considerable hardship, and having to find some way out of it-whether one could confidently say to them, My friends-you have only to die, and all will be right; or whether one had any secret misgiving that such advice was more blessed to him that gave than to him that took it.(John Ruskin, The C

42、rown of Wild Olive, 1866) And the more I thought over wHow Balanced Sentences Reinforce MeaningBeyond highlighting specific words and ideas, balance has a deeper significance. It expresses a way of looking at the world . . . Implicit in the balanced style is a sense of objectivity, control, and prop

43、ortion. In the following passage about Lord Chesterfield, the critic F.L. Lucas reinforces his argument by the reasonableness of his balanced sentences. The very style seems to confirm the fairness and lack of dogmatism suggested by such phrases as seem to me and I think: In fine, there are things a

44、bout Chesterfield that seem to me rather repellant; things that it is an offense in critics to defend. He is typical of one side of the 18th century-of what still seems to many its most typical side. But it does not seem to me the really good side of that century; and Chesterfield remains, I think,

45、less an example of things to pursue in life than of things to avoid. . . . Balance and parallelism do not communicate meaning by themselves. The primary units of meaning, of course, are words. But balanced and parallel constructions do reinforce and enrich meaning.(Thomas S. Kane, The New Oxford Gui

46、de to Writing. Oxford University Press, 1988)How Balanced Sentences Reinforantithesis (grammar and rhetoric)A rhetorical term for the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases or clauses. Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.(Goethe)antithesis (grammar and rhetorEverybody doesn

47、t like something, but nobody doesnt like Sara Lee.(advertising slogan)There are so many things that we wish we had done yesterday, so few that we feel like doing today.(Mignon McLaughlin, The Complete Neurotics Notebook. Castle Books, 1981)We notice things that dont work. We dont notice things that

48、do. We notice computers, we dont notice pennies. We notice e-book readers, we dont notice books.(Douglas Adams, The Salmon of Doubt: Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last Time. Macmillan, 2002)Everybody doesnt like somethHillary has soldiered on, damned if she does, damned if she doesnt, like most powerfu

49、l women, expected to be tough as nails and warm as toast at the same time.(Anna Quindlen, Say Goodbye to the Virago. Newsweek, June 16, 2003)It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of i

50、ncredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.(Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, 18

51、59)Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours.(President Barack Obama, election night victory speech, November 7, 2012) Hillary has soldiered on, damYoure easy on the eyesHard on the heart.(Terri Clark)We must learn to live together as brother

52、s or perish together as fools.(Martin Luther King, Jr., speech at St. Louis, 1964)The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.(Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address, 1863)All the joy the world containsHas come through wishing happiness

53、 for others.All the misery the world containsHas come through wanting pleasure for oneself.(Shantideva)The more acute the experience, the less articulate its expression.(Harold Pinter, Writing for the Theatre, 1962)Youre easy on the eyesHard And let my liver rather heat with wineThan my heart cool w

54、ith mortifying groans.(Gratiano in The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare)I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dryrot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a s

55、leepy and permanent planet. The proper function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use my time.(Jack London, quoted by his literary executor, Irving Shepard, in an introduction to a 1956 collection of Londons stories)And let my liver rather

56、heat “When we are happy, we are always good, but when we are good, we are not always happy.”(The Picture of Dorian Gray, 1891)“We teach people how to remember, we never teach them how to grow.” (The Critic as Artist, 1991)“Wherever there is a man who exercises authority, there is a man who resists a

57、uthority.”(The Soul of Man Under Socialism, 1891)“Society often forgives the criminal; it never forgives the dreamer.” (The Critic as Artist, 1991)Antithesis deals with contrasting words or ideas within a phrase, sentence, or paragraph.“When we are happy, we are alw hypotaxisAn arrangement of phrase

58、s or clauses in a dependent or subordinate relationship. Also called the subordinating style.One December morning near the end of the year when snow was falling moist and heavy for miles all around, so that the earth and the sky were indivisible, Mrs. Bridge emerged from her home and spread her umbr

59、ella.(Evan S. Connell, Mrs. Bridge, 1959) hypotaxisCharacteristics of Hypotactic ProseHypotactic style allows syntax and structure to supply useful information. Instead of simple juxtaposition of elements by way of simple and compound sentences, hypotactic structures rely more on complex sentences t

60、o establish relationships among elements. Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1969) observed, The hypotactic construction is the argumentative construction par excellence. . . . Hypotaxis creates frameworks and constitutes the adoption of a position (p. 158).(James Jasinski, Sourcebook on Rhetoric: Key C