英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)考試話題常用展開方式

英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)考試話題常用展開方式英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)考試話題常用展開方式英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)考試話題常用展開方式英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)考試話題常用展開方式編制僅供參考審核批準(zhǔn)生效日期地址：電話：傳真:郵編:英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)考試話題常用展開方式枚舉法枚舉法也叫列舉法，用這種方法擴(kuò)展話題，首先提出論點(diǎn)，然后列舉一系列論據(jù)或原因?qū)χ黝}進(jìn)行論證或闡述。請(qǐng)看下面一段語(yǔ)段：TherearetworeasonswhyIhavedecidedtoattendouruniversity.Firstofall,thereisthequestionofmoney,ouruniversity’stuitionfeeisreasonable,andIdon’tevenhavetopayitallatonce.Thisisveryimportant,sincemyfatherisnotarichman.Withthedeferredpaymentplan,myfatherwillbeabletopaymytuitionwithouttoomuchdifficulty.ThesecondreasonisthefineeducationIwillreceiveinmanagement,mychosenfield.Forsomewell-knownexperiencedmanagersarehiredasvisitingprofessorsinouruniversity.Moreover,ouruniversityrequiresallstudentstogainpracticalexperiencesbyworkinginacompany.說(shuō)話人在論述選擇上該大學(xué)的原因時(shí)，首先提出論點(diǎn)：“我選擇上該大學(xué)出自兩個(gè)理由”，接著列舉了學(xué)費(fèi)和教育兩個(gè)方面，來(lái)對(duì)該論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證。兩個(gè)論據(jù)通過(guò)連接短語(yǔ)firstofall和thesecondreason貫通在一起。在論證第二方面的原因時(shí)，又從兩方面進(jìn)行闡述，即：該大學(xué)管理系聘請(qǐng)了最好的有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的管理專家擔(dān)任訪問(wèn)教授并為學(xué)生求學(xué)期間提供實(shí)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)。Moreover是連接詞，將這兩層意思連接起來(lái)。表示枚舉的常見過(guò)渡性連接詞語(yǔ)有：first,second,third;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace;firstofall,firstandforemost;tobeginwith,tostartwith;foronething,foranother;also,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,whatismore;aboveall;next;beyondthat;initially;eventually,finally,lastbutnotleast等。用枚舉法來(lái)擴(kuò)展話題，可以幫助考生迅速理清思路，同時(shí)使論述的內(nèi)容層次分明，脈絡(luò)清楚。描述法描述法是話題擴(kuò)展的一種常用手段，語(yǔ)段描述一般都是描述人、地方或物品的某個(gè)特點(diǎn)，并且語(yǔ)段的主題句往往表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的總體印象。請(qǐng)看下面一段人物描寫：ThemostfascinatingpersonIknowisXiaoming,afriendofmine.Xiaominghasmanyunusualcharacteristicsyouwouldnotguessfromhisphysicalappearance.HeisprobablytheshortestandthinnestmanthatIknow.Nevertheless,heisthebestathleteinourschool.Moreover,heisalsoawonderfulstoryteller.Heoftenentertainsusforhourswithstoriesabouttheinterestingthingshedoesandthepeopleheknows.Themostimportantthingisthatheisapersonwhowillnothesitatetohelpyouwhenyouareintrouble.Youwillfeelhowwonderfulitistobeoneofhisfriends.Iamsurethatyouwouldfindhimafascinatingpersontoo.該語(yǔ)段是典型的人物描述，所有的句子緊緊圍繞主題句—XiaomingisthemostfascinatingpersonIknow—來(lái)展開。Xiaoming給人的總體印象是迷人的，說(shuō)話人通過(guò)從外貌、特長(zhǎng)、品質(zhì)等方面對(duì)他進(jìn)行描述，突出強(qiáng)調(diào)他與眾不同的典型特征，給人留下深刻的印象。應(yīng)該注意到形容詞在精彩生動(dòng)的描述中所起的作用，如：themostfascinating,unusual,theshortestandthinnest,best,wonderful等。舉例法舉例法亦稱例證法，它與枚舉法有很多相似之處，唯一不同的是，用例證法展開話題時(shí)，主題句中提出論點(diǎn)，然后通過(guò)實(shí)際事例予以論證或闡述，而不是僅羅列一些原因或利弊。值得注意的是，要求所選的事例能很好地支持主題句中的論點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)看下面的語(yǔ)段：Thereisnodenyingthatlifeisfullofundesirablerisks.Toillustrate,adriverthrowshimselfintodangerwhendrivingtoofast,andaheavysmokerisrunningtheriskofsufferingfromlungcancer.However,therearemanyrisksworthtaking,sincetheywillbringyousuccess,fameorpleasure.Forexample,KeShouliangoncechallengedthephysicallimitationofamanandriskedhislifeinflyingovertheYellowRiverinhiscar.Andhemadeitandwashailedashero.說(shuō)話人以生活中的冒險(xiǎn)為主題，認(rèn)為有的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)該避開而有的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)卻值得嘗試。每層意思均以舉例的方式展開闡述。首先以駕車超速招致禍患和吸煙導(dǎo)致肺癌為例來(lái)說(shuō)明類似的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)該予以回避；接著以柯受良駕車飛躍黃河為例來(lái)闡述值得冒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及其原因。表示舉例的常見過(guò)渡性連接詞語(yǔ)有：forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asanillustration,suchas,such,acaseinpointis,toillustrate,inparticular,specifically,say,next,namely,thatis,like,take…asanexample等。舉例法是通過(guò)具體的實(shí)例來(lái)闡述論點(diǎn)，使該法來(lái)支持或反對(duì)某一觀點(diǎn)。比較對(duì)照法比較對(duì)照法是闡述話題主旨的常用方法之一。比較對(duì)照法由比較和對(duì)照兩部分組成，但兩者往往一起使用，以闡述兩者或更多事物間的異同。比較描述的是所比對(duì)象的相同和相似點(diǎn)，而對(duì)照則強(qiáng)調(diào)所描述對(duì)象的不同點(diǎn)，甚至相反之處。比較對(duì)照的結(jié)構(gòu)有多種，可以先集中描述甲A、甲B、甲C……；乙A、乙B、乙C……；也可以是甲乙方同時(shí)逐點(diǎn)描述：甲A、乙A；甲B、乙B……例如：Mytwofriendshavesimilaranddifferentcharacteristics,suchasappearance,personalityandhobbies.Wendyisshortandblonde.Incontrast,LisaistallerthanWendy,andLisa’shairismuchdarkerandcurlierthanWendy’s.Wendyistheshytypeanddoesn’ttalkloudlywhenotherpeoplearethere.Ontheotherhand,LisaismoreoutgoingthanWendyandlikestospeakmore.BothLisaandWendyenjoydoingdifferentthings,andtheydothemwell.Forinstance,Wendyisafolkdancer,andshedancesmoregracefullythanLisa,butLisacanplaytennisbetterthanWendy.WendyandLisaarefriends;forthisreason,otherpeopleliketocomparethem.說(shuō)話人比較了兩個(gè)朋友在外貌、性格和愛好方面的相同點(diǎn)及不同點(diǎn)，以“甲A、乙A；甲B、乙B……”的比較方式展開，分條討論這兩位朋友的異同。又如：Therearesomesimilaritiesbetweenthecityandthecountryside;however,greatdifferencesbetweenthemstillexist.Inourcountry,mostpeopleliketoliveinthecity,becauseofentertainmentandbetterhealthserviceaswell.Childrencangetbettereducation.Butitisnoisyandcrowdedinthecity.Lifeinthecountryside,ontheotherhand,ismuchsimpleandcomparativelydull.Transportationisnotconvenient,andthechancesofeducationarelimited.Butthereismuchlessnoisethere,andtheairiscleaner.說(shuō)話人從交通、娛樂(lè)、教育、環(huán)境等四個(gè)方面論述了城鄉(xiāng)生活的差異，采用的是“甲A、甲B、甲C……；乙A；乙B、乙C……”先城市后農(nóng)村的集中對(duì)照手法。常用的表示比較的過(guò)渡性連接詞語(yǔ)有：similarly,likewise,correspondingly,inasimilarway,inthesameway,too,like,resemble,similarto,equalto,equallyimportant,both…and…,thesameas等。常用的表示對(duì)照的過(guò)渡性連接詞語(yǔ)有：ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,incontrast,bycontrast,incontrastto,insharpcontrast,conversely,otherwise,however,nevertheless,but,yet,although,eventhough,whereas,while,itistrue…but…,instead,unlike,ratherthan,inspiteof,contrastwith,differentfrom,contraryto,differfrom,though等。因果法因果法經(jīng)常用以闡述原因，回答為什么這類問(wèn)題，分析事物發(fā)展的前因后果。因果關(guān)系的普遍性決定了因果關(guān)系的復(fù)雜性，通常因果模式有一因一果，一因多果、一果多因和因果鏈等，而以因果方式擴(kuò)展話題時(shí)通常采用先因后果或先果后因的一因多果或一果多因模式，其中的多因或多果又常以枚舉方式列舉。例如：ThereisagreatdemandforcollegestoconductreformsonEnglishteachingandlearning.IsthereaparticularreasonforcollegeEnglishreformsEducationalsurveysuncovermanycontributingcauses.Somestudentsseelittlerelationshipbetweenclassworkandfutureemploymentrequirements.Inaddition,theiroralEnglishisquitepoorevenlearningEnglishforsomanyyears.Thedailyschoolroutinepresentsanunc