跨文化交際實用教程胡超編著unitdailyverbalcommunication市公開課金獎市賽課一等獎?wù)n件

DailyVerbalCommunication

第1頁AnidiomThesumofhumanwisdomisnotcontainedinanyonelanguage,andnosinglelanguageiscapableofexpressingallformsanddegreesofhumancomprehension.—EzraPoundCompanyLogo第2頁TeachingObjectives1.Tounderstandhowlanguageandculturearecloselylinked2.TounderstandpragmaticsininterculturalCommunication3.Identifytheculturaldifferencesinaddressing,greeting,conversationaltopics,visiting,parting,complimentandresponse,gratitudeandapology.CompanyLogo第3頁WhatisverbalcommunicationVerbal:connectedwithwordsandtheiruseVerbalcommunication:communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguageEasiertousewordstorepresentone’sexperienceswithinthesameculturebecausepeoplesharemanysimilarexperiences.Moretroublesomeinverbalcommunicationacrossculturesbecausepeople’sexperiences,beliefs,values,customs,traditionsandthelikearedifferent.CompanyLogo第4頁LanguageandcultureMasteringallthoserulesoflanguage，suchasphonology,morphology,syntaxandsemantics,isstillnotenoughforeffectivecommunication,forlanguageandculturecannotbeseparated.Theyareintertwined,shapingeachother,asinthechickenandeggdilemma---whichcamefirst,thelanguageortheculture?Whenselectingwords,formingsentences,andsendingamessage,eitheroralorwritten,onealsomakesculturalchoices.CompanyLogo第5頁PragmaticsininterculturalCommunicationLanguagecanbeusedtoperformmanytasks:toaddresspeople,tocomplimentpeople,tomakearequest,toextendaninvitation,todeclareamanandawomanhusbandandwife,andeventosentenceacriminaltodeath.Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptionsandbehavior.Bylearningpragmatics,wecanunderstandhowtocommunicateproperly.Oureverydaycommunicationisfilledwithsuchpragmaticuseoflanguage,buttherealizationofspeechactisdifferentfromculturetoculture.CompanyLogo第6頁VerbalCommunicationFormofaddressGreetingInitiatingconversationandconversationtopicVisitingPartingComplimentsandcomplimentresponsesGratitudeandapologyCompanyLogo第7頁AddressingbynamesNameorderSurname+givenname/HeXianguGivenname+surname(AE)/LindaSmith*Smith;*MissLindaNowadays,moreandmoreEnglish-speakingpeopleaddressothersbyusingthefirstname,evenwhenpeoplemeetforthefirsttime.(intimacyandequality)(pg.23)Achildmayevendosotohis/herparentsorgrandparents.Manycollegestudentscalltheirprofessorsbytheirfirstnames.(postgraduate)InChinaseniorityispaidrespectto.Juniorsaresupposedtoaddressseniorsinaproperway.Theuseofgivennamesislimitedtohusbandandwife,veryclosefriends,juniorsbyeldersorsuperiors.(Hierarchy)CompanyLogo第8頁Chineseoftenextendkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Thesetermsareusedafterthesurnametoshowpolitenessandrespect.(pg.23)Moreexamplesarejingchashushu(警察叔叔),hushiaji(護士阿姨),etc.TheEnglishequivalentsoftheabovekinshiptermsarenotsoused.Evenwithrelatives,Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.SomeexceptionsparentsUncleSam,AuntMaryBrotherJosephorSisterMary(religioussociety)AddressingbyrelationshipCompanyLogo第9頁Onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused.(pg.24)*PrincipalMorris;*ManagerJackson;*BureauDirectorWangDoctorBrown;MayorWhite;Prof.Lessing;NurseLiu;CaptainFan;ColonelYuAmericanstendtoregardtitlesastrivialunlesstheyhaveaclearideaofwhatkindofworkapersondoesandwhathisresponsibilitiesare.Seniorengineer/vicepresidentformarketingTheuseofrespectfultitlestoindicatepeople’sinfluentialstatusAddressingbytitle,office,professionCompanyLogo第10頁SpecialGreetingliterarily"Whereareyougoing?"or"Whatareyougoingtodo?"or"Haveyoueaten?“(pg.25)InvitationIntrusionintoone’sprivacySimplytosayhis/hername,perhapsaddingatermofrespect:LiXiaosheng,Mr.Li,TeacherLi,etc.theChinesepersonispreparingtoaskaquestionormakeacomment.theAmerican'sresponseislikelytobe"Yes?"CompanyLogo第11頁SpecialGreetingTomakecasualcommentsaboutwhateveranotherpersonisdoingtoshowacknowledgment."Oh,you’reworkingatthecomputer”toapersonwhoisactuallydoingso.Waitforfurtherinquiry.AnotherChinesetermxinkula(辛勞啦)

isagoodwarmexpressionshowingconcernwithmanyfunctions.greetingtoapersonwhohasjustcompletedalongtrip,andasagreetingcomplementtoapersonwhohasjustdonesomething.Didyouhaveagoodtrip?/Didyouenjoyyourtrip?/Howwasthetrip?etc."Welldone","Thatwas/You'vegotahardjob.”CompanyLogo第12頁InitiatingconversationsCultureinfluencesthestyleofcommunicationatgreatlevel.Whenweareinanunfamiliarcountry,itiswisetowatchandlearnthewaynativepeoplecommunicatefirst.1.WhentotalkBritishpeopleusuallydon’ttalktostrangers.(pushyanduntrustworthy)Peoplehavenaturalconversationwithstrangers.(proud,uncooperativeandstupid)2.Whattosay(pg.26)Askquestionsaboutfamilybackground,education,occupation…Storiesandanecdotes3.Turn-takingconventionsTabletennismatch(AE)Pauseandsilencefornointerruptionandreflection(JC)CompanyLogo第13頁AppropriateandInappropriatetopics(pg.27)AustraliaProfessions;cars;skiing;musicMoney;religion;divorce/separationGermanyTravelingabroad;internationalpolitics;hobbies;soccerThesecondworldWar;questionsaboutpersonallifeGreatBritainHistory;Architecture;gardeningPolitics;money/price;FalklandswarFranceMusic;books;sports;thetheaterPriceofitems;person’swork;income;ageJapanHistory;culture;artTheSecondWorldwar;CompanyLogo第14頁InvitationNowstudythefollowingstatementsandthinkhowyouwouldrespondtoeachcategoryofthem.Discussinsmallgroups.Let'sgettogethersoon.Ihaven'tseenyouforalongtime.Youmustcomeroundfordinnersometime.It'sgoodseeingyou.I'llinviteyoutotealater.I'mgoingtogiveapartythisweekend.Comeifyoulike.HowaboutjoiningusfordinnerthisFridaynight?(pg.29)IfanAmericanfriendofyourssuggestsyouhavelunchwithhim,youmightsimplysaysomethinglikethis,"I'mafraidit‘llhavetobesomeplaceinexpensive,asIhaveverylittlemoney."Yourfriendmaysay,"O.K.,I‘llmeetyouatMcDonald's."Whodoyouthinkwouldpayforthemeal?CompanyLogo第15頁NotifyinadvanceInAmericaanyvisit,whetheritistoseeadoctor,aprofessor,afriendandevenarelative,isusuallyarrangedbyappointment.Thisisthecourtesytobeobserved.WhenanAmericanismakinganappointment,he/shetriestobepolite,andleavesroomfortheotherpartytorefuseifnotconvenient."Ihaven'tseenyouforalongtime.IwaswonderingwhetherIcouldcomeroundtovisityousome-time.""I'dliketocomeandseeyousometime.Wouldyoubefreeoneafternoonnextweek?CompanyLogo第16頁Hospitality(pg.30)Anotherdifferenceexistsinthewayofbehavingasaguestandasahost.InChina,aguestusuallyobservestheprincipleofavoidingbringingtrouble(extraworkormoneyspending)tothehost.Accordingly,he/shedoesn’taskforanything.Andwhenaskedwhattodrinkoreat,his/herusualresponseis"AnythingisOK."TheChinesehostusuallygoestotroubletomakesurethereissomethingleftafterthemeal.InAmerica,incontrast,itisthehostwhotriestoavoidinterferinginguests'freedomofactionbyleavingroomforthegueststomakechoices.The"wastefulness"ofthispracticehasbeencriticizedinChinare-cently,andsomeadvocateorderingmoresensiblequantitiesifatarestaurant,oratleasttakingtheleftovershomeinalunchbox.Ifyouacceptadrink,youshoulddrinkitotherwisemayoffendtheWesterner.CompanyLogo第17頁PartingOrdinary,dailyfarewellsamongbothChineseandAmericansoccurintwophases.Inthefirstphase,theideaisexplicitlyintroducedthatoneormoreofthepartiesshoulddepart.Inthesecondphase,oneormoreofthepartiesactuallydoesdepartfromthehome,office,orotherlocation.CompanyLogo第18頁AmongtheAmericansPhaseone:Oneoftheindividualsinitiatesthisphasebynotingthathe/sheshoulddepartsoon,butnoimmediatemovetodepartisactuallymade.Bothcontinuetheirconversationorothersharedactivityforawhilelonger;thisdelaymaylastfromafewminutestoasmuchasanhour.AnAmericanwhointendstodepartusuallyexplainsthatafactorinhis/herownpersonalsituationcompelsthedeparture.Phasetwo:AnAmericanvisitorgoestothedoor,his/herexitfromthesceneoccursquiteefficiently.Thehostaccompaniestheleavertothedoorandmaybrieflyexitashortdistancebeyondit,offeringafarewellwaveastheleaverdisappears.TheEnglishexpressionswhenpartingare"Seeyou","Solong","Good-bye","Haveaniceday.""Takecare."etc.withalsoasmileandagestureoffarewell.CompanyLogo第19頁AmongtheChinesePhaseone:AChinesealsooffersareasonforleaving,butitisunlikelytoberelatedtotheleaver'sownpersonalsituation.Theexplanationismoreoftenrelatedtotheotherperson'spresumedneeds.Phasetwo:Thetwopeopleexitfromthedoortogetherandcontinuewalkingsomedistancewhilecontinuingtoconverse.Thedistancethatthehostaccompaniesaguestisanindicationoftheesteeminwhichhe/sheisheld.Thefinalwordsofthehostsareusuallymanzou(慢走),zouhao(走好),mandian'erqi(慢點兒騎),buyuansongle(不遠送了),youkongzailai(有空再來),etc.oftenaccompaniedwithasmileandagestureoffarewell.CompanyLogo第20頁ComplimentsandresponseComplimentsandpraisesareofgreatsocialfunctions.Concerningcomplimentsandcomplimentresponses,thepragmaticrulesarevariousindifferentcultures.InAmericanculture,thetopicofcomplimentscanbevaried.Theirresponsetocomplimentsispositive.Chinesepeopleareshytocomplimentothersandalsomodestytoacceptcompliments.CompanyLogo第21頁ChinesemodestyWhatistheAmericaninterpretationofthefollowingresponses?(pg.48-49)Oh,it’sanordinarydressIboughtinChina.Thetasteinclothingisquestionable.ShouldIblush,orshouldItellhimyoudon’treallymeanit?Thehostesswasnotsincere,justtobepolite.Growingflowersismyhobby,butI’mnotmuchgoodatit.Ireallyknowsolittleaboutthesubject.FishingforcomplimentsCompanyLogo第22頁Socialfunctions(pg.50-51)ReinforcingsolidarityGreetingpeopleExpressingthanksGettingoverembarrassmentCongratulationEncouragingpeopleSofteningcriticismStartingaconversationCompanyLogo第23頁ForwhatpurposeBetweenaprofessorandapostgraduate…Youhandledthatlessonsuperbly.encouragementThisisgood.Ilikethewayyouarehandlingthis.Youmightputmoreonthestudentsthough,andletthemcarryontheconversation.bufferThatwasoutstanding.Thetheorywaswellpresentedandtheexamplesweremarvelous.CongratulationsIreallyappreciateyourpresentation.Whatdidyousayaboutthetrendofoverpopulation?starterCompanyLogo第24頁DifferenceincomplimentPayingcomplimentsTheSemanticformulaTheSyntacticFormulaCommonresponsesformulaCulturalassumptionCompanyLogo第25頁GivingCompliments(pg.52)It’scommonforAmericanstocomplimenteachother.Complementsareseenlargelyasconstructiveandpositive.FortheChinese,theycomplimenteachothermuchlessthantheAmericans.(Why)Drawalinebetweencomplimentandflirtation;flattery;arequestTobeverycautioustopayacompliment.CompanyLogo第26頁TheSemanticFormula(pg.53)English:Thiswasagreatmeal.Bill,youlooksonicetoday.Iloveyourdresses.Chinese:你房間不錯。你待人真好。你該受表彰。About80%adj.and16%verbs(E)whilemainlyadj.adv.andverbs(C)Beginningwith“you”or“your”(C)

while“I”(E).CompanyLogo第27頁TheSyntacticformula(pg.54)English:NPis/looksadj.53%e.g.Youaresoefficient.Ilike/loveNP.16.2%e.g.Ireallylikeyour

hardwoodfloors.PROis(really)(a)ADJNP(14.9%)e.g.That’sreallyabeautifulcar.Chinese:YouVADV.41%e.g.你干得不錯！(You)NPisADVAdj35%e.g.你這件外套真漂亮。PROisADJNP(9%)e.g.那是一幅不錯畫。PRO(you)VNPY5%e.g.你該受表彰。PRO(I)V(like)NP4%.e.g.我喜歡你房子。CompanyLogo第28頁CommonResponsesFormula(pg.55)English:A:Thisisreallyanicesweater.B:I’mgladyoulikeit.A:Youdidagoodjob.B:Thankyou/Thanks.Chinese:A:你毛衣不錯。B:才花了我十元錢。A:你干得不錯。B:大家努力結(jié)果。1.TheAmericansarewillingtoacceptthecomplementspositively.(notalways)2.TheChinesetrytoeffacethemselvesintheresponsetothecomplimentseitherbydenialorderogationorevenassigningtotheothers.CompanyLogo第29頁CulturalAssumption(pg.56)Aculturalassumptioniswhenweassumethatapersonhasparticularvaluesandattitudesbasedontheirculturalbackgrounds.TypicallyitisassumedinAustralia,andmanyWesterncountriesaroundtheworld,thatthefollowingcolorssignifythefollowingthings:Red:anger,passion,danger,stopWhite:peace,purity,cleanliness,lifeBlack:death,sickness,evilGreen:go,nature,happinessBlue:peace,serenity,boysPink:love,girlsStereotype:Aconventional,formulaic,andoversimplifiedconception,opinion,orimage:“RegionalstereotypeshavebeenpartofAmericasinceitsfounding....Westernersaretrendy,Midwesternersaredull,Northeasternersarebrainy,andSouthernersarelazy”Whatisworthyofcompliment?PutonweightCompanyLogo第30頁GratitudeA.Ifateacheransweredaquestionyouasked,wouldyousay"Thankyou"tohim/her?Ifyourmotherboughtyouabookthatyouneeded,wouldyousay"Thankyou"toher?Explainwhyyouwoulddosoornot.B.SomeAmerican