考研考博-英語-山西師范大學押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山西師范大學押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓練(共50題)1.單選題

Thehouseinwhichtheformerpresidentusedtoliveisreportedinthelocalnewspaper______inafiretwodaysago.

問題1選項

A.tobedestroyed

B.havingbeendestroyed

C.beingdestroyed

D.tohavebeendestroyed

【答案】B

【解析】考查時態(tài)。twodaysago表示“兩天前”，應該用過去式；因對現(xiàn)在有所影響，故應為完成時；又因主語thehouse與謂語動詞destroy構成被動關系；A項表示將來；C項表示正在進行；D項不符合語法。句意：據(jù)當?shù)貓蠹垐蟮?，前任總統(tǒng)居住的房子兩天前被大火燒毀。故正確答案為B。

2.單選題

Petroleumproducts,suchasgasoline,kerosene,homeheatingoil,residualfueloilandlubricatingoils,comefromonesource—crudeoilfoundbelowtheearth’ssurfaceaswellasunderlargebodiesofwater,fromafewhundredfeetbelowtheearth’ssurfacetoasdeepas25,000feetintotheearth’sinterior.Sometimescrudeoilissecuredbydrillingaholethroughtheearth,butmoredryholesaredrilledthanthoseproducingoil.Pressureatthesourceofpumpingforcescrudeoiltothesurface.

Crudeoilwellsflowatvaryingrates,fromtentothousandsofbarrelsperhour.Petroleumproductsarealwaysmeasuredin42-gallonbarrels.

Petroleumproductsvarygreatlyinphysicalappearance:thin,thick,transparentoropaque,buttheirchemicalcompositionismadeupofonlytwoelements:carbonandhydrogen,whichformcompoundscalledhydrocarbons.Otherchemicalelementsfoundinunionwiththehydrocarbonsarefewandareclassifiedasimpurities.Traceelementsarealsofound,butthoseareofsuchminutequantitiesthattheyaredisregarded.Thecombinationofcarbonandhydrogenformsmanythousandsofcompoundswhicharepossiblebecauseofthevariouspositionsandjoiningofthesetwoatomsinthehydrocarbonmolecule.

Thevariouspetroleumproductsarerefinedfromthecrudeoilbyheatingandcondensingthevapors.Theseproductsaretheso-calledlightoils,suchasgasoline,keroseneanddistillateoil.Theresidueremainingafterthelightoilsaredistilledisknownasheavyorresiduefueloilandisusedmostlyforburningunderboilers.Additionalcomplicatedrefiningprocessesrearrangethechemicalstructureofthehydrocarbonstoproduceotherproducts,someofwhichareusedtoupgradeandincreasetheoctaneratingofvarioustypesofgasoline.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

2.Manythousandsofhydrocarboncompoundsarepossiblebecause（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingistrue?

4.Howiscrudeoilbroughttothesurface?

5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTlistedasalightoil?

問題1選項

A.Crudeoilisfoundbelowlandandwater.

B.Crudeoilisalwaysfoundafewhundredfeetbelowthesurface.

C.Pumpingandpressureforcecrudeoiltothesurface.

D.Avarietyofpetroleumproductsisobtainedfromcrudeoil.

問題2選項

A.thepetroleumproductsvarygreatlyinphysicalappearance

B.complicatedrefiningprocessesrearrangethechemicalstructure

C.thetwoatomsinthemoleculeassumemanypositions

D.thepressureneededtoforceittothesurfacecausesmoleculartransformation

問題3選項

A.Thevariouspetroleumproductsareproducedbyfiltration.

B.Heatingandcondensationproducethevariousproducts.

C.Chemicalseparationisusedtoproducethevariousproducts.

D.Mechanicalmeanssuchasthecentrifugeareusedtoproducethevariousproducts.

問題4選項

A.Expansionofthehydrocarbons.

B.Pressureandpumping.

C.Vacuumcreatedinthedrillingpipe.

D.Expansionandcontractionoftheearth’ssurface.

問題5選項

A.Distillateoil.

B.Gasoline.

C.Lubricationoil

D.Kerosene.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。A:原油在陸地和水下被發(fā)現(xiàn),B:原油經(jīng)常被發(fā)現(xiàn)于地球表面下幾百英尺,第一段指出:crudeoilfoundbelowtheearth'ssurfaceaswellasunderlargebodiesofwater,fromafewhundredfeetbelowtheearth’ssurfacetoasdeepas25,000feetintotheearth’sinterior(被發(fā)現(xiàn)于地球表面和廣泛水域下的原油，從地球表面下幾百英尺到深入地球內部2.5萬英尺),因此A項符合原意,B項過于絕對。由第一段中“Pressureatthesourceofpumpingforcescrudeoiltothesurface.栗源壓力迫使原油滲出表面?！敝狢項是對原文的同義轉述。D:各種石油產品從原油中被獲取,由最后一段“Thevariouspetroleumproductsarerefinedfromthecrudeoilbyheatingandcondensingthevapors(各種石油產品從原油中通過加熱和冷凝蒸汽而從原油中被精煉出來)”可知D項正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。第三段指出:Thecombinationofcarbonandhydrogenformsmanythousandsofcompoundswhicharepossiblebecauseofthevariouspositionsandjoiningofthesetwoatomsinthehydrocarbonmolecule(碳和氫的結合構成了數(shù)千計的化合物，而這種構成的可能是因為這兩種原子在烷烴分子中的不同位置和結合方式),由此可知C項“這兩種原子可以在分子中處于多種位置”正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。最后一段指出:Thevariouspetroleumproductsarerefinedfromthecrudeoilbyheatingandcondensingthevapors(各種石油產品從原油中通過加熱和冷凝蒸汽而從原油中被精煉出來),由此可知B項“加熱和冷凝產生了各種產品”正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。第一段指出:Pressureatthesourceofpumpingforcescrudeoiltothesurface(泵源壓力迫使原油滲出表面),故選B項“壓力和泵送”。

5.判斷推理題。由關鍵詞lightoil定位至第三段:Theseproductsaretheso-calledlightoils,suchasgasoline,keroseneanddistillateoil(這些產品就被稱之為輕油，例如汽油、煤油和餾出油)。故選C。

3.單選題

Youareaccident________becauseyou’reabitcarelessinwhatyoudo.

問題1選項

A.proof

B.oriented

C.inclined

D.prone

【答案】D

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.proof能抵御的，可防護的B.oriented以……為方向的，重視……的

C.inclined有傾向的，有可能的D.prone有做……傾向的，易于遭受……的

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】空格處和上文的“accident（事故）”共同構成形容詞作表語，because引導了一個原因狀語從句，表示“你做事有點粗心大意（careless）”，所導致的結果應該是容易出事故。prone指容易遭受某事，有做某事的傾向，因此D選項prone“有做……傾向的；易于遭受……的”最符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A選項proof“能抵御的，可防護的”指能抵抗某物的破壞性或有害影響的，與題干語義相矛盾，應該是“容易出事故”而不是“能抵御事故”；

B選項oriented“以……為方向的，重視……的”指關心、面向某個特定的事物，不符合題干的語義邏輯；

C選項inclined“有傾向的，有可能的”指主觀意愿上傾向于做某事，想要做某事，不能和“accident（事故）”進行搭配。

【句意】你很容易出事故，因為你做事有點粗心大意。

4.單選題

Manyadultsmaythinktheyaregettingenoughshut-eye,butinamajorsleepstudyalmost80percentofrespondentsadmittedtonotgettingtheirprescribedamountofnightlyrest.So,whatexactlyistherightamountofsleep?Researchshowsthatadultsneedanaverageofseventoninehoursofsleepanightforoptimalfunctionality.Readontoseejusthowmuchofanimpactmoderatesleepdeprivationcanhaveonyourmindandbody.

Bygettinglessthansixhoursofsleepanight,youcouldbeputtingyourselfatriskofhighbloodpressure.Whenyousleep,yourheartgetsabreakandisabletoslowdownforasignificantperiodoftime.Butcuttingbackonsleepmeansyourhearthastoworkovertimewithoutitsallottedbreak.Inconstantlydoingso,yourbodymustaccommodatetoitsnewconditionsandelevateyouroveralldailybloodpressure.Andtheheartisn’ttheonlyorganthatisovertaxedbyalackofsleeps.Thelesssleepyouget,thelesstimethebrainhastoregulatestresshormones,andovertime,sleepdeprivationcouldpermanentlyhinderthebrain’sabilitytoregulatethesehormones,leadingtoelevatedbloodpressure.

Weallhangaroundinbedduringourboutsofillness.Butdidyouknowthatskippingoutonthebedrestcanincreaseyourriskofgettingsick?Prolongedsleepdeprivationhaslongbeenassociatedwithdiminishedimmunefunctions,butresearchershavealsofoundadirectcorrelationbetween“modest”sleepdeprivation—lessthansixhours—andreducedimmuneresponse.Sotrytotoughenupyourimmunesystembygettingatleastsevenhoursofsleepanight,andmaintainingahealthydiet.You’llbegladyougotthatextrahourofsleepthenexttimethatbugcomesaroundandleaveseveryoneelsebedriddenwithafeverforthreedays.

DuringdeepREMsleep,yourmuscles(exceptthoseintheeyes)areessentiallyimmobilizedinordertokeepyoufromactingoutonyourdreams.Unfortunately,thiseffortyourbodymakestokeepyousafewhiledreamingcansometimesbackfire,resultinginsleepparalysis.SleepparalysisoccurswhenthebrainisarousedfromitsREMcycle,butthebodyremainsinitsimmobilizingstate.Thiscanbequiteafrighteningsensationbecause,whileyourmindisslowlyregainingconsciousness,ithasnocontroloveryourbody,leavingsomewithafeelingofpowerlessness,fearandpanic.Mostpeopleexperiencethiseeriephenomenaatleastonceintheirlives,butthosewhoaresleepdeprivedaremorelikelytohavepanickedepisodesofsleepparalysisthatareusuallyaccompaniedbyhallucinations,aswell.Forasecond,imagineallofyourmemoriesareerased;everybirthday,summervacation,evenwhatyoudidyesterdayafternooniscompletelylost,becauseyouhavenorecollectionofthem.It’sachillingthought,butthatiswhatalifewithoutsleepwouldbelike.Sleepisessentialtothecognitivefunctionsofthebrain,andwithoutit,ourabilitytoconsolidatememories,learndailytasks,andmakedecisionsisimpairedbyalargedegree.ResearchhasrevealedthatREMsleep,ordream-sleep,helpssolidifythe“fragile”memoriesthebraincreatesthroughoutthedaytothattheycanbeeasilyorganizedandstoredinthemind’slong-termcache.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthemeaningof“sleepdeprivation”？

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoParagraph3?

3.Whyistheretheso-called“sleepparalysis”？

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothelastparagraph?

5.Whateffectsofsleepdeprivationonhumanmindandbodyarediscussedinthispassage?

問題1選項

A.Tosleepforanaverageperiodoftime.

B.Tosleepdeeplywithoutdreaming.

C.Tosleeplessthanneeded.

D.Tosleepmodestly.

問題2選項

A.Wheneveryoneelsegetsafever,thosewithsleepdeprivationwillbeabeletosleeplonger.

B.Wheneveryoneelsegetsafever,thosewhousuallyhaveadequatesleepwillbealright.

C.Onlymodestsleepdeprivationcouldweakentheimmunesystem,

D.Prolongedsleepdeprivationwillnothaveimpactontheimmunesystem.

問題3選項

A.Itoccurswhenyouareunabletowakeupfromdreamswhileyouaresleeping.

B.Itoccurswhenyoubrainimmobilizesyourbodyinordertokeepyoufromdreaming.

C.BecauseyouareusuallytoofrightenedtomoveyourbodywhenwakingupfromdeepREMsleep.

D.Becauseyourbody,immobilizedwhendreaming,maystillbeunabletomoveevenwhenyourbrainiswakingup.

問題4選項

A.Memoriesarepartofthecognitivefunctionofthebrain.

B.Memoriescreatedduringthedaytimeareusuallyfragileandimpaired.

C.Youarelikelytoloseyourmemoriesofyesterdayafteranight’ssleep.

D.Long-termmemorycannotbeformedwithoutdream-sleep.

問題5選項

A.Highbloodpressure,atoughenedimmunesystem,sleepparalysis,andmemoryloss.

B.Bloodpressure,immunesystem,sleepparalysis,andlong-termmemory.

C.Bloodpressure,immunesystem,thebrainandthebody,andmemory.

D.Highbloodpressure,aweakenedimmunesystem,sleepparalysis,andmemoryloss.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.語義題。題干：根據(jù)本文，“睡眠不足”指的是什么？文章第三段中“Prolongedsleepdeprivationhaslongbeenassociatedwithdiminishedimmunefunctions,butresearchershavealsofoundadirectcorrelationbetween“modest”sleepdeprivation—lessthansixhours—andreducedimmuneresponse”說明“modest”sleepdeprivation指的是少于6小時的睡眠，而成人需要7-9小時的睡眠。因此C選項符合題意。

2.判斷推理題。題干：根據(jù)第3段，下列哪個陳述是正確的？第三段最后一句“You’llbegladyougotthatextrahourofsleepthenexttimethatbugcomesaroundandleaveseveryoneelsebedriddenwithafeverforthreedays”，別人生病后就會意識到多睡一小時的好處，對應B選項的內容。

3.細節(jié)題。題干：為什么會有所謂的“睡眠癱瘓癥”?第四段第三句中提到了“SleepparalysisoccurswhenthebrainisarousedfromitsREMcycle,butthebodyremainsinitsimmobilizingstate”，可知“睡眠癱瘓癥”發(fā)生在大腦從快速眼動周期喚醒時，身體仍保持不動狀態(tài)，因此D選項符合題意。

4.細節(jié)題。題干：根據(jù)最后一段，下列哪個陳述是正確的？最后一段最后一句提到“REMsleep,ordream-sleep,helpssolidifythe“fragile”memoriesthebraincreatesthroughouttheday…”表明大腦一天產生的記憶是脆弱的，需要睡眠幫忙鞏固記憶。因此B選項符合題意。

5.細節(jié)題。題干：睡眠不足對人的身心有什么影響？第二段提到“elevatedbloodpressure”；第三段提到“reducedimmunesystem”;第四段提到“sleepparalysis”；最后一段提到“memoryloss”，因此D選項符合題意。

5.問答題

Foranybusiness,thecostoftransportationisnormallythelargestsin?gleitemintheoverallcostofphysicaldistribution.Itdoesn’tnecessarily

follow,though,thatamanufacturershouldsimplypickupthecheapesta-101.

vailableformoftransportation.Manycompaniestodayusethetotalphysic-

caldistributionconcept,anapproachinvolvesmaximizingtheefficiencyof102.

physicaldistributionactivitieswhileminimizingtheircost.Often,this

meanthatthecompanywillmakecosttradeoffbetweenthevariousphysic-103.

caldistributionactivities.Forinstance,airfreightmaybemuchmoreex?pensivethanrailtransport,soanationalmanufacturermightuseair104.

freighttoshipeverythingfromasinglewarehouseandthusavoidthegreaterexpenseofmaintainingseveralwarehouses.

Whenafirmchoosesatypeoftransportation,ithastobearinmind

itsothermarketingconcern—storage,financing,sales,inventorysize,105.

andthelike.Ifthefirmcansupplyitscustomers’needsquicklyandrelia-106.

blythanitscompetitorsdo,itwillhaveavitaladvantage:soitmaybe

moreprofitableatthelongruntopayhighertransportationcosts,rather107.

thanriskingthelossoffuturesales.Inaddition,speedydeliveryiscrucial108.

insomeindustries.Amail-orderdistributorsendingfruitfromOregonto

Pennsylvanianeedthepromptnessofairfreight.Ontheotherhand,a109.

manufacturershippinglingeriefromNewYorktoMassachusettsmaybeperfectlysatisfiedbyslower(andcheaper)truckorrailtransport.110.

【答案】101.去掉up

102.involves→involving

103.mean→means

104.so→but

105.concern→concerns

106.the→a

107.at→in

108.risking→torisk

109.need→needs

110.by→with

【解析】101.語義題。pick本身就有“挑選”的意思,而picksth.up意為“拿起，舉起，獲得,加速，偶然聽到，取回，整理等”。

102.語法分析?？疾榉侵^語。此句為分句,不需要謂語,因此動詞改成現(xiàn)在分詞形式。

103.語法分析?？疾閯釉~時態(tài)。此處mean作謂語動詞,主語為this,因此mean應為第三人稱單數(shù)形式。

104.邏輯關系。此處是轉折關系。

105.語法分析?？疾槊~的數(shù)。Concern意為“關心的事”時為可數(shù)名詞,此處為復數(shù)故加s。

106.語法分析?？疾楣谠~。這里沒有特指,所以應為不定冠詞a。

107.固定搭配。inthelongrun從長期來看

108.語義連接。前面是topay,所以此處對應的應為torisk。

109.語法分析。動詞的數(shù)。need的主語是第三人稱單數(shù)amail-orderdistributor故要加s。

110.固定搭配。besatisfiedwith對...很滿意。

6.單選題

（

）,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.

問題1選項

A.Ashelikeshermuch

B.Muchalthoughhelikesher

C.Thoughmuchhelikesher

D.Muchashelikesher

【答案】D

【解析】考查倒裝。although引導讓步狀語從句時，從句不倒裝；而as引導讓步狀語從句時，從句需要倒裝。故D項正確。句意：盡管他喜歡她，可有時候他確實會對她發(fā)火。故D項正確。

7.單選題

Wearegoodatinventingwaytoenlargeourrealm.Repeatedlywefindmethodsofspreadingfarther.Ifanelementisforbidding,wedeviseameanstomasterit.Reachingthecontinentalshores,wedevelopedship-buildingandnavigationalskillsinordertocrossoceans.Shiveringatarcticweather,wedesignedforclothingandsnugsheltersinordertoedgenorthward.And,havingfirstoccupiedmuchoftheusablespaceintheworld,wearefillingitsusabletime.Althoughbeingwakefulatnightfloutedournaturalrhythms,wedevelopedartificiallightingthatletusbeactiveafterdark.

Aneraisnowunderwayinwhichwearereplacingourcycliccommunitywithactivitiesthatneverstop.Thereiswidespreadfactoryshiftwork.Airports,gasolinestations,hotels,restaurantsandbroadcastersoperateincessantly.Data-processingdepartmentsofinsurancecompaniesandbanksareastirallnight.Meanwhile,isolatedindividualsbendoverbooksandpapersondesksintheirhomes,watchtelevisionaftermidnight,orwalkinthestreetsandlistentothenightbreathe.

ThisextensionacrossallhoursofthedayresemblesourspreadingacrossthefaceoftheEarth.Lookatbothtrendsfromenoughperspectiveindistanceandtimeandtheyappearalike.Hoverfarabovetheplanetandwatchitasitspinsthroughouttheeras.Withtheplanet’ssurfaceindaylight,littlehumansettlementscanbeseentogrowlargerastheyearsgobyandsmallextensionsappearattheiroutskirts.Watchthesurfacewhenitisinnightandatfirstsomepinpointsoflightflickerforawhileandthengoout.Afteragespass,thoselightbecomestronger;theystayonlonger,andotherglimmeringsappearnearby.Dayandnight,overthousandsofyears,revealtouswideningnetworksofhumansettlementsandilluminationbeingprolongedafterdark.Thesurfaceisnotuniformlyoccupied.Thehoursarenotuniformlylit.Butbothareadvancinginorder.

Bothformsofexpansionarefrontiers.Afrontierisanewsourceofresourcesthatpeopleuseforsubsistenceorforprofit.Itisalsoasafetyvalveforpeoplewhofeelconfined.Theydisperseinresponsetopressuresathomeandtoappealingopportunitieselsewhere.

Now,venturingintothenight,wehavethesamemotivesasourpredecessorswhomigratedgeographically.Thedaytimeistoocrowded.Itscarryingcapacityisbeingstrained,andstillitdoesnotyieldaltthatthecommunitywants.Thechancetoexploitfacilitiesthatareleftidlealsoarousesourinitiativetousemoreofthenight.Usingthesamespacemoreofthetimeisawaytomultiplyitscapacity.Somepeopledislikethecommotionofthedayandcravetheserenityofnight.Otherslooktoittobetterthemselveseconomically.Itisnoaccidentthatpersonalmotivesforreliefandopportunityaresimilartothecausesofexpansionforthecommunityasawhole.Thosearetheage-oldforcesbehindallmigrations.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

2.TheexamplestheauthorcitesinPara.2(“Thereis…night”)illustrateablurringof（

）

3.Incontext,theuseof“Look”,“Hover,”and“Watch”(inPara.3)isintendedto（

）.

4.InPara.3,"both"mostdirectlyrefersto（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingactivitiesprovidesthebestexampleofthe"waytomultiply"asdiscussedinthelastparagraph?

問題1選項

A.persuadereaderstoincreasetheiruseofnighttimehours

B.arguethatconstanthumanactivityisharmfultoindividualsandgroups

C.explorehowthechanginguseoftimeisrelatedtothehistoryofhumanexpansion

D.critiquethewayinwhichchanginglaborpatternshavecometodominatehumanlife

問題2選項

A.ambitionandgreed

B.solitudeandcompanionship

C.theusesofnighttimeandofdaytime

D.thepurposesofworkandofrecreation

問題3選項

A.warnreadersofthethreatofunboundedmigration

B.invitereaderstoimaginehumanhistoryvisually

C.preparereaderstoanticipatechangeanditsconsequences

D.promotetheuseofnighttimehoursforworkorleisureactivities

問題4選項

A.workerproductivityandnationalwealth

B.scientificknowledgeandindividualwell-being

C.competingworkdemandsandavailabletime

D.inhabitedspaceandusabletime

問題5選項

A.Conductingeveningclassesinpublicschoolbuildings

B.Keepingmunicipalofficesopenduringthelunchhour

C.Enforcingcurfewlawsinresidentialneighborhoods

D.Addingmorebuildingstoafactorycomplex

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.本題是問這篇文章的寫作目的，A項意為“為了規(guī)勸讀者多加利用他們的午夜時間”；B項意為“為了討論持續(xù)的人類活動對個人和團體是有害的”；C項意為“為了探討對于不斷利用時間與人們擴張的歷史之間是如何聯(lián)系的”；D項意為“為了批判不斷變化的勞動方式已經(jīng)主宰了人類的生活”。本題可通過文中出現(xiàn)的“spreading”、“edgenorthward’’、“Thisextensionacrossallhoursoftheday”以及“Dayandnight,overthousandsofyears,revealtouswideningnetworksofhumansettlementsandilluminationbeingprolongedafterdark.日以繼夜地，幾千年以來，給我們揭示了人們的定居點不斷擴大的網(wǎng)絡以及天黑之后照明工具的延長”等都表明了本文的寫作目的是分析人類活動的擴張與利用時間之間的關系，C選項符合題意。

2.本題是問第二段中所舉的例子表明的意思。A項意為“野心和貪婪”；B項意為“孤獨和陪伴”；C項意為“夜間和白天時間的利用”；D項意為“工作和娛樂的目的”。由第二段中的“Thereiswidespreadfactoryshiftwork.Airports,gasolinestations,hotels,restaurantsandbroadcastersoperateincessantly.Data-processingdepartmentsofinsurancecompaniesandbanksareastirallnight.工廠普遍實行輪班制。機場、加油站、旅館、餐館和廣播電臺都在不停地運轉。保險公司和銀行的數(shù)據(jù)處理部門整夜都在忙碌?！绷信e了一些需要倒班的工作，所以舉例的目的是為了說明人類對于夜間和白天時間的充分利用，C選項符合題意。

3.A項意為‘提醒讀者無限遷移的所帶來的威脅’；B項意為，‘邀請讀者從視覺上想象人類的歷史‘；C項意為‘為讀者做好預期的變化和后果的準備’；D項意為‘推廣在工作或者休閑活動中對于夜間時間的利用‘。題目中所給詞look意為“看”;hover意為“盤旋”；watch意為“觀察，觀看”，這三個詞語均與B項中的“visually（視覺上的）”對應。B選項符合題意。

4.A項意為“工人的生產力和國家財富”；B項意為“科學知識和個人幸?！?；C項意為“充滿競爭的工作需求和可利用的時間”；D項意為“居住空間和可利用的時間”。根據(jù)第一段中的‘havingfirstoccupiedmuchoftheusablespaceintheworld,wearefillingitsusabletime’在第一次占領了世界上大部分的可用空間后，我們正在填補其可用的時間和第二段最后一句‘Thesurfaceisnotuniformlyoccupied.Thehoursarenotuniformlylit.’表面不是均勻地被占據(jù)的。時間并不是統(tǒng)一的?？芍猙oth是指空間上和時間上的占有，D選項符合題意。

5.A項意為“在公立學校里設立夜校課程”；B項意為“在午飯時間開放市政辦公”；C項意為“在住宅社區(qū)施行宵禁法”；D項意為“添加更多的工廠建筑”。文中最后一段提到了‘Thedaytimeistoocrowded.Itscarryingcapacityisbeingstrained,andstillitdoesnotyieldaltthatthecommunitywants.在白天已經(jīng)非常擁擠了，容納量趨于緊張?！@個擁擠是指一些空間場所。再結合“Somepeopledislikethecommotionofthedayandcravetheserenityofnight.一些人不喜歡白天的騷動，渴望夜晚的寧靜”，以及文中‘Usingthesamespacemoreofthetimeisawaytomultiplyitscapacity.’對waytomultiply的定義就是更多地利用同一個空間，所以A選項符合題意。

8.單選題

Happinessusedtohaveamuchbroadermeaning—tiedtotheideaofa_______andmeaningfullife一butnowit'salmostindistinguishablefrompleasure.

問題1選項

A.virtuous

B.depraved

C.vicious

D.malicious

【答案】A

【解析】virtuous善良的，有道德的；depraved墮落的，卑鄙的；vicious惡意的，刻毒的；malicious蓄意的，惡毒的。句意：在過去,幸福有一個更廣泛的含義——與道德高尚和有意義的生活觀念緊密聯(lián)系在一起——但現(xiàn)在幾乎和快樂無法區(qū)分。選項A符合句意。

9.單選題

Itisironicthatthe______insightsofthegreatthinkersarevoicedsooftenthattheyhavebecomemere______.

問題1選項

A.original...cliches

B.banal...beliefs

C.dubious...habits

D.philosophical...questions

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞和名詞詞義辨析。original“原始的，最初的”；banal“陳腐的，平庸的”；dubious“可疑的，曖昧的”；philosophical“哲學的，冷靜的”。cliches“陳詞濫調”；belief“信仰”；habit“習慣”；question“問題”。句意：諷刺的是，這些偉大思想家最初的真知灼見經(jīng)常被提及，以至于他們只不過變成了一些陳詞濫調。選項A符合題意。

10.單選題

Themanagingdirectortookthe（

）fortheaccident,althoughitwasnotreallyhisfault.

問題1選項

A.guilt

B.charge

C.blame

D.accusation

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。guilt意為“有罪，犯罪行為”；charge意為“收費，指控”；blame意為“(壞事或錯事的)責任，責備”，taketheblamefor意為“承擔……的責任”；accusation意為“指責，譴責”。

句意：總經(jīng)理承擔了事故的責任，盡管并不真的是他的錯。

11.單選題

Inprevioustime,whenfreshmeatwasinshort(),pigeonswerekeptbymanyhouseholdsasasourceoffood.

問題1選項

A.storage

B.reserve

C.supply

D.provision

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。storage“貯藏庫，存儲”；reserve“儲備，儲存”；supply“供給；補給”；provision“供應品”。句意：在過去，當鮮肉短缺時，許多家庭飼養(yǎng)鴿子作為食物來源。表示供應短缺時固定使用inshortsupply。因此C選項符合題意。

12.單選題

Politicians,environmentalistsandbusinessmenfromallovertheworldassembledtodiscussthewaysof（）atmosphericpollution.

問題1選項

A.cuttingat

B.cuttingdown

C.cuttingoff

D.cuttingout

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項cutat“對準猛打；向……砍去”；B選項cutdown“削減；砍倒；殺死”；C選項cutoff“切斷；使死亡”；D選項cutout“切斷；刪去；停止；關掉”。句意：來自世界各地的政治家、環(huán)保主義者和商人聚集在一起，討論減少大氣污染的方法。由題干中的“atmosphericpollution大氣污染”可推測出“削減”符合語境，因此B選項正確。

13.單選題

Darkmatterintheuniverseis,believedbysomescientists,substancethatisnotreadilyobservablebecauseitdoesnotdirectlyrefractlightorenergy.Itsexistencecanonlybededucedbecauseoftheeffectthatithasonsurroundingmatter.Infact,somemembersofthescientificcommunityhavearguedthatdarkmatterdoesnotactuallyexist.Others,however,believeinitsexistence,inpartbecausethescientificcommunitydoesnothaveacompleteunderstandingofgravitationalscience.Ontheotherhand,somewouldarguethatitistheunderstandingofgravitationalsciencethatleadsmostscientiststobelieveintheexistenceofdarkmatter,becausewithoutdarkmatter,therearemanycosmologicalphenomenathataredifficulttoexplain.

Forexample,darkmatterintheuniversemayhaveapeculiareffectontheMilkyWaygalaxy.Somescientistsbelievethattheinteractionbetweendarkmatterandothersmaller,nearbygalaxiesiscausingtheMilkyWaygalaxytotakeonawarpedprofile.Ithasbeenassertedthatnotonlydoesdarkmatterexist,itmayalsoberesponsiblefortheMilkyWay’sunusualshape.TheinteractionreferencedinvolvestwosmallergalaxiesneartheMilkyWay,calledMagllanicClouds,movingthroughanenormousamountofdarkmatter,which,ineffect,enhancesthegravitationalpullthatthetwoMagellanicCloudscouldhaveontheMilkyWayandothersurroundingbodies.Withouttheexistenceofthedarkmatter,theMagellanicCloudswouldnothavesufficientmasstohavesuchastrongeffectonthebendoftheMilkyWaygalaxy.

ThestrongestevidenceforthevalidityofthishypothesisrestsinNewtonianphysicsandthehypothesisthatanythingwithmasswillexertagravitationalpull.The