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UnitFour:VerbsandVerbPhrases(I) Issuesofthisunit: 1)InflexionsofEnglishverbs動詞形變 2)Classificationofverbs動詞的分類 3)Tense,aspect,voice,mood時體態(tài)式
英語語法(04動詞A)課件1
1)Inflexionsofverbs
Thegeneralrulesforthemorphologicalchange:
動詞詞根 {-詞尾變化Z}
{-詞尾變化D1}
{-詞尾變化D2}
{-詞尾變化-i?}Examples: –––VS ride work –––{-Z} rides works –––{-D1} rode worked –––{-D2} ridden worked –––{-i?} riding working
1)Inflexionsofverbs2
Conversions: {-D1}+{-D2}=[-d,-t,-id]withthe“regularverbs”: -dafterb,g,v,e,z,dg,m,n,l... -tafterp,f,k,θ,ts -idaftert,d 一些不規(guī)則動詞本身已可做規(guī)則變化,如: learn(learnt,learnt)learned;work(wrought,wrought)worked kneel(knelt,knelt),kneeled;leap(leapt,leapt)leaped 不規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞,一般詞典后都有一個表專門列出。但我們似乎可以重新整理,使不規(guī)則動詞變?yōu)橐欢ㄒ饬x的“規(guī)則動詞”。 英語語法(04動詞A)課件3Let’sassume: ABC為形式1、2、3,我們可以把不規(guī)則動詞與原形比,其過去式、過去分詞變化(包括音變)歸入下面幾類: AAA類:(無詞形變化)
setsetset/putputput/costcostcost ABA類:(僅過去式變化)
runranrun/comecamecome
becomebecamebecome AAB類:(僅過去分詞變化)
beatbeatbeaten/browbeat英語語法(04動詞A)課件4
ABB類:(過去式與過去分詞變化相同)
teachtaughttaught/readreadread(音變)
speedspedsped/catchcaughtcaught
holdheldheld/standstoodstood ABC類:(過去式與過去分詞變化不相同)
bearboreborn/choosechosechosen
taketooktaken/forgetforgotforgotten
shakeshookshaken/writewrotewritten 以上5類可以基本涵蓋全部不規(guī)則動詞。英語語法(04動詞A)課件52)Classificationofverbs動詞的分類 transitiveverb:take,put… mainverb intransitiveverb:go,sleep… linkverb:be,look,sound…V 3primaryaux.:be,do,have auxiliary 13modalaux.:can,may,shall.. semi-aux.:haveto,seemto… dynamicverb:work,talk,think…V staticverb:want,differ,know…
(一般不用進行時)英語語法(04動詞A)課件6
注意:這些分類不是絕對的,由于一詞多義現(xiàn)象,動詞的不同使用可以跨類別。例如:
Theyoungladyusuallywalksherdogaftersupper.Weeatwhatwecan,butcanwhatwecannot. Iamhopingthatyouwouldseewhatiswrong.Godwilledit.英語語法(04動詞A)課件7 Phrasalverb(短語式動詞):
agreewithsb./agreetosth.;talkwith/talkto lookafter/lookfor/lookinto/lookdownupon… takeinstudents/takethestudentsin putthetongueout/putoutthefire takeAforB=mistakeAforB//comparewith(to) 短語式動詞是很麻煩的,請學習時備加注意!英語語法(04動詞A)課件8
Let’strytosaythefollowinginChinese: 1.Whenwordsfail,wetaketofists;whenfistsfail,wetaketoheels. 2.Thechildtakesafterhisfatheronlywhenseenatadistance. 3.Ourmonitorisapersontofallbackonincasewerunintodifficulties. 4.Youareeatingout?Countmein! 5.It’sveryhardtobringyouropponentaroundtoyouropinion.英語語法(04動詞A)課件93)Tense,aspect,voice,mood時、體、態(tài)、式 Tenses: past/present/(future) Aspects: perfect/progressive Voices: active/passive Moods: indicative/imperative/subjunctive 主要內容大家在中學都學過,所以我們在講述此節(jié)時,有的問題可以skimover,快一點兒。英語語法(04動詞A)課件10
Canyoudetectthetense,aspect,voiceand/ormoodofthefollowingsentences?
1.Bythetimemyfathercamehome,Ihadbeendoingmyhomework. 2.WouldAmericahavebeendiscovered,ifColumbushadsailedeastward? 3.WhenIaskyoutodothings,jump! 4.Theirrigationdamshallhavebeenbeingconstructedfor10yearsbytheendofnextyear.英語語法(04動詞A)課件11TensesofEnglishverbs:PastandPresent (為什么不說將來時[futuretense]?)Theseideasshouldbeexpressedinpresenttense: 1.真的假不了,假的真不了。
Whatistruecannotbefalse,andviceversa.
2.水在零度時結冰,在100度時沸騰。
Waterfreezesat0℃andboilsat100℃.
3.中秋節(jié)晚上,成都一般見不到月亮。
Usually,onedoesnotseethemoononthenightoftheMid-autumnDay.英語語法(04動詞A)課件12Andthese,inpasttense:
1.1945年8月15日,日本侵略者投降,二戰(zhàn)結束。
OnAugust15,1945,JapaneseaggressorssurrenderedandWorldWarIIwasover.
2.古人相信,心者,思之舍也。
Inancienttimes,peoplebelievedthattheheartwasthehouseofthinking. 3.曾幾何時,外國人在中國被稱為“洋鬼子”。
Foreignersusedtobecalled“foreigndevils”inoldChina.Andthese,inpasttense:13但是,具體使用時還需要參考內容。1.真理的表達總可以用現(xiàn)在時;2.現(xiàn)在時也可表示短暫的過去:YouknowwhatImean?Itellyoutogetyourselfoff!或者將來:IhopeyouhaveawonderfultimeinSCU!Ibetyoulose!3.為了生動,講故事可以用“歷史現(xiàn)在時”;4.特定語境情況下,過去時可以表示現(xiàn)在:例如:Didyoucallme?Yes,Iwonderedifyouwouldgivemeahand;或將來:IfonlyIcouldgohometomorrow!Whatifyouhadanoceanofwealth?英語語法(04動詞A)課件14
雖然語法書上沒有將來時,但將來時的表達卻是存在的。英語將來表達法可以是: 1.助動詞+主動詞,shalldo,willdo…… 2.begoingto/tobeto:I’mgoingtogothere. Youaretohelphim./Thecatisabouttoattack. 3.用進行體表達:Theairplaneisarrivingin10 minutes. 4.用現(xiàn)在時表達,特別是在條件和時間從句中: Iftherainstops,we’llhittheroad. Itwon’tbelongbeforeherealizesthathehasdoneawrongthing.英語語法(04動詞A)課件15
將來時句型有幾點值得注意: 1.shall、will分別用于第一和第二、三人稱,若是相反,則助動詞意義不表示將來。例如:Wewillemancipateourthoughts.//Youshallpay!//Heshallcleantheclassroom. 2.同樣,tobeto,begoingto也用于表示命令、禁止等。例如:Youaretotaketheresponsibility!//Heisnotgoingtocheatmeagain! 3.tobeto,begoingto表示未來時,可側重于預見、計劃安排等。例如:Thereisgoingtobeastorm.//Thereistobeaninvestigation.//ThepresidentoftheuniversityisgoingtospeakonSCUTV.英語語法(04動詞A)課件16AspectsofEnglishverbs:ProgressiveandPerfectTheseideascouldbeexpressedinprogressiveaspect: 1.昨天下午三點鐘,你在干什么?
Whatwereyoudoingat3o’clockyesterdayafternoon? 2.風在吼,馬在叫,黃河在咆哮!
Thewindisblowing,thehorsesarehissing,theYellowRiverisroaring! 3.你為何總是挑我的刺兒?
Whyareyoualwaysfindingfaultwithme?英語語法(04動詞A)課件17Andthese,inperfectaspect:
1.潑水難收。
Whathasbeendonecannotbeundone.
2.截止目前,墜毀飛機的黑匣子還沒有找到。
Sofar,theflightrecorderhasnotyetbeenfound. 3.自打上小學起,我們就沒有開心玩兒過了。
Sinceourelementaryschooldays,wehaveneverhadafuntoourheart’scontent.英語語法(04動詞A)課件18有些問題需要注意。1.比較:Heworkshere/Heisworkinghere;
Bush(has)livedinChinafor10years.2.進行體可表示不遠的將來:
Areyoudoinganythingspecialtonight?
或者剛剛過去的過去:
Idon’tknowwhatyouaretalkingabout!英語語法(04動詞A)課件193.完成體與完成進行體:比較:
Ihavedonemyjob/Ihavebeendoingmyjob.
Bytheendofthenextyear,theconstructionofthisroadwillhavebeenaccomplished.
Bytheendofthenextyear,thisroadwillhavebeenbeingbuiltfortensolidyears.4.get與完成體:havegot(ten):
IhavegotanAintheexam. 但是在口語中: havegot=have,havegotto=haveto:
IthinkI’vegottoleavenow.英語語法(04動詞A)課件20
5.不及物動詞的完成體有時可以用“bedone”,來代替“havedone”。例如:
Thetrainhasleft.//Thetrainisleft. Halfofthetimehasgone.//Halfofthetimeisgone. Themilkhasspilt.//Themilkisspilt. 前者側重動作、過程,后者側重狀態(tài)。 但是,下列句子卻不可用“bedone”表示完成:
ThepatientinICUisdied.× Theenfantisfallenintosleep.×英語語法(04動詞A)課件21VoicesofEnglishverbs:ActiveandPassive(下面這類漢語主動句譯成英語卻得用被動態(tài):)1.經過八年抗戰(zhàn),終于把日本鬼子趕出了中國。
JapaneseaggressorswerefinallydrivenoutofChinaaftereightyearsofthewarofresistance.2.門關不上,窗戶打不開,這房子看來已經廢棄很久了。(注:含有例外項)
Thedoorcannotcloseandthewindowcannotopen;thishousemusthavebeendesertedforquitealongtime.英語語法(04動詞A)課件22
有個問題我們可以想想為什么:
1.Thedooropens.
2.Thekeyopensthedoor.
3.Theboyopensthedoor(withthekey).
當動詞描述的是主語位置上的詞的功能時,我們似乎可以用主動式,更多的例子:
Mypenwritesfine. Inwinter,theenginedoesn’tignite. 而強調動作時,我們則只能用被動式:
Nomatterhowhardwetry,thisenginecannotbeignited./Thisletteriswellwritten.有個問題我們可以想想為什么:23TheSVsentencescannotbepassive:
Birdsflyandfishswim.
Themandied(sleeps). Thesunrisesintheeast. Theearthturnsaroundthesun.英語語法(04動詞A)課件24SVoO結構的被動句型:
TheGMgavetheapplicantaninterview.
TheapplicantwasgivenaninterviewbytheGM. AninterviewwasgiventotheapplicantbytheGM.多詞動詞短語也是如此:Wemustmakefulluseofthechance
Thechancemustbemadefulluseof//Fullusemustbemadeofthechance.動詞短語須被整體視為一個動詞:
Wemustdoawaywithtraditionalprejudices. Traditionalprejudicesmustbedoneawaywith.
Welookuponhimasagreathero. Heislookedupon(byus)asagreathero.SVoO結構的被動句型:25
be-Passiveandget-Passive: 兩者均可用,但前者側重結果,后者側重動作:
Theboywashurt.//Theboygothurt. Intheend,thesuspectgotcaught.非限定動詞(non-finite)的被動態(tài);注意幾個問題:a)有的動詞后只能跟-ing,有的只能跟todo,如:
Hehopestobeinvited.(afford,agree,want,attempt,plan,offer,pretend,refuse,intend,etc)
Heenjoysbeingflattered.(admit,appreciate,avoid,deny,quit,imagine,risk,objectto,practice,etc.)英語語法(04動詞A)課件26b)有的動詞后跟-ing與跟todo意義相同,如:
Helovestobeconsulted.//Helovesbeingconsulted.
Iprefertobecalled“Tom”.//Ipreferbeingcalled“Tom”.
c)有的動詞后跟-ing與跟todo含意卻不一樣,如:
Iforgottosubmitthetermpapertotheteacher.
Iforgotsubmittingthetermpapertotheteacher.d)另外,注意下列非限定動詞被動態(tài):
Heinsistsonbeingpaid.//Heinsistsonherbeingpaid.
Iwanttobecountedin.//Iwanthimtobecountedin.
Idon’tmindbeinginvited.//Idon’tmindTom’sbeing invited.英語語法(04動詞A)課件27e)報導、相信、估計、認為等句型的兩種被動式:
Accordingtoreport,thesurvivorsoftheair-crashhavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.
Itisreportedthatthesurvivorsoftheair-crashhavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.
Thesurvivorsoftheair-crasharereportedtohavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.
ItisknowntoallthatTaiwanisaninalienablepartofChina’sterritory.
TaiwanisknowntoallasaninalienablepartofChina’sterritory.英語語法(04動詞A)課件28MoodsofEnglishverbs:Indicative:Hewholiesdownwithdogsrisesupwith lice.Imperative:Standup!Staywhereyouare!Handsup!Subjunctive:IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’teatmywords. 命令語氣比較簡單,一般也沒有動詞形變,甚至可以不要動詞。
Thosewhoagree,putupyourhand. Comeon.Don’tbesosilly.Handsup!Eyesleft! Let’s(lethim,letit……)Cheers!(Bottomup!)注:let’s不一定等于letus,如:Let’s(Letus)go!英語語法(04動詞A)課件29虛擬語氣可分為:be型虛擬,were型虛擬。 be型虛擬(動詞原形)表示命令、決定、建議、祝愿(詛咒)、推測、讓步等等。如:
ThecommanderorderedthattheNazimurderersbeshotonthespot. Thedoctorsuggestedthathestayinbedforafewdaysanddrinkmorewater. Itisimportant(necessary)thateveryonebethereontime.
英語語法(04動詞A)課件30
Don’tmakenoises,lestthepreyflee. Thougheveryonerejectyou,Iwouldnot. I’dratherthatheleaveatonce. Godbewithyou! Goddamnit!
Einstein:“Iamsatisfiedwiththemysteryoftheeternityoflifeand……withthedevotedstrivingtocomprehendaportion,beiteversotiny,ofthereasonthatmanifestsitselfinnature.”英語語法(04動詞A)課件31
were型虛擬(動詞原形)表示與現(xiàn)實相反的情況或不大可能實現(xiàn)的愿望、設想等。如:
Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround. IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotbesoaggressiveintreatingothers. Weallknowthesituationisverybad,buthespoketousasiftheEarthweregoingtostopturningtomorrow.
英語語法(04動詞A)課件32
Ifitweregoingtoraintomorrow,thesportsmeetwouldbepostponed. Suppose(Whatif)theSunshouldriseinthewesttomorrow! Iftherehadbeennocat,manwouldhavenochancetotouchatiger. Hadtherenotbeencat,manwouldhavenochancetotouchatiger.
英國哲學家羅素:“Godhascreatedthecat,somanhasachancetotouchatiger.”英語語法(04動詞A)課件33
英語中有些特殊句型也用虛擬式,這需要注意;例如:
Itistimeforthechildtogotobed.
Itistimethatthechildwenttobed.
IfonlyIcouldbeabird. 另外,如果事件有一定可能性,were也可以由was替代;如:
IwishIwere/wasthere. Helooksasifhewere/was/issick. IfonlyIwere/wasnotsonervous.英語語法(04動詞A)課件34
英語動詞的時、體、態(tài)、式介紹完了。最后,我們來做5個句子翻譯,復習一下。
1)四年后的今天,我就畢業(yè)了,或者工作,或者讀研,或者出國了。
英語語法(04動詞A)課件35
1)Fouryearslatertoday,Ishallhavegraduated,andshallbedoingajob,orworkingforapostgraduatedegree,orstudyingabroad.英語語法(04動詞A)課件36
2)要不是因為第三者插足,他們的婚姻本來是不會破裂的。 英語語法(04動詞A)課件37
2)Butfor(Iftherehadnotbeen)thethirdpartysteppingin,theirmarriagewouldnothavebrokenup.英語語法(04動詞A)課件38
3)他看上去好像昨晚一夜沒睡。出什么事兒了?英語語法(04動詞A)課件39
3)Helooksasifhehasstayedawakethewholelastnight.Whathashappenedtohim?英語語法(04動詞A)課件40
4)很重要的是,你們部隊必須在黎明前到達指定位置。英語語法(04動詞A)課件41
4)Itisofvitalimportancethatyourtrooparriveatthedesignatedpositionbeforedaybreak.英語語法(04動詞A)課件42
5)如果工程進度正常,明年年底水壩建設項目就能按時完成。英語語法(04動詞A)課件43
5)Iftheconstructionprogressisnormal,theirrigationdamprojectwillhavebeenaccomplishedasscheduledbytheendofthenextyear.英語語法(04動詞A)課件44 ThisistheendoftheLecture.Seeyounextweek!Pleasepreviewthetextbookinthisorder: 助動詞、不定式、分詞英語語法(04動詞A)課件45UnitFour:VerbsandVerbPhrases(I) Issuesofthisunit: 1)InflexionsofEnglishverbs動詞形變 2)Classificationofverbs動詞的分類 3)Tense,aspect,voice,mood時體態(tài)式
英語語法(04動詞A)課件46
1)Inflexionsofverbs
Thegeneralrulesforthemorphologicalchange:
動詞詞根 {-詞尾變化Z}
{-詞尾變化D1}
{-詞尾變化D2}
{-詞尾變化-i?}Examples: –––VS ride work –––{-Z} rides works –––{-D1} rode worked –––{-D2} ridden worked –––{-i?} riding working
1)Inflexionsofverbs47
Conversions: {-D1}+{-D2}=[-d,-t,-id]withthe“regularverbs”: -dafterb,g,v,e,z,dg,m,n,l... -tafterp,f,k,θ,ts -idaftert,d 一些不規(guī)則動詞本身已可做規(guī)則變化,如: learn(learnt,learnt)learned;work(wrought,wrought)worked kneel(knelt,knelt),kneeled;leap(leapt,leapt)leaped 不規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞,一般詞典后都有一個表專門列出。但我們似乎可以重新整理,使不規(guī)則動詞變?yōu)橐欢ㄒ饬x的“規(guī)則動詞”。 英語語法(04動詞A)課件48Let’sassume: ABC為形式1、2、3,我們可以把不規(guī)則動詞與原形比,其過去式、過去分詞變化(包括音變)歸入下面幾類: AAA類:(無詞形變化)
setsetset/putputput/costcostcost ABA類:(僅過去式變化)
runranrun/comecamecome
becomebecamebecome AAB類:(僅過去分詞變化)
beatbeatbeaten/browbeat英語語法(04動詞A)課件49
ABB類:(過去式與過去分詞變化相同)
teachtaughttaught/readreadread(音變)
speedspedsped/catchcaughtcaught
holdheldheld/standstoodstood ABC類:(過去式與過去分詞變化不相同)
bearboreborn/choosechosechosen
taketooktaken/forgetforgotforgotten
shakeshookshaken/writewrotewritten 以上5類可以基本涵蓋全部不規(guī)則動詞。英語語法(04動詞A)課件502)Classificationofverbs動詞的分類 transitiveverb:take,put… mainverb intransitiveverb:go,sleep… linkverb:be,look,sound…V 3primaryaux.:be,do,have auxiliary 13modalaux.:can,may,shall.. semi-aux.:haveto,seemto… dynamicverb:work,talk,think…V staticverb:want,differ,know…
(一般不用進行時)英語語法(04動詞A)課件51
注意:這些分類不是絕對的,由于一詞多義現(xiàn)象,動詞的不同使用可以跨類別。例如:
Theyoungladyusuallywalksherdogaftersupper.Weeatwhatwecan,butcanwhatwecannot. Iamhopingthatyouwouldseewhatiswrong.Godwilledit.英語語法(04動詞A)課件52 Phrasalverb(短語式動詞):
agreewithsb./agreetosth.;talkwith/talkto lookafter/lookfor/lookinto/lookdownupon… takeinstudents/takethestudentsin putthetongueout/putoutthefire takeAforB=mistakeAforB//comparewith(to) 短語式動詞是很麻煩的,請學習時備加注意!英語語法(04動詞A)課件53
Let’strytosaythefollowinginChinese: 1.Whenwordsfail,wetaketofists;whenfistsfail,wetaketoheels. 2.Thechildtakesafterhisfatheronlywhenseenatadistance. 3.Ourmonitorisapersontofallbackonincasewerunintodifficulties. 4.Youareeatingout?Countmein! 5.It’sveryhardtobringyouropponentaroundtoyouropinion.英語語法(04動詞A)課件543)Tense,aspect,voice,mood時、體、態(tài)、式 Tenses: past/present/(future) Aspects: perfect/progressive Voices: active/passive Moods: indicative/imperative/subjunctive 主要內容大家在中學都學過,所以我們在講述此節(jié)時,有的問題可以skimover,快一點兒。英語語法(04動詞A)課件55
Canyoudetectthetense,aspect,voiceand/ormoodofthefollowingsentences?
1.Bythetimemyfathercamehome,Ihadbeendoingmyhomework. 2.WouldAmericahavebeendiscovered,ifColumbushadsailedeastward? 3.WhenIaskyoutodothings,jump! 4.Theirrigationdamshallhavebeenbeingconstructedfor10yearsbytheendofnextyear.英語語法(04動詞A)課件56TensesofEnglishverbs:PastandPresent (為什么不說將來時[futuretense]?)Theseideasshouldbeexpressedinpresenttense: 1.真的假不了,假的真不了。
Whatistruecannotbefalse,andviceversa.
2.水在零度時結冰,在100度時沸騰。
Waterfreezesat0℃andboilsat100℃.
3.中秋節(jié)晚上,成都一般見不到月亮。
Usually,onedoesnotseethemoononthenightoftheMid-autumnDay.英語語法(04動詞A)課件57Andthese,inpasttense:
1.1945年8月15日,日本侵略者投降,二戰(zhàn)結束。
OnAugust15,1945,JapaneseaggressorssurrenderedandWorldWarIIwasover.
2.古人相信,心者,思之舍也。
Inancienttimes,peoplebelievedthattheheartwasthehouseofthinking. 3.曾幾何時,外國人在中國被稱為“洋鬼子”。
Foreignersusedtobecalled“foreigndevils”inoldChina.Andthese,inpasttense:58但是,具體使用時還需要參考內容。1.真理的表達總可以用現(xiàn)在時;2.現(xiàn)在時也可表示短暫的過去:YouknowwhatImean?Itellyoutogetyourselfoff!或者將來:IhopeyouhaveawonderfultimeinSCU!Ibetyoulose!3.為了生動,講故事可以用“歷史現(xiàn)在時”;4.特定語境情況下,過去時可以表示現(xiàn)在:例如:Didyoucallme?Yes,Iwonderedifyouwouldgivemeahand;或將來:IfonlyIcouldgohometomorrow!Whatifyouhadanoceanofwealth?英語語法(04動詞A)課件59
雖然語法書上沒有將來時,但將來時的表達卻是存在的。英語將來表達法可以是: 1.助動詞+主動詞,shalldo,willdo…… 2.begoingto/tobeto:I’mgoingtogothere. Youaretohelphim./Thecatisabouttoattack. 3.用進行體表達:Theairplaneisarrivingin10 minutes. 4.用現(xiàn)在時表達,特別是在條件和時間從句中: Iftherainstops,we’llhittheroad. Itwon’tbelongbeforeherealizesthathehasdoneawrongthing.英語語法(04動詞A)課件60
將來時句型有幾點值得注意: 1.shall、will分別用于第一和第二、三人稱,若是相反,則助動詞意義不表示將來。例如:Wewillemancipateourthoughts.//Youshallpay!//Heshallcleantheclassroom. 2.同樣,tobeto,begoingto也用于表示命令、禁止等。例如:Youaretotaketheresponsibility!//Heisnotgoingtocheatmeagain! 3.tobeto,begoingto表示未來時,可側重于預見、計劃安排等。例如:Thereisgoingtobeastorm.//Thereistobeaninvestigation.//ThepresidentoftheuniversityisgoingtospeakonSCUTV.英語語法(04動詞A)課件61AspectsofEnglishverbs:ProgressiveandPerfectTheseideascouldbeexpressedinprogressiveaspect: 1.昨天下午三點鐘,你在干什么?
Whatwereyoudoingat3o’clockyesterdayafternoon? 2.風在吼,馬在叫,黃河在咆哮!
Thewindisblowing,thehorsesarehissing,theYellowRiverisroaring! 3.你為何總是挑我的刺兒?
Whyareyoualwaysfindingfaultwithme?英語語法(04動詞A)課件62Andthese,inperfectaspect:
1.潑水難收。
Whathasbeendonecannotbeundone.
2.截止目前,墜毀飛機的黑匣子還沒有找到。
Sofar,theflightrecorderhasnotyetbeenfound. 3.自打上小學起,我們就沒有開心玩兒過了。
Sinceourelementaryschooldays,wehaveneverhadafuntoourheart’scontent.英語語法(04動詞A)課件63有些問題需要注意。1.比較:Heworkshere/Heisworkinghere;
Bush(has)livedinChinafor10years.2.進行體可表示不遠的將來:
Areyoudoinganythingspecialtonight?
或者剛剛過去的過去:
Idon’tknowwhatyouaretalkingabout!英語語法(04動詞A)課件643.完成體與完成進行體:比較:
Ihavedonemyjob/Ihavebeendoingmyjob.
Bytheendofthenextyear,theconstructionofthisroadwillhavebeenaccomplished.
Bytheendofthenextyear,thisroadwillhavebeenbeingbuiltfortensolidyears.4.get與完成體:havegot(ten):
IhavegotanAintheexam. 但是在口語中: havegot=have,havegotto=haveto:
IthinkI’vegottoleavenow.英語語法(04動詞A)課件65
5.不及物動詞的完成體有時可以用“bedone”,來代替“havedone”。例如:
Thetrainhasleft.//Thetrainisleft. Halfofthetimehasgone.//Halfofthetimeisgone. Themilkhasspilt.//Themilkisspilt. 前者側重動作、過程,后者側重狀態(tài)。 但是,下列句子卻不可用“bedone”表示完成:
ThepatientinICUisdied.× Theenfantisfallenintosleep.×英語語法(04動詞A)課件66VoicesofEnglishverbs:ActiveandPassive(下面這類漢語主動句譯成英語卻得用被動態(tài):)1.經過八年抗戰(zhàn),終于把日本鬼子趕出了中國。
JapaneseaggressorswerefinallydrivenoutofChinaaftereightyearsofthewarofresistance.2.門關不上,窗戶打不開,這房子看來已經廢棄很久了。(注:含有例外項)
Thedoorcannotcloseandthewindowcannotopen;thishousemusthavebeendesertedforquitealongtime.英語語法(04動詞A)課件67
有個問題我們可以想想為什么:
1.Thedooropens.
2.Thekeyopensthedoor.
3.Theboyopensthedoor(withthekey).
當動詞描述的是主語位置上的詞的功能時,我們似乎可以用主動式,更多的例子:
Mypenwritesfine. Inwinter,theenginedoesn’tignite. 而強調動作時,我們則只能用被動式:
Nomatterhowhardwetry,thisenginecannotbeignited./Thisletteriswellwritten.有個問題我們可以想想為什么:68TheSVsentencescannotbepassive:
Birdsflyandfishswim.
Themandied(sleeps). Thesunrisesintheeast. Theearthturnsaroundthesun.英語語法(04動詞A)課件69SVoO結構的被動句型:
TheGMgavetheapplicantaninterview.
TheapplicantwasgivenaninterviewbytheGM. AninterviewwasgiventotheapplicantbytheGM.多詞動詞短語也是如此:Wemustmakefulluseofthechance
Thechancemustbemadefulluseof//Fullusemustbemadeofthechance.動詞短語須被整體視為一個動詞:
Wemustdoawaywithtraditionalprejudices. Traditionalprejudicesmustbedoneawaywith.
Welookuponhimasagreathero. Heislookedupon(byus)asagreathero.SVoO結構的被動句型:70
be-Passiveandget-Passive: 兩者均可用,但前者側重結果,后者側重動作:
Theboywashurt.//Theboygothurt. Intheend,thesuspectgotcaught.非限定動詞(non-finite)的被動態(tài);注意幾個問題:a)有的動詞后只能跟-ing,有的只能跟todo,如:
Hehopestobeinvited.(afford,agree,want,attempt,plan,offer,pretend,refuse,intend,etc)
Heenjoysbeingflattered.(admit,appreciate,avoid,deny,quit,imagine,risk,objectto,practice,etc.)英語語法(04動詞A)課件71b)有的動詞后跟-ing與跟todo意義相同,如:
Helovestobeconsulted.//Helovesbeingconsulted.
Iprefertobecalled“Tom”.//Ipreferbeingcalled“Tom”.
c)有的動詞后跟-ing與跟todo含意卻不一樣,如:
Iforgottosubmitthetermpapertotheteacher.
Iforgotsubmittingthetermpapertotheteacher.d)另外,注意下列非限定動詞被動態(tài):
Heinsistsonbeingpaid.//Heinsistsonherbeingpaid.
Iwanttobecountedin.//Iwanthimtobecountedin.
Idon’tmindbeinginvited.//Idon’tmindTom’sbeing invited.英語語法(04動詞A)課件72e)報導、相信、估計、認為等句型的兩種被動式:
Accordingtoreport,thesurvivorsoftheair-crashhavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.
Itisreportedthatthesurvivorsoftheair-crashhavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.
Thesurvivorsoftheair-crasharereportedtohavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.
ItisknowntoallthatTaiwanisaninalienablepartofChina’sterritory.
TaiwanisknowntoallasaninalienablepartofChina’sterritory.英語語法(04動詞A)課件73MoodsofEnglishverbs:Indicative:Hewholiesdownwithdogsrisesupwith lice.Imperative:Standup!Staywhereyouare!Handsup!Subjunctive:IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’teatmywords. 命令語氣比較簡單,一般也沒有動詞形變,甚至可以不要動詞。
Thosewhoagree,putupyourhand. Comeon.Don’tbesosilly.Handsup!Eyesleft! Let’s(lethim,letit……)Cheers!(Bottomup!)注:let’s不一定等于letus,如:Let’s(Letus)go!英語語法(04動詞A)課件74虛擬語氣可分為:be型虛擬,were型虛擬。 be型虛擬(動詞原形)表示命令、決定、建議、祝愿(詛咒)、推測、讓步等等。如:
Thecommanderor
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