英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件

UnitFour:VerbsandVerbPhrases（I） Issuesofthisunit: 1)InflexionsofEnglishverbs動(dòng)詞形變 2)Classificationofverbs動(dòng)詞的分類 3)Tense,aspect,voice,mood時(shí)體態(tài)式

英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件1

1)Inflexionsofverbs

Thegeneralrulesforthemorphologicalchange:

動(dòng)詞詞根 {-詞尾變化Z}

{-詞尾變化D1}

{-詞尾變化D2}

{-詞尾變化-i?}Examples: –––VS ride work –––{-Z} rides works –––{-D1} rode worked –––{-D2} ridden worked –––{-i?} riding working

1)Inflexionsofverbs2

Conversions: {-D1}+{-D2}=[-d,-t,-id]withthe“regularverbs”: -dafterb,g,v,e,z,dg,m,n,l... -tafterp,f,k,θ,ts -idaftert,d 一些不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞本身已可做規(guī)則變化，如： learn(learnt,learnt)learned;work(wrought,wrought)worked kneel(knelt,knelt),kneeled;leap(leapt,leapt)leaped 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞，一般詞典后都有一個(gè)表專門列出。但我們似乎可以重新整理，使不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變?yōu)橐欢ㄒ饬x的“規(guī)則動(dòng)詞”。 英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件3Let’sassume: ABC為形式1、2、3，我們可以把不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞與原形比，其過去式、過去分詞變化（包括音變）歸入下面幾類： AAA類：(無詞形變化)

setsetset/putputput/costcostcost ABA類：(僅過去式變化)

runranrun/comecamecome

becomebecamebecome AAB類：(僅過去分詞變化)

beatbeatbeaten/browbeat英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件4

ABB類：(過去式與過去分詞變化相同)

teachtaughttaught/readreadread(音變)

speedspedsped/catchcaughtcaught

holdheldheld/standstoodstood ABC類：(過去式與過去分詞變化不相同)

bearboreborn/choosechosechosen

taketooktaken/forgetforgotforgotten

shakeshookshaken/writewrotewritten 以上5類可以基本涵蓋全部不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件52)Classificationofverbs動(dòng)詞的分類 transitiveverb:take,put… mainverb intransitiveverb:go,sleep… linkverb:be,look,sound…V 3primaryaux.:be,do,have auxiliary 13modalaux.:can,may,shall.. semi-aux.:haveto,seemto… dynamicverb:work,talk,think…V staticverb:want,differ,know…

(一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí))英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件6

注意：這些分類不是絕對的，由于一詞多義現(xiàn)象，動(dòng)詞的不同使用可以跨類別。例如：

Theyoungladyusuallywalksherdogaftersupper.Weeatwhatwecan,butcanwhatwecannot. Iamhopingthatyouwouldseewhatiswrong.Godwilledit.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件7 Phrasalverb(短語式動(dòng)詞):

agreewithsb./agreetosth.;talkwith/talkto lookafter/lookfor/lookinto/lookdownupon… takeinstudents/takethestudentsin putthetongueout/putoutthefire takeAforB=mistakeAforB//comparewith(to) 短語式動(dòng)詞是很麻煩的，請學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)備加注意！英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件8

Let’strytosaythefollowinginChinese: 1.Whenwordsfail,wetaketofists;whenfistsfail,wetaketoheels. 2.Thechildtakesafterhisfatheronlywhenseenatadistance. 3.Ourmonitorisapersontofallbackonincasewerunintodifficulties. 4.Youareeatingout?Countmein! 5.It’sveryhardtobringyouropponentaroundtoyouropinion.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件93)Tense,aspect,voice,mood時(shí)、體、態(tài)、式 Tenses: past/present/(future) Aspects: perfect/progressive Voices: active/passive Moods: indicative/imperative/subjunctive 主要內(nèi)容大家在中學(xué)都學(xué)過，所以我們在講述此節(jié)時(shí)，有的問題可以skimover，快一點(diǎn)兒。英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件10

Canyoudetectthetense,aspect,voiceand/ormoodofthefollowingsentences?

1.Bythetimemyfathercamehome,Ihadbeendoingmyhomework. 2.WouldAmericahavebeendiscovered,ifColumbushadsailedeastward? 3.WhenIaskyoutodothings,jump! 4.Theirrigationdamshallhavebeenbeingconstructedfor10yearsbytheendofnextyear.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件11TensesofEnglishverbs:PastandPresent (為什么不說將來時(shí)[futuretense]？)Theseideasshouldbeexpressedinpresenttense: 1.真的假不了，假的真不了。

Whatistruecannotbefalse,andviceversa.

2.水在零度時(shí)結(jié)冰，在100度時(shí)沸騰。

Waterfreezesat0℃andboilsat100℃.

3.中秋節(jié)晚上，成都一般見不到月亮。

Usually,onedoesnotseethemoononthenightoftheMid-autumnDay.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件12Andthese,inpasttense:

1.1945年8月15日，日本侵略者投降，二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束。

OnAugust15,1945,JapaneseaggressorssurrenderedandWorldWarIIwasover.

2.古人相信，心者，思之舍也。

Inancienttimes,peoplebelievedthattheheartwasthehouseofthinking. 3.曾幾何時(shí)，外國人在中國被稱為“洋鬼子”。

Foreignersusedtobecalled“foreigndevils”inoldChina.Andthese,inpasttense:13但是，具體使用時(shí)還需要參考內(nèi)容。1.真理的表達(dá)總可以用現(xiàn)在時(shí)；2.現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可表示短暫的過去：YouknowwhatImean?Itellyoutogetyourselfoff!或者將來：IhopeyouhaveawonderfultimeinSCU!Ibetyoulose!3.為了生動(dòng)，講故事可以用“歷史現(xiàn)在時(shí)”；4.特定語境情況下，過去時(shí)可以表示現(xiàn)在：例如：Didyoucallme?Yes,Iwonderedifyouwouldgivemeahand；或?qū)恚篒fonlyIcouldgohometomorrow!Whatifyouhadanoceanofwealth?英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件14

雖然語法書上沒有將來時(shí)，但將來時(shí)的表達(dá)卻是存在的。英語將來表達(dá)法可以是： 1.助動(dòng)詞＋主動(dòng)詞，shalldo,willdo…… 2.begoingto/tobeto：I’mgoingtogothere. Youaretohelphim./Thecatisabouttoattack. 3.用進(jìn)行體表達(dá)：Theairplaneisarrivingin10 minutes. 4.用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)，特別是在條件和時(shí)間從句中： Iftherainstops,we’llhittheroad. Itwon’tbelongbeforeherealizesthathehasdoneawrongthing.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件15

將來時(shí)句型有幾點(diǎn)值得注意： 1.shall、will分別用于第一和第二、三人稱，若是相反，則助動(dòng)詞意義不表示將來。例如：Wewillemancipateourthoughts.//Youshallpay!//Heshallcleantheclassroom. 2.同樣，tobeto,begoingto也用于表示命令、禁止等。例如：Youaretotaketheresponsibility!//Heisnotgoingtocheatmeagain! 3.tobeto,begoingto表示未來時(shí)，可側(cè)重于預(yù)見、計(jì)劃安排等。例如：Thereisgoingtobeastorm.//Thereistobeaninvestigation.//ThepresidentoftheuniversityisgoingtospeakonSCUTV.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件16AspectsofEnglishverbs:ProgressiveandPerfectTheseideascouldbeexpressedinprogressiveaspect: 1.昨天下午三點(diǎn)鐘，你在干什么？

Whatwereyoudoingat3o’clockyesterdayafternoon? 2.風(fēng)在吼，馬在叫，黃河在咆哮！

Thewindisblowing,thehorsesarehissing,theYellowRiverisroaring! 3.你為何總是挑我的刺兒？

Whyareyoualwaysfindingfaultwithme?英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件17Andthese,inperfectaspect:

1.潑水難收。

Whathasbeendonecannotbeundone.

2.截止目前，墜毀飛機(jī)的黑匣子還沒有找到。

Sofar,theflightrecorderhasnotyetbeenfound. 3.自打上小學(xué)起，我們就沒有開心玩兒過了。

Sinceourelementaryschooldays,wehaveneverhadafuntoourheart’scontent.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件18有些問題需要注意。1.比較：Heworkshere/Heisworkinghere；

Bush(has)livedinChinafor10years.2.進(jìn)行體可表示不遠(yuǎn)的將來：

Areyoudoinganythingspecialtonight?

或者剛剛過去的過去：

Idon’tknowwhatyouaretalkingabout!英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件193.完成體與完成進(jìn)行體：比較：

Ihavedonemyjob/Ihavebeendoingmyjob.

Bytheendofthenextyear,theconstructionofthisroadwillhavebeenaccomplished.

Bytheendofthenextyear,thisroadwillhavebeenbeingbuiltfortensolidyears.4.get與完成體：havegot(ten):

IhavegotanAintheexam. 但是在口語中： havegot=have,havegotto=haveto：

IthinkI’vegottoleavenow.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件20

5.不及物動(dòng)詞的完成體有時(shí)可以用“bedone”，來代替“havedone”。例如：

Thetrainhasleft.//Thetrainisleft. Halfofthetimehasgone.//Halfofthetimeisgone. Themilkhasspilt.//Themilkisspilt. 前者側(cè)重動(dòng)作、過程，后者側(cè)重狀態(tài)。 但是，下列句子卻不可用“bedone”表示完成：

ThepatientinICUisdied.× Theenfantisfallenintosleep.×英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件21VoicesofEnglishverbs:ActiveandPassive（下面這類漢語主動(dòng)句譯成英語卻得用被動(dòng)態(tài)：）1.經(jīng)過八年抗戰(zhàn)，終于把日本鬼子趕出了中國。

JapaneseaggressorswerefinallydrivenoutofChinaaftereightyearsofthewarofresistance.2.門關(guān)不上，窗戶打不開，這房子看來已經(jīng)廢棄很久了。（注：含有例外項(xiàng)）

Thedoorcannotcloseandthewindowcannotopen；thishousemusthavebeendesertedforquitealongtime.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件22

有個(gè)問題我們可以想想為什么：

1.Thedooropens.

2.Thekeyopensthedoor.

3.Theboyopensthedoor(withthekey).

當(dāng)動(dòng)詞描述的是主語位置上的詞的功能時(shí)，我們似乎可以用主動(dòng)式，更多的例子：

Mypenwritesfine. Inwinter,theenginedoesn’tignite. 而強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作時(shí)，我們則只能用被動(dòng)式：

Nomatterhowhardwetry,thisenginecannotbeignited./Thisletteriswellwritten.有個(gè)問題我們可以想想為什么：23TheSVsentencescannotbepassive:

Birdsflyandfishswim.

Themandied(sleeps). Thesunrisesintheeast. Theearthturnsaroundthesun.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件24SVoO結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)句型：

TheGMgavetheapplicantaninterview.

TheapplicantwasgivenaninterviewbytheGM. AninterviewwasgiventotheapplicantbytheGM.多詞動(dòng)詞短語也是如此：Wemustmakefulluseofthechance

Thechancemustbemadefulluseof//Fullusemustbemadeofthechance.動(dòng)詞短語須被整體視為一個(gè)動(dòng)詞：

Wemustdoawaywithtraditionalprejudices. Traditionalprejudicesmustbedoneawaywith.

Welookuponhimasagreathero. Heislookedupon(byus)asagreathero.SVoO結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)句型：25

be-Passiveandget-Passive: 兩者均可用，但前者側(cè)重結(jié)果，后者側(cè)重動(dòng)作：

Theboywashurt.//Theboygothurt. Intheend,thesuspectgotcaught.非限定動(dòng)詞(non-finite)的被動(dòng)態(tài)；注意幾個(gè)問題：a)有的動(dòng)詞后只能跟-ing，有的只能跟todo，如：

Hehopestobeinvited.(afford,agree,want,attempt,plan,offer,pretend,refuse,intend,etc)

Heenjoysbeingflattered.(admit,appreciate,avoid,deny,quit,imagine,risk,objectto,practice,etc.)英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件26b)有的動(dòng)詞后跟-ing與跟todo意義相同，如：

Helovestobeconsulted.//Helovesbeingconsulted.

Iprefertobecalled“Tom”.//Ipreferbeingcalled“Tom”.

c)有的動(dòng)詞后跟-ing與跟todo含意卻不一樣，如：

Iforgottosubmitthetermpapertotheteacher.

Iforgotsubmittingthetermpapertotheteacher.d)另外，注意下列非限定動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)態(tài)：

Heinsistsonbeingpaid.//Heinsistsonherbeingpaid.

Iwanttobecountedin.//Iwanthimtobecountedin.

Idon’tmindbeinginvited.//Idon’tmindTom’sbeing invited.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件27e)報(bào)導(dǎo)、相信、估計(jì)、認(rèn)為等句型的兩種被動(dòng)式：

Accordingtoreport,thesurvivorsoftheair-crashhavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.

Itisreportedthatthesurvivorsoftheair-crashhavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.

Thesurvivorsoftheair-crasharereportedtohavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.

ItisknowntoallthatTaiwanisaninalienablepartofChina’sterritory.

TaiwanisknowntoallasaninalienablepartofChina’sterritory.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件28MoodsofEnglishverbs:Indicative:Hewholiesdownwithdogsrisesupwith lice.Imperative:Standup!Staywhereyouare!Handsup!Subjunctive:IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’teatmywords. 命令語氣比較簡單，一般也沒有動(dòng)詞形變，甚至可以不要?jiǎng)釉~。

Thosewhoagree,putupyourhand. Comeon.Don’tbesosilly.Handsup!Eyesleft! Let’s(lethim,letit……)Cheers!(Bottomup!)注：let’s不一定等于letus，如：Let’s(Letus)go!英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件29虛擬語氣可分為：be型虛擬，were型虛擬。 be型虛擬（動(dòng)詞原形）表示命令、決定、建議、祝愿(詛咒)、推測、讓步等等。如：

ThecommanderorderedthattheNazimurderersbeshotonthespot. Thedoctorsuggestedthathestayinbedforafewdaysanddrinkmorewater. Itisimportant(necessary)thateveryonebethereontime.

英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件30

Don’tmakenoises,lestthepreyflee. Thougheveryonerejectyou,Iwouldnot. I’dratherthatheleaveatonce. Godbewithyou! Goddamnit!

Einstein:“Iamsatisfiedwiththemysteryoftheeternityoflifeand……withthedevotedstrivingtocomprehendaportion,beiteversotiny,ofthereasonthatmanifestsitselfinnature.”英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件31

were型虛擬（動(dòng)詞原形）表示與現(xiàn)實(shí)相反的情況或不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、設(shè)想等。如：

Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround. IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotbesoaggressiveintreatingothers. Weallknowthesituationisverybad,buthespoketousasiftheEarthweregoingtostopturningtomorrow.

英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件32

Ifitweregoingtoraintomorrow,thesportsmeetwouldbepostponed. Suppose(Whatif)theSunshouldriseinthewesttomorrow! Iftherehadbeennocat,manwouldhavenochancetotouchatiger. Hadtherenotbeencat,manwouldhavenochancetotouchatiger.

英國哲學(xué)家羅素：“Godhascreatedthecat,somanhasachancetotouchatiger.”英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件33

英語中有些特殊句型也用虛擬式，這需要注意；例如：

Itistimeforthechildtogotobed.

Itistimethatthechildwenttobed.

IfonlyIcouldbeabird. 另外，如果事件有一定可能性，were也可以由was替代；如：

IwishIwere/wasthere. Helooksasifhewere/was/issick. IfonlyIwere/wasnotsonervous.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件34

英語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)、體、態(tài)、式介紹完了。最后，我們來做5個(gè)句子翻譯，復(fù)習(xí)一下。

1）四年后的今天，我就畢業(yè)了，或者工作，或者讀研，或者出國了。

英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件35

1)Fouryearslatertoday,Ishallhavegraduated,andshallbedoingajob,orworkingforapostgraduatedegree,orstudyingabroad.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件36

2）要不是因?yàn)榈谌卟遄?，他們的婚姻本來是不?huì)破裂的。 英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件37

2)Butfor(Iftherehadnotbeen)thethirdpartysteppingin,theirmarriagewouldnothavebrokenup.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件38

3）他看上去好像昨晚一夜沒睡。出什么事兒了？英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件39

3)Helooksasifhehasstayedawakethewholelastnight.Whathashappenedtohim?英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件40

4）很重要的是，你們部隊(duì)必須在黎明前到達(dá)指定位置。英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件41

4)Itisofvitalimportancethatyourtrooparriveatthedesignatedpositionbeforedaybreak.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件42

5）如果工程進(jìn)度正常，明年年底水壩建設(shè)項(xiàng)目就能按時(shí)完成。英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件43

5)Iftheconstructionprogressisnormal,theirrigationdamprojectwillhavebeenaccomplishedasscheduledbytheendofthenextyear.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件44 ThisistheendoftheLecture.Seeyounextweek!Pleasepreviewthetextbookinthisorder: 助動(dòng)詞、不定式、分詞英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件45UnitFour:VerbsandVerbPhrases（I） Issuesofthisunit: 1)InflexionsofEnglishverbs動(dòng)詞形變 2)Classificationofverbs動(dòng)詞的分類 3)Tense,aspect,voice,mood時(shí)體態(tài)式

英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件46

1)Inflexionsofverbs

Thegeneralrulesforthemorphologicalchange:

動(dòng)詞詞根 {-詞尾變化Z}

{-詞尾變化D1}

{-詞尾變化D2}

{-詞尾變化-i?}Examples: –––VS ride work –––{-Z} rides works –––{-D1} rode worked –––{-D2} ridden worked –––{-i?} riding working

1)Inflexionsofverbs47

Conversions: {-D1}+{-D2}=[-d,-t,-id]withthe“regularverbs”: -dafterb,g,v,e,z,dg,m,n,l... -tafterp,f,k,θ,ts -idaftert,d 一些不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞本身已可做規(guī)則變化，如： learn(learnt,learnt)learned;work(wrought,wrought)worked kneel(knelt,knelt),kneeled;leap(leapt,leapt)leaped 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞，一般詞典后都有一個(gè)表專門列出。但我們似乎可以重新整理，使不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變?yōu)橐欢ㄒ饬x的“規(guī)則動(dòng)詞”。 英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件48Let’sassume: ABC為形式1、2、3，我們可以把不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞與原形比，其過去式、過去分詞變化（包括音變）歸入下面幾類： AAA類：(無詞形變化)

setsetset/putputput/costcostcost ABA類：(僅過去式變化)

runranrun/comecamecome

becomebecamebecome AAB類：(僅過去分詞變化)

beatbeatbeaten/browbeat英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件49

ABB類：(過去式與過去分詞變化相同)

teachtaughttaught/readreadread(音變)

speedspedsped/catchcaughtcaught

holdheldheld/standstoodstood ABC類：(過去式與過去分詞變化不相同)

bearboreborn/choosechosechosen

taketooktaken/forgetforgotforgotten

shakeshookshaken/writewrotewritten 以上5類可以基本涵蓋全部不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件502)Classificationofverbs動(dòng)詞的分類 transitiveverb:take,put… mainverb intransitiveverb:go,sleep… linkverb:be,look,sound…V 3primaryaux.:be,do,have auxiliary 13modalaux.:can,may,shall.. semi-aux.:haveto,seemto… dynamicverb:work,talk,think…V staticverb:want,differ,know…

(一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí))英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件51

注意：這些分類不是絕對的，由于一詞多義現(xiàn)象，動(dòng)詞的不同使用可以跨類別。例如：

Theyoungladyusuallywalksherdogaftersupper.Weeatwhatwecan,butcanwhatwecannot. Iamhopingthatyouwouldseewhatiswrong.Godwilledit.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件52 Phrasalverb(短語式動(dòng)詞):

agreewithsb./agreetosth.;talkwith/talkto lookafter/lookfor/lookinto/lookdownupon… takeinstudents/takethestudentsin putthetongueout/putoutthefire takeAforB=mistakeAforB//comparewith(to) 短語式動(dòng)詞是很麻煩的，請學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)備加注意！英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件53

Let’strytosaythefollowinginChinese: 1.Whenwordsfail,wetaketofists;whenfistsfail,wetaketoheels. 2.Thechildtakesafterhisfatheronlywhenseenatadistance. 3.Ourmonitorisapersontofallbackonincasewerunintodifficulties. 4.Youareeatingout?Countmein! 5.It’sveryhardtobringyouropponentaroundtoyouropinion.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件543)Tense,aspect,voice,mood時(shí)、體、態(tài)、式 Tenses: past/present/(future) Aspects: perfect/progressive Voices: active/passive Moods: indicative/imperative/subjunctive 主要內(nèi)容大家在中學(xué)都學(xué)過，所以我們在講述此節(jié)時(shí)，有的問題可以skimover，快一點(diǎn)兒。英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件55

Canyoudetectthetense,aspect,voiceand/ormoodofthefollowingsentences?

1.Bythetimemyfathercamehome,Ihadbeendoingmyhomework. 2.WouldAmericahavebeendiscovered,ifColumbushadsailedeastward? 3.WhenIaskyoutodothings,jump! 4.Theirrigationdamshallhavebeenbeingconstructedfor10yearsbytheendofnextyear.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件56TensesofEnglishverbs:PastandPresent (為什么不說將來時(shí)[futuretense]？)Theseideasshouldbeexpressedinpresenttense: 1.真的假不了，假的真不了。

Whatistruecannotbefalse,andviceversa.

2.水在零度時(shí)結(jié)冰，在100度時(shí)沸騰。

Waterfreezesat0℃andboilsat100℃.

3.中秋節(jié)晚上，成都一般見不到月亮。

Usually,onedoesnotseethemoononthenightoftheMid-autumnDay.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件57Andthese,inpasttense:

1.1945年8月15日，日本侵略者投降，二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束。

OnAugust15,1945,JapaneseaggressorssurrenderedandWorldWarIIwasover.

2.古人相信，心者，思之舍也。

Inancienttimes,peoplebelievedthattheheartwasthehouseofthinking. 3.曾幾何時(shí)，外國人在中國被稱為“洋鬼子”。

Foreignersusedtobecalled“foreigndevils”inoldChina.Andthese,inpasttense:58但是，具體使用時(shí)還需要參考內(nèi)容。1.真理的表達(dá)總可以用現(xiàn)在時(shí)；2.現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可表示短暫的過去：YouknowwhatImean?Itellyoutogetyourselfoff!或者將來：IhopeyouhaveawonderfultimeinSCU!Ibetyoulose!3.為了生動(dòng)，講故事可以用“歷史現(xiàn)在時(shí)”；4.特定語境情況下，過去時(shí)可以表示現(xiàn)在：例如：Didyoucallme?Yes,Iwonderedifyouwouldgivemeahand；或?qū)恚篒fonlyIcouldgohometomorrow!Whatifyouhadanoceanofwealth?英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件59

雖然語法書上沒有將來時(shí)，但將來時(shí)的表達(dá)卻是存在的。英語將來表達(dá)法可以是： 1.助動(dòng)詞＋主動(dòng)詞，shalldo,willdo…… 2.begoingto/tobeto：I’mgoingtogothere. Youaretohelphim./Thecatisabouttoattack. 3.用進(jìn)行體表達(dá)：Theairplaneisarrivingin10 minutes. 4.用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)，特別是在條件和時(shí)間從句中： Iftherainstops,we’llhittheroad. Itwon’tbelongbeforeherealizesthathehasdoneawrongthing.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件60

將來時(shí)句型有幾點(diǎn)值得注意： 1.shall、will分別用于第一和第二、三人稱，若是相反，則助動(dòng)詞意義不表示將來。例如：Wewillemancipateourthoughts.//Youshallpay!//Heshallcleantheclassroom. 2.同樣，tobeto,begoingto也用于表示命令、禁止等。例如：Youaretotaketheresponsibility!//Heisnotgoingtocheatmeagain! 3.tobeto,begoingto表示未來時(shí)，可側(cè)重于預(yù)見、計(jì)劃安排等。例如：Thereisgoingtobeastorm.//Thereistobeaninvestigation.//ThepresidentoftheuniversityisgoingtospeakonSCUTV.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件61AspectsofEnglishverbs:ProgressiveandPerfectTheseideascouldbeexpressedinprogressiveaspect: 1.昨天下午三點(diǎn)鐘，你在干什么？

Whatwereyoudoingat3o’clockyesterdayafternoon? 2.風(fēng)在吼，馬在叫，黃河在咆哮！

Thewindisblowing,thehorsesarehissing,theYellowRiverisroaring! 3.你為何總是挑我的刺兒？

Whyareyoualwaysfindingfaultwithme?英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件62Andthese,inperfectaspect:

1.潑水難收。

Whathasbeendonecannotbeundone.

2.截止目前，墜毀飛機(jī)的黑匣子還沒有找到。

Sofar,theflightrecorderhasnotyetbeenfound. 3.自打上小學(xué)起，我們就沒有開心玩兒過了。

Sinceourelementaryschooldays,wehaveneverhadafuntoourheart’scontent.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件63有些問題需要注意。1.比較：Heworkshere/Heisworkinghere；

Bush(has)livedinChinafor10years.2.進(jìn)行體可表示不遠(yuǎn)的將來：

Areyoudoinganythingspecialtonight?

或者剛剛過去的過去：

Idon’tknowwhatyouaretalkingabout!英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件643.完成體與完成進(jìn)行體：比較：

Ihavedonemyjob/Ihavebeendoingmyjob.

Bytheendofthenextyear,theconstructionofthisroadwillhavebeenaccomplished.

Bytheendofthenextyear,thisroadwillhavebeenbeingbuiltfortensolidyears.4.get與完成體：havegot(ten):

IhavegotanAintheexam. 但是在口語中： havegot=have,havegotto=haveto：

IthinkI’vegottoleavenow.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件65

5.不及物動(dòng)詞的完成體有時(shí)可以用“bedone”，來代替“havedone”。例如：

Thetrainhasleft.//Thetrainisleft. Halfofthetimehasgone.//Halfofthetimeisgone. Themilkhasspilt.//Themilkisspilt. 前者側(cè)重動(dòng)作、過程，后者側(cè)重狀態(tài)。 但是，下列句子卻不可用“bedone”表示完成：

ThepatientinICUisdied.× Theenfantisfallenintosleep.×英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件66VoicesofEnglishverbs:ActiveandPassive（下面這類漢語主動(dòng)句譯成英語卻得用被動(dòng)態(tài)：）1.經(jīng)過八年抗戰(zhàn)，終于把日本鬼子趕出了中國。

JapaneseaggressorswerefinallydrivenoutofChinaaftereightyearsofthewarofresistance.2.門關(guān)不上，窗戶打不開，這房子看來已經(jīng)廢棄很久了。（注：含有例外項(xiàng)）

Thedoorcannotcloseandthewindowcannotopen；thishousemusthavebeendesertedforquitealongtime.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件67

有個(gè)問題我們可以想想為什么：

1.Thedooropens.

2.Thekeyopensthedoor.

3.Theboyopensthedoor(withthekey).

當(dāng)動(dòng)詞描述的是主語位置上的詞的功能時(shí)，我們似乎可以用主動(dòng)式，更多的例子：

Mypenwritesfine. Inwinter,theenginedoesn’tignite. 而強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作時(shí)，我們則只能用被動(dòng)式：

Nomatterhowhardwetry,thisenginecannotbeignited./Thisletteriswellwritten.有個(gè)問題我們可以想想為什么：68TheSVsentencescannotbepassive:

Birdsflyandfishswim.

Themandied(sleeps). Thesunrisesintheeast. Theearthturnsaroundthesun.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件69SVoO結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)句型：

TheGMgavetheapplicantaninterview.

TheapplicantwasgivenaninterviewbytheGM. AninterviewwasgiventotheapplicantbytheGM.多詞動(dòng)詞短語也是如此：Wemustmakefulluseofthechance

Thechancemustbemadefulluseof//Fullusemustbemadeofthechance.動(dòng)詞短語須被整體視為一個(gè)動(dòng)詞：

Wemustdoawaywithtraditionalprejudices. Traditionalprejudicesmustbedoneawaywith.

Welookuponhimasagreathero. Heislookedupon(byus)asagreathero.SVoO結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)句型：70

be-Passiveandget-Passive: 兩者均可用，但前者側(cè)重結(jié)果，后者側(cè)重動(dòng)作：

Theboywashurt.//Theboygothurt. Intheend,thesuspectgotcaught.非限定動(dòng)詞(non-finite)的被動(dòng)態(tài)；注意幾個(gè)問題：a)有的動(dòng)詞后只能跟-ing，有的只能跟todo，如：

Hehopestobeinvited.(afford,agree,want,attempt,plan,offer,pretend,refuse,intend,etc)

Heenjoysbeingflattered.(admit,appreciate,avoid,deny,quit,imagine,risk,objectto,practice,etc.)英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件71b)有的動(dòng)詞后跟-ing與跟todo意義相同，如：

Helovestobeconsulted.//Helovesbeingconsulted.

Iprefertobecalled“Tom”.//Ipreferbeingcalled“Tom”.

c)有的動(dòng)詞后跟-ing與跟todo含意卻不一樣，如：

Iforgottosubmitthetermpapertotheteacher.

Iforgotsubmittingthetermpapertotheteacher.d)另外，注意下列非限定動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)態(tài)：

Heinsistsonbeingpaid.//Heinsistsonherbeingpaid.

Iwanttobecountedin.//Iwanthimtobecountedin.

Idon’tmindbeinginvited.//Idon’tmindTom’sbeing invited.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件72e)報(bào)導(dǎo)、相信、估計(jì)、認(rèn)為等句型的兩種被動(dòng)式：

Accordingtoreport,thesurvivorsoftheair-crashhavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.

Itisreportedthatthesurvivorsoftheair-crashhavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.

Thesurvivorsoftheair-crasharereportedtohavebeenhelicopteredtothehospital.

ItisknowntoallthatTaiwanisaninalienablepartofChina’sterritory.

TaiwanisknowntoallasaninalienablepartofChina’sterritory.英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件73MoodsofEnglishverbs:Indicative:Hewholiesdownwithdogsrisesupwith lice.Imperative:Standup!Staywhereyouare!Handsup!Subjunctive:IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’teatmywords. 命令語氣比較簡單，一般也沒有動(dòng)詞形變，甚至可以不要?jiǎng)釉~。

Thosewhoagree,putupyourhand. Comeon.Don’tbesosilly.Handsup!Eyesleft! Let’s(lethim,letit……)Cheers!(Bottomup!)注：let’s不一定等于letus，如：Let’s(Letus)go!英語語法(04動(dòng)詞A)課件74虛擬語氣可分為：be型虛擬，were型虛擬。 be型虛擬（動(dòng)詞原形）表示命令、決定、建議、祝愿(詛咒)、推測、讓步等等。如：

Thecommanderor