對外經(jīng)貿(mào)mti初試書目-復(fù)試大綱

DefinitionandtypesoftranslationTranslationistheexpressioninonelanguage(orlanguage譯入語)ofwhathasbeenexpressedinanotherlanguage(sourcelanguage原語),preservingsemanticandstylisticequivalences.”---DuboisTranslatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguage(SL)message,intermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.---TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslationbyEugeneNida（翻譯理論家）Translationisacraftconsistingintheattempttoreplaceawrittenmessageand/orstatementinonelanguagebythesamemessageand/orstatementinanotherlanguage——peternewmark（英國翻譯理論家）inthebook,TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation,theauthorEugeneNidaillustratesthattranslatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalent自然對等語ofthesourcelanguage(SL)message,intermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsof按sourcelanguage&language來看，翻譯可分translation（translation（signlanguage解釋一則新聞，可用于通訊和，如：morsecode）從翻譯段approaches來看，翻譯可分口譯（包括交傳consecutiveinterpreting，同傳simultaneous~，sight~,whispering~）materials來看明，翻譯可分為文學(xué)翻譯literarytranslationnon-literarytranslation（translationforbusinesspurpose，techinicaltranslation，medicaltranslation等等） ly,inintermsofsourcelanguage& language,thereare…then,whenitcomestotranslationapproaches,therearethirdly,accordingtothematerialtobetranslated,thereKeytranslationtheories(e.g.DynamicEquivalence,SkopolTheory,GenreTheory,foreignizationanddomestication,etc)Dynamicequivalencetheorywas putforwardin1964byAmericanlinguistEugeneNida.EugeneNidadistinguishestwotypesofequivalence,formalandByformalequivalence,he“focusesattentiononthemessageitself,inbothformandcontentwithaimstoallowreaderstounderstandasmuchoftheSLcontextaspossible. （it newmarks'theoryofsemantictranslation）Dynamicequivalenceemphasizesmoreontheeffectthereaderreceivesthemessagewiththeaimto“relatethereceptortomodesofbehaviorrelevantwithinthecontextofhisowncultureLater,realizingthatthereisabsolutesymmetrybetweenlanguages,hepreferstheterm“functionalequivalence”inthesensethat“equivalencecanbeunderstoodintermsofproximity,i.e.onthebasisofdegreesofclosenesstofunctionalidentity”(it communicativetranslation)Skopos翻譯目的論概念是翻譯過程的最主要因素是整體翻譯行為的目的在弗米爾的目的論框架中決定翻譯目的的最重要因一是受眾——譯文所意指的接Skopostheoryprovidesaninsightintothenatureoftranslationasapurposefulactivity,whichisdirectlyapplicabletoeverytranslationproject.Itcomprisestheideathattranslatingandinterpretingshouldprimarilytakeintoaccountthefunctionofthe text.Skopostheoryfocusesontranslationasanactivitywithanaimorpurpose,andontheintendedaddresseeoraudienceofthetranslation.Accordingtothetheory,theprimaryprinciplethatdeterminesthewholetranslationprocessistheskopos(purpose)oftheoveralltranslationaction,Inskopostheory,thestatusofthesourcetextislowerthanitisinequivalence-basedtheoriesoftranslation.Thesourceisan"offerofinformation",whichthetranslatorturnsintoan"offerofinformation"forthe 啟迪讀者)(3)使用某種特殊的翻譯所要達(dá)到的目的(如為了說明某種語言中連貫性原則(coherence指譯文必須符合語內(nèi)連貫(intra—textualcoherence)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即譯文具有可讀性指原文與譯文之間應(yīng)該存在語際連貫一致(inter—textualcoherence)。這相當(dāng)于TheskopostheorywasproposedbytheGermanlinguistHansVermeerItisexplainedindetailinhisbook,aframeworkforageneraltranslationtheoryco-authoredbyKatharinaReiss萊斯. SkoposistheGreekwordfor“purpose”,skopostheorybelievesthatthetranslationactionisdeterminedbyitsskopos,whichmeans”theendjustifiesthemeans”.(E.g.thereisnosuchathingastimetravel.Istranslatedas“你穿越劇看多了吧”tocreateasenseofhumor.)Theskopostheoryhas3basicrules,namely,theskoposrule,coherencerule(intra-textualcoherence),andthefidelityrule(inter-textualcoherence),ofwhichtheskoposruleisthetop-rankingone.Vermeerexplainstheskoposruleinthefollowingway:eachtextisproducedforagivenpurposeandshouldservethispropose.Bycoherencerule,Vermeermeansthatthetextmustbetranslatedinsuchawaythatitiscoherentforthereceivers,giventheircircumstancesandknowledge.Byfidelityrule,VermeermeansthatatranslationshouldbeasfaithfulaspossibletotheThankstotheskopostheory,atranslationisnotprimarilydeterminedbyasourcetext,butbyitsownskoposandtranslatorshavecometobeviewedas -textauthorsandhavebeenreleasedfromthelimitationimposedbyanarrowlydefinedconceptofloyaltytothesourcetextalone.(Newmarkcriticizedthetheoryforitsoversimplificationoftranslation,arguedthatitneglectedthesourcetexttoomuch;其他批評，目的論只對GenreTheory:Genretheoryisastructuralistmethodofliterarycriticism.Thismeansthatitisreliantonthestructure,orcharacteristics,ofaworkofliteraturetodeterminetreunderwhichitfalls.Accordingtogenretheory,eachgenrehasspecificcharacteristics,soitshouldnotbetoodifficultafterysistolunderwhichgenretheliteratureworkwouldfit.Whilethereareamultitudeofgenresinliterature,arepresentativesamplingofgenresandtheircharacteristicsmakesiteasiertounderstandgenre答：GenreistheFrenchwordfortypes.AccordingtoDanielchandler"conventionaldefinitionsofgenrearebasedontheideathattheyshareparticularconventionofcontente.g.themesorsettings"Translationstrategiesand1.翻譯理論家勞倫斯·韋努蒂LawrenceVenuti在《譯者的隱身》thetranslator’sinvisibilityforeignization和歸化domesticationforeignization:isthesource-culture-orientedtranslationwhichstrivestopreservetheforeignflavorasmuchaspossibleinordertotransferthesourcelanguageandcultureintothelanguage.LawrenceVenuti歸化domestication:isthe-culture-orientedtranslationinwhichunusualexpressionstothecultureareturnedintosomefamiliaronessoastomakethetranslatedtextinligibleandeasyforthereaders.NidaTranslatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguage(SL)messag（最貼一就是避免文化。E.g.toteachone'sgrandmothertosuckeggs.異化譯為:教吃雞蛋；歸化譯為：e.g.tokilltwobirdswithonestone.e.g.allroadsleadtorome.異化：條條大道通羅馬；歸化：殊途同歸Inhisbook，TheScandalsofTranslation:TowardsanEthicsofDifference,LawrenceVenutistatesthat"Domesticationandforeignizationdealwith'thequestionofhowmuchatranslationassimilatesaforeigntexttothelanguageandculture,andhowmuchitrathersignalsthedifferencesofthatTobeprecise,foreignizationisthesource-culture-orientedtranslationwhichstrivestopreservetheforeignflavorasmuchaspossibleinordertotransferthesourcelanguageandcultureintothe LawrenceVenutibelievesthat readershavetheabilitytoapprehendsomeforeignizedexpressions,andbyngso,itcanenrichtheexpressionoftheIncontrasttoforeignization,domestication:isthe translationwhichtriestoeliminateforeigntracessoastomakethetranslatedtextinligibleandeasyforthe readers.WhileVenutirootsforforeignization,EugeneNidaadvocatesdomesticationbyreproducingtheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage.Nidabelievesthatoneoftheresponsibilitiesofthetranslatoristoavoidculturalsasmuchaspossible,andimposingoneculturetoanotheris在語言層面，異化和歸化的關(guān)系直接表現(xiàn)為直譯literaltranslation/directtranslationfreetranslation/liberaltranslation/semantictranslation的關(guān)答：Itseemsthatforeignizationanddomesticationaresimilartodirecttranslationandfreetranslationrespectively.Itisindeedsoatlinguisticlevel.Yetatculturallevel,thereisforeignizedfreetranslationanddomesticateddirect答異化和歸化的根本原因：1.twoheadsarebetterthanone更好，2.思維方式差異，重形象思維figurativethinking，英美人重邏輯思維logicalthinking.3.文化差異：謀事在人，成事在天的翻譯，異化：manproposes,heavendisposes;歸化：manproposes,goddisposes.答literaltranslation/directtranslationfreetranslation/liberaltranslation/semantictranslationLiteraltranslationstrivestoreproduceboththeideologicalcontentandthestyleofentireliteraryworkandretainasmuchaspossiblethefiguresofspeechandthemainsentencestructuresorFreetranslationisasupplementarymeanstomainlyconveythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginalwithouttryingtoreproduceitssentencepatternsorfiguresofs答skills：即翻譯技巧，techniques,指的是翻譯的具體，具體包括如下轉(zhuǎn)換：conversion(ofwordclass/sentencee.g.themeetingisagreatsuccess省略 e.g.Ihadmybreakfast.我吃過早飯?jiān)鲈~：amplificatione.g.wehavetoyzeandsolveproblems要分反譯法：negatione.g.heisthelastmantosaysuchathing.他絕不會(huì)說出分譯法：division處理英文的長難句，而漢語句子較短。中文屬于漢藏語系Sino anlanguages,英語屬于印歐語系Indo-European形合指句子的連接或句子間的連接采用句法（syntacticdevices）或詞devicesconnection（2004相互結(jié)合常用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞語或各種語言連接以表示其結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系漢語重AsChinesebelongstotheSino-anlanguagefamily,andEnglishthe ParataxisandhypotaxisisthemostdistinguishingfeaturesinlinguisticsbetweenChineseandEnglish.Tobeprecise,Parataxisdisplaysfrequentuseoffunctionwordsandchangesinwordsordertoexpresssyntacticrelation.Hypotaxisisfeaturedwithfrequentuseofinflectedformsandconjunctionstoexpressgram'maticalrelations.Withsuchwidedifference,applyingtranslationstrategiesandskillscouldmakethetranslationin ligibletoreadersandbringforththesmoothness.BusinessorlegaltranslationBusinessEnglishisakindofEnglishwhichisusedinbusinessenvironment.Itisusedunderbusinesspurposeswithbusiness-relatedlexical,syntacticandgrammaticalfeaturesdifferentfromthoseofGeneralEnglish.Infact,BusinessEnglishisabranchofESP(Englishforspecificpurposes專門用途英語)businesslanguageisusuallyfeaturedwithobjectivity,accuracy,thefrequentuseofterminology／jargonandabbreviation.Also,theuniquesyntaxinthebusinesscorrespondencedeservesnotice.Inanefforttoensurethelanguagefeatures,wehavetoensurethetranslationisequalinmeaning;accurateinterms,appropriateintone（Criteria）techniques：1.dicitonisoftenusedtoselectaword’smeaningaccordingtothecontextandcollocation.E.g.accountspayableistranslatedas應(yīng)付賬款,whileinanothercase,theword,account,hasdifferentmeaning.E.g.thecompanyisoneofourmajoraccounts.那家公司是的主要客戶之一。2.Longandcomplexsentencesarefrequentlyused,thusdivisioncanbeappliedinthetranslationforbusinesspurpose.（其他翻譯技巧也能用上,3的翻譯技巧）Historyoftranslation定義：Translationstudiesisanacademicinterdisciplinedealingwiththesystematicstudyofthetheory,descriptionandapplicationoftranslation,interpreting,andlocalization.ItborrowsmuchfromthevariousfieldsofstudythatsupporttranslationTheseincludecomparativeliterature,computerscience,history,linguistics,philology,philosophy,semiotics,andterminology.History:sohowdiditcomeinto：historiansoftranslationstudiesoftensetthebeginningofstudiesatCicero'sremarksonhowheusedtranslationfromGreektoLatintoimprovehisoratoricalabilities。InChina,thediscussiononhowtotranslateoriginatedwiththetranslationofBuddhistsutrasduringtheHan形成：In1958，thedebatebetweendifferentapproachestotranslationreachedapointwhereitwasproposedthatthebestthingmightbetohaveaseparatesciencethatwasabletostudyallformsoftranslation.Finally,theterm,translationstudies,wascoinedin1972bytheAmericanscholarJamesS.Holmesinhispr"Thenameandnatureoftranslationstudies"whichisconsideredafoundationalstatementforthediscipline.Historically,translationstudieshaslongbeenprescriptivetothepointthatdiscussionsoftranslationthatwerenotprescriptiveweregenerallynotconsideredtobeabouttranslationatall.Afterthatvariousschoolsofthoughtsonthelevelofresearchbegantosetin,includingdescriptivetranslationstudies,skopostheoryect.ImportanttranslatorsandtranslationstudiesbooksinChinaand puter-aidedtranslation定義：computer-aidedtranslationorCATisaformoftranslationinwhichahumantranslatorusescomputersoftwaretosupportandfacilitatethetranslationprocess.Theautomaticmachinetranslationsystemsavailabletodayarenotabletoproducehigh-qualitytranslationsunaided:theiroutputmustbeeditedbyahumantocorrecterrorsandimprovethequalityoftranslation.Computer-assistedtranslation(CAT)incorporatesthatmanualeditingstageintothesoftware,makingtranslationaninteractiveprocessbetweenhumanandcomputerSomeofthemostnotableCATtoolsare:SDLTrados,MemoQDejaVu,WordfastandOmegaT.Thesesoftware功能：corpus-ysistools,terminology-managementsystems,Translationmemorytools，Grammarcheckers，背景：全球化帶來了前所未有的翻譯需求，非文學(xué)翻譯達(dá)到了翻譯需求的（accordingto李長栓，傳統(tǒng)翻譯難以滿足需求。Withtheflourishoftranslationindustryandnon-literaturetranslationaccountsformostofthedemand,computer-aidedtranslationtooldemonstratesamoreandmoreimportantroleinthisindustry.Butbesideshavingobviousadvantagesintranslationandofferinggreatassistancefortranslators,computer-aidedtranslationtoolshowssomedrawbacksaswell.缺點(diǎn)：whenitcomestotranslatingliterarytexts,thistechnologyisunsuitableandineffectiveasthevariationofmeaningbehindeachwordandsentenceissignificant.(cannotreadbetweenlines)LocalizationandtranslationLanguageLanguagelocalisationistheprocessofadaptingaproductthathasbeenpreviouslytranslatedintomultiplelanguagestoaspecificcountryorregion.Itthesecondphaseofalargerprocessofproducttranslationandculturaladaptation(forspecificcountries,regionsroups)toaccountfordifferencesindistinctmarkets,aprocessknownasinternationalizationandlocalization.Languagelocalizationdiffersfromtranslationactivitybecauseitinvolvesacomprehensivestudyofthecultureinordertocorrectlyadapttheproducttolocalneeds.Thepracticeofadjustingaproduct'sfunctionalpropertiesandcharacteristicsto andlegal foreignmarketor支持下，全球商品、消費(fèi)乃至文化、價(jià)值觀和各地人們的行為模式都有趨同市場主義的必經(jīng)道路。行業(yè)。下面列出本土化在現(xiàn)代觀念的反映，其它的行業(yè)也大同小異。、本土化是現(xiàn)代觀念的反映它的是企業(yè)一切經(jīng)營活動(dòng)以消費(fèi)者為，而不是以商家的喜好為準(zhǔn)繩企業(yè)規(guī)范必須隨地區(qū)性變化引起的顧客變化而改變“本土化”的實(shí)質(zhì)是公司將生產(chǎn)、、管理、人事等全方位融入東道國經(jīng)濟(jì)中的過程它有利于公司降低海外派遣和經(jīng)營的高昂費(fèi)用、與當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣?huì)文化融合、減少當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣?huì)對外來資本的情緒，有利于東道國經(jīng)濟(jì)安全、增加就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)、管理、加速與國際接軌。、 Manyothercompaniesfollowedinthoselocalizationsteps.Oneofthemostextremeexamplesisthe TheOffice.Theserieshasbeencompleyrewrittenanddifferentactorshavere-shottheseriestoadapttotheUSAandAustralia.TheOfficeUSAadaptsitshumourandculturalreferencestotheAmericanpublic,whichmightnotlaughforthesamereasonsasthepeoplewhowatchedtheoriginalversionoftheshowinForanewZealand-baseddairycompany,whenitpromtesin,itshouldbetranslatedas紐西蘭,whereaspromotesinchinesemaniland,itshouldusethenameof新西蘭Thepracticeofadjustingaproduct'sfunctionalpropertiesandcharacteristicsto andlegal foreignmarketorTranslationisonlyoneofseveralelementsofthelocalizationprocess.Inadditiontotranslation,thelocalizationprocessmayalsoinclude:Adaptinggraphics ModifyingcontenttosuitthetastesandconsumptionhabitsofotherAdaptingdesignandlayouttoproperlydisplaytranslatedConvertingtolocalrequirements(suchascurrenciesandunitsofUsingproperlocalformatsfordates,addresses,andphoneAddressinglocalregulationsandlegal目的：Theaimoflocalizationistogiveaproductthelookandfeelofhavingbeencreatedspecificallyforamarket,nomattertheirlanguage,culture,ore.g：kcfdoesn'tofferchilipowderinGuangzhouwhileservesitincitieswherespicyfoodismuchappreciated. translationmanagement定義：TranslationManagementistheautomationofthetranslationprocess,eliminatingrepetitiveandlaboriousmanualtaskswhileenablingcontrol,increasingcollaborationanddeliveringgreaterefficiency.Whatarethebusinessbenefitsoftranslationmanagementtechnology? centralizeslinguisticassetsandenablescollaborationacrosstheentiretranslationsupplychain.WhatisaTranslationManagementSystem(TMS)andhowdoesitATranslationManagementSystem(TMS)managestheflowofglobalcontentthroughthelocalizationprocess,includingtranslation,thesharingoflinguisticdataandtheapplicationofreusablecontentviaworkflowautomationaccordingtobusinessrulesandprojectinformationheldinitsknowledgebase.Informationistrackedthrougheverystepinthetranslationprocesswhetherusinginternalorexternalresources.中文相 management/Currentdevelopmentsinlanguagetraditionallanguageservice:translationandlocalizationofwrittenmaterialsandCurrentTranslationofelectronicandmulti-media CustomizedorstandardizedForeignLanguagetrainingcourses:bothonlineandofflineareavailableSignLanguageServices,ManuallyCodedEnglishthatenhancetheaccessibilityofthespokenandwrittenwordbythosewhoarevisuallyorhearingimpaired：remoteinterpreting:phone elanguagedifferencesandturnthemintobusinessopportunities,withourtranslationservicesinmorethan150languagesanddialects.Ourtrained,industrysavvyexperts,specializeinawidevarietyoffields,andwillensurethatyour sremainhighlyaccurateandfaithfultothesourcecontent.Strategicallyengageforeign-andnational-markets,withlocalizedservicesandmaterials.Ourteamoflinguistswillyzeandtransformyour websites,andsoftwareinordertoreachyouraudienceinawaythatisculturallyrelevant.Makeallcommunicationscount,underanycircumstancesandinanylanguage.Ourteamofexpertinterpretersisabletofacilitateface-to-facemeetings,phonecalls,ande-conferences,sothatyoucangetyourmessageacross,especiallywhenyouneeditthemost.DeafandLimitedVisionEnsureyourcompany’smessageismadeaccessibletoeveryone,withourextensiverangeoflanguageservicesfordeafandlimitedvisionaudiences.Ourspeciallytrainedandqualifiedteamofinterpretersandtextcaptionersguaranteesthathearingandvisionimpairmentwon’tstandinthewayofsuccessfulcommunication.Creativelyadapttheoriginalmeaningandintentofyourmaterialstosuitallaudiences,regardlessofwheretheyliveorwhichlanguagestheyspeak.Ourtranscreationserviceswillhelpyourmessageresonatewithnationalandinternationalaudiences,makingsurethatnothingisevermisrepresentedorlostintranslation.ConvertyouraudiofilesintotextwithourISOcertifiedtranscriptionservices.Ourfocusistoachieve umaccuracywiththequickestpossibleturnaround.Weacceptseveraltypesoffileformats–CD,cassette, ,anddigitalfiles–withsupportformorethan150languages.AdditionalWhenyouneedthatextrapush,DynamicLanguageprovidesarangeofadditionallanguageservices,including:machinetranslation,graphicdesign,voiceover/narration,cultural consultingandeLearningprogramtranslation.Getintouchwithustodayiflanguageorcommunicationisholdingyoubackinanyway.Researethodsintranslationtheoretical定義運(yùn)用一種已有的理論觀點(diǎn)或?qū)Ψg現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋和說明的方法Atheoreticalapproachisbasedontheexistingtheoreticalsandsystemstoexplaintranslationphenomena.答：bytheoreticalapproach,theinvestigatorappliesthetranslationtheorytodifferentcontextsinanefforttoverifyitasatheoryhasbetoconstantlytestedagainstthelanguagefacts.一般性原則，用以解釋或翻譯作品或行為。Thetheoreticalapproachaimsdemonstratingconceptsintranslationstudies,introducingnewtheoreticalframeworksandestablishinggeneralprinciplessoastoexplainorpredicttranslationworksandaction.方法empiricalAnempiricalapproachisresearchusingempiricalevidence,factsanddatatoprovesomeviewpointsandtodescribearule.答：byempiricalapproachtheinvestigatorcollectsalargenumberoflanguagefacts,evidencestofindapatterntheymighthavedisplayed.Currentlytheempiricalapproachtotranslationstudiesmainlycontainstwotypesofmethods:descriptive影響。即研究者不研究背景Thedescriptiveresearchisbasedondescriptionandobservationoftranslationphenomenaandactioninanaturalenvironment.experimentaltheinvestigatorintentionallyaltersoneormorefactorsundercontrolledconditionstostudytheeffectofngso.Intranslationstudies,theexperimentalresearchismainlyusedintheteachingprocesstostudytherelationshipbetweentranslationabilityandtranslationinchronologicalBuddhistScriptures第一階段從東漢到西晉主要是外籍和華籍胡裔翻譯主要靠直譯，甚至是“死譯”word-for-wordtranslationpasson(sth.)throughoralinstruction形式，因此度不高。inacurateFiveLossesandThreeDifficulties的規(guī)律，主張直譯；彥琮在Qualit