考研考博-英語-暨南大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-暨南大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Uptothispointtherehasbeensolidevidencethatcertainpathologicalmentalstates,likedepression,arelinkedwithasignificantlyhigherriskofcardiovasculardeath,buttherelationshipbetweennormalpersonalitytraitslikesoptimismandhealthhavenotbeenasthoroughlystudied.Dr.Giltaycarefullycontrolledthebaselineriskfactorslikebloodpressure,cholesterol,smokingandalcoholconsumptioninhisstudy.Evenaftercontrollingfortheseconfoundingvariables,therewasstillasignificantexcessofmortalityinthepessimistscomparedwiththeoptimists.Andwhenhefactoredinthesubjects’ownperceptionoftheirhealth—optimists,notsurprisingly,reportfeelingbetter—pessimistsstillhadhighermorbidityandmortality.

Whataboutthepossibilitythatsomeofthepessimisticsubjectsweresimplysufferingfromundiagnoseddepression?Afterall,depressionisastrongriskfactorforcardiovascularmortality.Dr.Giltayconcededthatthesubjectswerenotpsychiatricallyscreenedfordepressionoranyothermentaldisorder,sothisisapossibility.Buthesaiddepressionwasunlikelytoexplainthecorrelationbetweenpessimismandmortality.Perhaps,butweknowthatdepressionexists,too,onaspectrum.Mildchronicdepressivestateslikedysthymiacouldeasilymasqueradeaseverydaypessimism,sothisstudycannotruleoutmilddepressionasacontributortoexcessmortalityinthepessimisticsubjects.Still,assumingthatthesefindingsarereplicatedandoptimismdoesindeedconferasurvivaladvantage,howmechanismcouldexplainit?

Onepossibilityisthatoptimistsmaysimplycopebetterwithadversitythanpessimistsdoandengageinbehaviorsthataremorelikelytopromotehealth.Itiswellknown,forexample,thatoptimismisstronglyassociatedwithseekingsocialsupportandcopingbetterwithstress.Theremightevenbebiologicaldifferencesbetweenoptimisticandpessimisticpeoplethatgiveoptimistsanedge.Thisisnotsofar-fetchedifyouconsiderthatdepressionisassociatedwithalterationsinmanyneurotransmittersandhormones,whichcanadverselyaffectphysicalhealth.Atthispoint,pessimismintheabsenceofclinicaldepressionisnotconsideredadiseaseorariskfactorfordevelopingone.Butifthesedataarereplicated,perhapsitshouldbe.Ifthat’sthecase,thentrialsofoptimism-enhancingtreatments,includingpsychotherapiesandprobablyantidepressants,won’tbefarbehind.Afterall,thereisalreadypreliminaryevidencethatserotonin-enhancingantidepressantscanalternormalpersonalitytraitslikesociability,eveninpeoplewithoutdepression.

Butevenifpessimismcouldbe“treated”,wouldthatguaranteealongerlife?Judgingfromrecentresearchindepression,itmaybenoslam-dunk.Effortstodecreaseheartdiseaseandmortalitybytreatingdepressionhavebeendisappointing.Twolargerandomizedtrialsinvolvingdepressedheart-attackpatientsfoundnosurvivalbenefitintreatingthemwitheithercognitivebehaviortherapyorserotonin-enhancingantidepressants,thoughtheirdepressiondidimprove.Intheend,pessimistshaveenoughtofretaboutwithoutworryingthattheirowntemperamentwilldoomthemtoashortlife.Ifpessimistsshouldworryaboutanything,though,itisthattheymayhaveanundiagnosed—andtreatable—depression.

21.Wecanconvincinglyinferfromthefirstparagraphthat___________.

22.Comparingpessimistswithoptimists,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

23.Theoptimism-enhancingtreatmentscan___________.

24.Accordingtothelastparagraph,wecanconcludethat___________.

25.Thepassagemainlywantstotellusthat___________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.normalpersonalityguaranteesgoodhealth

B.pessimismconstitutesafatalthreatforhealth

C.therelationshipbetweenpessimismanddeathisbeinginvestigated

D.pessimismresultsinmortality

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Optimistshavebetterperceptionoftheirfuture.

B.Pessimistshavehighermorbidity.

C.Optimistsarelesslikelytosufferfromcardiovasculardisease.

D.Optimistsenjoylongerlivesthanpessimists.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.helpdevelopnormalpersonality

B.helpdecreaseheartdisease

C.helpenhancethelifespan

D.helpcuretheclinicaldepression

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.depressioncouldbetreatable

B.doctorsareawareofthecausesfordepression

C.pessimistshavetoworryabouttheirshorterlifespan

D.treatingdepressioncancureheartdiseaseandotherfataldiseases

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.pessimismisverycommonamongurbancitizens

B.pessimistsaredoomedtoliveashorterlife

C.optimismguaranteesalongerandhealthierlife

D.pessimismishighlyriskyforourhealth

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】21.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到第1段，第1句therelationshipbetweennormalpersonalitytraitslikesoptimismandhealthhavenotbeenasthoroughlystudied.（樂觀主義等正常人格特征與健康之間的關(guān)系還沒有得到徹底的研究。）由此判斷，正常的人格特征與健康之間的關(guān)系還有待研究，A選項(xiàng)“正常的人格確保了健康”過于肯定，排除；第3句Evenaftercontrollingfortheseconfoundingvariables,therewasstillasignificantexcessofmortalityinthepessimistscomparedwiththeoptimists.（即使在控制了這些混雜變量后，與樂觀主義者相比，悲觀主義者的死亡率仍然要高出很多。）由此判斷，導(dǎo)致死亡的因素有很多，比如前文的bloodpressure,cholesterol“血壓、血脂”等，而悲觀主義與死亡之間有很大的關(guān)系，B選項(xiàng)“悲觀主義是健康的一個(gè)致命威脅”與原文表述一致；D選項(xiàng)“悲觀導(dǎo)致了死亡”表述過于絕對(duì)，未考慮其他因素，排除；第1段最后一句Andwhenhefactoredinthesubjects’ownperceptionoftheirhealth—optimists,notsurprisingly,reportfeelingbetter—pessimistsstillhadhighermorbidityandmortality.（當(dāng)他考慮到受試者自己對(duì)健康的看法時(shí)，毫不奇怪，樂觀者的預(yù)見能力更好——悲觀者仍然有更高的發(fā)病率和死亡率。）由此判斷，該研究用悲觀者與樂觀者對(duì)比，不僅研究其死亡率的不同，而且研究其對(duì)自己健康水平的看法的不同，C選項(xiàng)“人們正在研究悲觀主義和死亡之間的關(guān)系”表述不夠準(zhǔn)確。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為B。

22.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。本題選擇表述不正確的一項(xiàng)。A選項(xiàng)“樂觀主義者對(duì)他們的未來的預(yù)見能力更好”，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第1段最后一句whenhefactoredinthesubjects’ownperceptionoftheirhealth—optimists,notsurprisingly,reportfeelingbetter.（當(dāng)他考慮到受試者自己對(duì)健康的看法時(shí)，毫不奇怪，樂觀者的預(yù)見能力更好。）由此判斷，樂觀者對(duì)未來健康狀況的預(yù)見能力更好，A選項(xiàng)與原文相符；B選項(xiàng)“悲觀者發(fā)病率更高”，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第1段最后一句pessimistsstillhadhighermorbidityandmortality.（悲觀者仍然有更高的發(fā)病率和死亡率。）B選項(xiàng)與原文表述一致；C選項(xiàng)“樂觀者不太可能患心血管疾病”，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第1段第1句therehasbeensolidevidencethatcertainpathologicalmentalstates,likedepression,arelinkedwithasignificantlyhigherriskofcardiovasculardeath.（有確鑿的證據(jù)表明，某些病理精神狀態(tài)，如抑郁癥，與心血管疾病死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著升高有關(guān)。）由此判斷，心血管病與不好的精神狀態(tài)有關(guān)，樂觀者是好的心理狀態(tài)，他們患心血管病的可能性不大，C選項(xiàng)與原文表述相符；D選項(xiàng)“樂觀者比悲觀者的壽命更長”根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文倒數(shù)第2句Intheend,pessimistshaveenoughtofretaboutwithoutworryingthattheirowntemperamentwilldoomthemtoashortlife.（最后，悲觀者有足夠多的煩惱，而不必?fù)?dān)心他們自己的性格會(huì)注定他們的生命短暫。）由此判斷，悲觀者的生命不一定短暫，此外原文沒有關(guān)于樂觀者與悲觀者壽命長短的比較，D選項(xiàng)的表述不正確。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為D。

23.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干“樂觀療法可以……”可定位到原文第3段trialsofoptimism-enhancingtreatments,includingpsychotherapiesandprobablyantidepressants（樂觀療法的嘗試，包括心理療法，可能還有抗抑郁藥）。A選項(xiàng)“有助于發(fā)展正常的人格”，可定位到第3段最后一句thereisalreadypreliminaryevidencethatserotonin-enhancingantidepressantscanalternormalpersonalitytraits（初步證據(jù)表明，提高血清素的抗抑郁藥可以改變正常的人格特征），即樂觀療法可以幫助發(fā)展正常人格，A選項(xiàng)與原文相符；B選項(xiàng)“有助于減少心臟病”，可定位到原文第4段第2句Effortstodecreaseheartdiseaseandmortalitybytreatingdepressionhavebeendisappointing.（通過治療抑郁癥來減少心臟病和降低死亡率的努力一直令人失望。）由此可知，治療抑郁癥并不能減少心臟病，心理療法是用來治療抑郁癥的，因此它也不能減少抑郁癥，B選項(xiàng)與原文不符；C選項(xiàng)“有助于延長壽命”，可定位到原文最后一段第1、2句Butevenifpessimismcouldbe“treated”,wouldthatguaranteealongerlife?Judgingfromrecentresearchindepression,itmaybenoslam-dunk.（但即使悲觀主義可以“治療”，這就能保證更長的壽命嗎？從最近對(duì)抑郁癥的研究來看，這可能不是一件容易的事。）由此可知，壽命不一定能被延長，C選項(xiàng)與原文不符；D選項(xiàng)“有助于治愈臨床抑郁癥”，可定位到原文倒數(shù)第3句…thoughtheirdepressiondidimprove.（盡管他們的抑郁癥確實(shí)有所改善），選項(xiàng)中cure是治好的意思，與原文improve“改善”不符。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為A。

24.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段。A選項(xiàng)“抑郁癥是可治療的”，可定位到原文最后一句Ifpessimistsshouldworryaboutanything,though,itisthattheymayhaveanundiagnosed—andtreatable—depression.（不過，如果說悲觀者應(yīng)該擔(dān)心什么的話，那就是他們可能患有一種未被診斷的、可治療的抑郁癥。）由此可推斷，抑郁癥是可治療的，A選項(xiàng)與句意相符；B選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生意識(shí)到了抑郁癥的原因”，可定位到第3段Thisisnotsofar-fetchedifyouconsiderthatdepressionisassociatedwithalterationsinmanyneurotransmittersandhormones…（如果你認(rèn)為抑郁癥與許多神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和激素的改變有關(guān)，這就不是那么牽強(qiáng)了……）全文只有這個(gè)地方提到了抑郁癥可能與神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和激素的改變有關(guān)，并沒有其他地方提及抑郁癥的成因，無法得知醫(yī)生是否意識(shí)到了抑郁癥的原因，B選項(xiàng)排除；C選項(xiàng)“悲觀者不得不擔(dān)心他們更短的壽命”，可定位到最后一段倒數(shù)第2句pessimistshaveenoughtofretaboutwithoutworryingthattheirowntemperamentwilldoomthemtoashortlife.（悲觀主義者有足夠多的煩惱，而不必?fù)?dān)心自己的性格會(huì)注定他們的生命短暫。）由此判斷，悲觀者不需要擔(dān)心壽命短暫的問題，C選項(xiàng)與原文表述相反，排除；D選項(xiàng)“治療抑郁癥可以治好心臟病和其他致命的疾病”，可定位到最后一段第3句Effortstodecreaseheartdiseaseandmortalitybytreatingdepressionhavebeendisappointing.（通過治療抑郁癥來減少心臟病和降低死亡率的努力一直令人失望。）由此可知，治療抑郁癥并不能治好心臟病，D選項(xiàng)的表述與原文相反，排除。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為A。

25.作者意圖題。題干“這篇文章主要想告訴我們……”，本文第1段介紹了某些病理精神狀態(tài)，比如抑郁，與心血管疾病死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著升高有關(guān)，以及Dr.Giltay的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明與樂觀者相比，悲觀者的死亡率和發(fā)病率更高；第2段討論了悲觀者死亡率更高的可能原因——可能有抑郁癥，并提出為什么樂觀者身體更健康的問題；第3段回答了上文提出的問題，并提出樂觀療法有可能可以治療抑郁癥；第4段總結(jié)悲觀者可能患有未被查出的抑郁癥，但即使抑郁癥可以被治療，也不能延長壽命。A選項(xiàng)“悲觀主義在城市居民中很常見”，本文并未就悲觀主義是否常見進(jìn)行討論，排除；B選項(xiàng)“悲觀者注定活得更短”，可定位到最后一段倒數(shù)第2句pessimistshaveenoughtofretaboutwithoutworryingthattheirowntemperamentwilldoomthemtoashortlife.（悲觀者有足夠多的煩惱，而不必?fù)?dān)心自己的性格會(huì)注定他們的生命短暫。）由此判斷，作者認(rèn)為悲觀者不必?fù)?dān)心自己的生命短暫，那么作者的意圖不會(huì)是想告訴讀者悲觀者的壽命短暫，且B選項(xiàng)的表述過去絕對(duì)，排除；C選項(xiàng)“樂觀能保證更長壽、更健康的生活”，根據(jù)全文判斷，文章的主要討論對(duì)象是悲觀主義與悲觀者，C選項(xiàng)“樂觀”的作用，不會(huì)是作者的意圖，排除；D選項(xiàng)“悲觀主義對(duì)我們的健康非常有害”，根據(jù)段落大意判斷，表述正確，且符合題意。因此，本文最佳選項(xiàng)為D。

2.單選題

Lessthantwomonthsintoherbreastcancertreatment,AlexandraJn-CharleswascalledintoanewroomatSUNYDownstateMedicalCenter,wheretwotreatingphysicians,thechiefmedicalofficerandanattorneyrepresentingthehospitaltoldherthatmistakeshadbeenmade.

Theskinlesions(病變)onherchest,theysaid,hadbeencausednotbyherillnessbutbythemachinethatwassupposedtocureher.The32-year-oldhadreceivednearly30radiotherapysessions,butatthispointitdidn’treallymakesensetocountthem,becauseaprogrammingerrorhadcausedeachinstallmenttodeliveratleastthreetimestheprescribedamountofradiation.

Jn-Charles,whodiedtwoandahalfyearsafterthismeetingin2005,wouldeventuallycometoexemplifytheemergenceofaccidentalover-radiationinU.S.hospitals.Theworstoffhavereportedskindamage,inexplicablehairlossandribs(肋骨)bucklingbeneaththeirchests—debilitatinginjuriessufferedwhileundergoingscreeningortreatmentforsomethingthatwouldotherwisekillthem.Asteeppriceforsurvival.

Thesetragediesgotothecoreofanissueaspressingasitisuncomfortabletothinkabout:Haveadvancesintechnology,improvedtreatmentmethodsandmorecomprehensivescreeningprotocolsledtosystematic,excessiveirradiationofpatients?

Theanswer,accordingtoagrowingnumberofhealthexperts,isyes.Forexample,theCTscan,whichhasbecomecommonplaceinresponsetorisingcancerrates,isitselfthoughttoincreasethelikelihoodthatapersondevelopscancer.ThescansdeliverseveralhundredtimesmoreradiationthananX-ray—evenwhenguidelinesanddosagesarefollowedprecisely.“Whatwedoasphysiciansarguablyharmspeople,”JamesEhrlich,aclinicalassociateprofessorattheUniversityofColoradoandanadviserforPremierMicronutrientCorp.,toldNewsweek.

Ajarringexampleofthatcamein2010,whenWaltBogdanichpublishedanextensivereviewinTheNewYorkTimesthatlistednumerouspatientswhoseliveshadbeendestroyedbymistakesinhospitalimagingandradiotherapy.Shortlyafterthearticleserieswenttopress,theFoodandDrugAdministrationbegantorampupitseffortstolimitexcessiveexposure,eventuallylaunchingitsInitiativetoReduceUnnecessaryRadiationExposureFromMedicalImaging.

AlongwithorganizationsliketheAmericanCollegeofRadiology,theFDAnowsupportsanumberofso-calleddoseregistriesthatallowfacilitiestocompareradiationdoseindexestoregionalandnationalvalues.Todate,hundredsoffacilitiesacrosstheU.S.haveenrolled.

ButtheFDA’sregulatoryauthorityisgenerallyfocusedonequipmentmanufacturers,andcomplianceonthestatelevelisneverguaranteed.Andevencompliantfacilitiesruntheriskofover-radiatingpatients:A2012paperbytheInstituteofMedicinefoundthatmedicalimagingisoneoftheleadingenvironmentalcausesofbreastcancer_____.

1.TheskindamageonJn-Charles’chestwascausedby_____.

2.WhatdoestheauthorwanttoexplainbyexemplifyingJn-Charles?

3.WhatcanbelearntabouttheCTscan?

4.Whatdoestheword“rampup”mean?

5.TheauthorthinksFDA’ssolutiontoreduceradiationexposureis_____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.breastcancer

B.advancedtechnology

C.over-radiation

D.treatmentmethods

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thereisnoneedtowastesomuchmoneyfortotreatbreastcancer.

B.Untilnow,breastcancerisstillanincurableillnessaroundtheworld.

C.Thereisanincreasingnumberofyoungpeoplesufferingfromcancer.

D.ThereareincidentsofexcessiveirradiationofpatientsinAmerica.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Itisadouble-edgedswordinthetermofcancer.

B.Ithasbeenarguedinthemedicalprofession.

C.Itismuchsafertobeusedtotreatbreastcancer.

D.Theradiationdosagescanbecontrolledeasily.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Heatup.

B.Drawout.

C.Intensify.

D.Putup.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ineffective

B.loose

C.harmful

D.unnecessary

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第二段第一句話Theskinlesionsonherchest,theysaid,hadbeencausednotbyherillnessbutbythemachinethatwassupposedtocureher.The32-year-oldhadreceivednearly30radiotherapysessionbutatthispointitdidn’treallymakesensetocountthem,becauseaprogrammingerrorhadcausedeachinstallmenttodeliveratleastthreetimestheprescribedamountofradiation“他們說：她胸部的皮膚損傷不是因?yàn)樗牟《且驗(yàn)閼?yīng)該治好她的機(jī)器。這位32歲的患者接受了近30次放療但在這一點(diǎn)上，沒有真正的意義去計(jì)算它們，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)程序錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致每個(gè)裝置提供了至少三倍于規(guī)定的輻射量”，第二步，綜合理解，由此可知答案選C選項(xiàng)“過度放療”。

A選項(xiàng)“乳腺癌”，見正確選項(xiàng)解析，可知Ａ選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，屬于反向干擾；

B選項(xiàng)“先進(jìn)的科技”，定位到文章第四段第二句話Haveadvancesintechnology,improvedtreatmentmethodsandmorecomprehensivescreeningprotocolsledtosystematic,excessiveirradiationofpatients?“技術(shù)的進(jìn)步、治療方法的改進(jìn)和更全面的篩查方案是否導(dǎo)致了對(duì)患者的系統(tǒng)性、過度照射？”文章雖然有提到先進(jìn)技術(shù)，但這不是Jn-Charles胸部受傷的原因，這里屬于出處錯(cuò)誤；

D選項(xiàng)“治療方法”，見正確選項(xiàng)解析，是因?yàn)槌绦蝈e(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致患者接受了三倍的輻射，所以才造成患者出現(xiàn)灼傷，如果按照規(guī)定輻射來可能不會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況，所以不能選D選項(xiàng)，屬于曲解文意。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第三段第一句話Jn-Charles,whodiedtwoandahalfyearsafterthismeetingin2005,wouldeventuallycometoexemplifytheemergenceofaccidentalover-radiationinU.S.hospitals.“在這次會(huì)議結(jié)束兩年半后的2005年，Jn-Charles去世了，他最終成為美國醫(yī)院意外過度輻射的典型例子”，由此可知答案選D選項(xiàng)“在美國也有病人接受過度照射的案例”。

A選項(xiàng)“沒有必要浪費(fèi)這么多錢去治療乳腺癌”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不能選；

B選項(xiàng)“到目前為止，乳腺癌在世界范圍內(nèi)仍是一種不治之癥”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不能選；

C選項(xiàng)“越來越多的年輕人患癌癥”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不能選。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第五段第二句Forexample,theCTscan,whichhasbecomecommonplaceinresponsetorisingcancerrates,isitselfthoughttoincreasethelikelihoodthatapersondevelopscancer.“例如，CT掃描在應(yīng)對(duì)不斷上升的癌癥發(fā)病率時(shí)已變得司空見慣，但它本身被認(rèn)為會(huì)增加一個(gè)人患癌癥的可能性”，第二步綜合理解，從這里可知，在檢測(cè)是否患癌癥時(shí)，醫(yī)生一般會(huì)用CT，但是CT會(huì)讓使用者更容易得癌，所以說CT是把有利有弊的雙刃劍，正確答案選A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)于癌癥來說，這是一把雙刃劍”。

B選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)學(xué)界對(duì)此一直爭論不休”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，不選；

C選項(xiàng)“用于治療乳腺癌要安全得多”，定位到第五段倒數(shù)第二句話ThescansdeliverseveralhundredtimesmoreradiationthananX-ray—evenwhenguidelinesanddosagesarefollowedprecisely.“這種掃描產(chǎn)生的輻射量是X射線的數(shù)百倍——即使嚴(yán)格遵循指導(dǎo)方針和劑量”由此可知C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤這里屬于反向干擾；

D選項(xiàng)“輻射劑量很容易控制”，雖然這里有提到劑量，但是沒有提到劑量是否容易控制，而且文章病例是因?yàn)檫^度輻射而造成的，所以文章暗含著其實(shí)劑量不容易控制，這里屬于無中生有。

4.詞匯推斷題。第一步，句中前后信息連接，rampup前面接的是一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)后面接的是努力，第二步，上下文語義推測(cè)，整段的大意是一個(gè)令人吃驚的案例發(fā)表之后獲得很大的關(guān)注，然后某機(jī)構(gòu)出來推動(dòng)限制使用輻射，避免患者過多暴露在輻射中，由上下文意可知，該機(jī)構(gòu)在收到反饋之后是加大自己的努力，從這里可知答案選C選項(xiàng)“增強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)化”。

A選項(xiàng)“加熱，升溫”，不符合文章意思，屬于無中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“擬定，導(dǎo)致”；

D選項(xiàng)“提供；建造”。

5.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題，第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到文章最后一段一二句ButtheFDA’sregulatoryauthorityisgenerallyfocusedonequipmentmanufacturers,andcomplianceonthestatelevelisneverguaranteed.Andevencompliantfacilitiesruntheriskofover-radiatingpatients．．．“但FDA的監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)一般只關(guān)注設(shè)備制造商，無法保證州一級(jí)的合規(guī)。即使是符合規(guī)定的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)也有對(duì)病人進(jìn)行過度輻射的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)……”，由此可見作者對(duì)FDA所采取的措施有效與否是持否定態(tài)度的，所以答案選A選項(xiàng)“無效的”。

B選項(xiàng)“松散的”，文章并沒有提及FDA在實(shí)施這些措施的時(shí)候是否嚴(yán)格，所以B選項(xiàng)不能選，屬于無中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“有害的”，文章沒有提到有害之處，屬于無中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“沒必要的”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

3.翻譯題

許多事情不與朋友分享，就無法自得其樂，而讀書則可以。獨(dú)坐家中，卻得以周游世界，了解千萬事端的緣由。活在當(dāng)世，卻可以與千萬年前的先人對(duì)話。讀書增長閱歷；哪怕是萬里之外、相隔千年，也能感受到他人對(duì)人生的感悟。其樂融融，唯有讀書能賦予。未能從讀書中享受到樂趣的人，乃貧乏之人：從讀書中享受最大樂趣的人，是獲得最大幸福的人。

【答案】Therearemanythingsfromwhichyouwouldnotentertainyourselfifyoudon’tsharethemwithyourfriends.However,readingisanexception.Byreading,youcansitathometotravelaroundtheworldandgettoknowthereasonsofthousandsofthings.Asamodernman,youcanconversewithancestorsfrommillionsofyearsago.Readingcanenrichyourexperiences,asyoucantasteothers’insightoflifeeveniftheylivedthousandsofmilesawayorthousandsofyearsago.Onlyreadingcanprovideyouwithsuchpleasure.Peoplewhocannotenjoyreadingarepoor;Peoplewhogainthegreatestfunfromreadingarethehappiest.

4.單選題

Thespeakerwasregardedasatroublemakerbecauseshe（

）thegrantingofequalitytoallregardlessofrace,colororsex.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.verified

B.developed

C.adopted

D.advocated

【答案】D

【解析】句意:這個(gè)發(fā)言人被當(dāng)作是一個(gè)制造麻煩的人，因?yàn)樗拇等巳似降鹊睦砟钜粺o論種族、膚色或者性別。

動(dòng)詞辨析。Verified核實(shí)，證實(shí);developed發(fā)展;adopted采用;advocated鼓吹某種道德、理念或者思想。根據(jù)題目空白處后面所接的賓語“人人平等的理念”可以推斷出答案為D。

5.翻譯題

我的導(dǎo)師是亞裔美國人，嗜煙好酒，脾氣暴躁。但他十分欣賞亞裔學(xué)生勤奮與扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，也特別了解亞裔學(xué)生的心理。因此，在他實(shí)驗(yàn)室所招的學(xué)生中，除有一名來自德國外，其余5位均是亞裔學(xué)生。他干脆在實(shí)驗(yàn)室的門上貼一醒目招牌：“本室助研必須每周工作7天，早10時(shí)至晚12時(shí)，工作時(shí)間內(nèi)必須全力以赴。”這位導(dǎo)師的嚴(yán)格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所待的3年半中，共有14位學(xué)生被招進(jìn)他的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，最后博士畢業(yè)的只有5人。

【答案】MysupervisorisofAsianorigin.Heisaddictedtoalcoholsandcigarettes,withairritabletemper.Nevertheless,hehighlyappreciatestheindustryandthesolidfoundationalknowledgeofAsianstudentsandhasaparticularlykeeninsightintowhatAsianstudentshaveontheirmind.Hence,ofallthestudentsrecruitedintohislaboratory,exceptforoneGerman,theotherfivewereallfromAsia.Heevenputaneye-catchingnoticeonthedoorofhislab,whichread,“Alltheresearchassistantsofthislaboratoryarerequiredtowork7daysaweek,from10:00a.m.to12:00p.m..Nothingbutworkduringtheworkinghours.”Thissupervisorisreputedontheentirecampusforhisseverityandharshness.Duringthe3andahalfyearsthatIstayedthere,atotalof14studentswererecruitedintohislaboratoryandonly5ofthemstayeduntiltheygraduatedwiththeirPh.D.degrees.

6.單選題

Thetemperatureoftheatmospherebecomescolderaselevationincreases.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.altitude

B.aptitude

C.latitude

D.longitude

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)altitude“海拔”；B選項(xiàng)aptitude“天資”；C選項(xiàng)latitude“緯度”；D選項(xiàng)longitude“經(jīng)度”。句意：海拔越高，大氣溫度越低。劃線部分elevation是海拔的意思。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

7.翻譯題

1.Themanwhoselifeiscenteredaroundproducing,sellingandconsumingcommoditiestransformshimselfintoacommodity.Hebecomesincreasinglyattractedtothatwhichisman-madeandmechanical,ratherthantothatwhichisnaturalandorganic.Manymentodayaremoreinterestedinsportscarsthaninwomen;ortheyexperiencewomenasacarwhichonecancausetoracebypushingtherightbutton.2.Altogethertheyexpecthappinessisamatteroffindingtherightbutton,nottheresultofaproductive,richlife,alifewhichrequiresmakinganeffortandtakingrisks.Intheirsearchforthebutton,somegotothepsychoanalyst,somegotochurchandsomeread“self-help”books.Butwhileitisimpossibletofindthebuttonforhappiness,themajorityaresatisfiedwithpushingthebuttonsofcameras,radios,televisionsets,andwatchingsciencefictionbecomingreality.

Oneofthestrangestaspectsoftheirapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons?Apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.3.Theexplanation,Ibelieve,isthattheyaresofrightenedofthepossibilityoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandnever-endingpersonalanxiety.

AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury“freeenterprise”capitalism?Certainlynot.4.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities—thoseofloveandofreason—aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.

Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,andthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsnumberedfrom(1)to(4),fromEnglishintoChinese.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】1.以生產(chǎn)、銷售、消費(fèi)商品為中心的男人把自己也轉(zhuǎn)化為一種商品了。他對(duì)人造的、機(jī)械的東西越來越感興趣，對(duì)天然的、有機(jī)的東西卻無動(dòng)于衷。如今，許多男人對(duì)跑車的癡迷超過了對(duì)女人的癡迷，或者把女人當(dāng)作只要按對(duì)按鈕就會(huì)奔馳的汽車。

2.總而言之，他們認(rèn)為幸福是個(gè)找對(duì)按鈕的問題，而不是源自碩果累累、豐富多彩、需要付出努力和承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的生活。在尋找按鈕的過程中，有些人去找心理分析學(xué)家；有些人去做禮拜；還有一些人去讀“自助”書籍。不過他們雖然找不到賜予幸福的按鈕，但大多數(shù)人滿足于按收音機(jī)、電視機(jī)和照相機(jī)的按鈕，滿足于看著科幻小說變成現(xiàn)實(shí)。

3.我認(rèn)為，可以這樣解釋：他們非常擔(dān)心會(huì)遭遇個(gè)人的失敗并蒙受羞辱。由于他們對(duì)個(gè)人問題感到憂慮，這就妨礙他們對(duì)所有的人和所有的東西可能會(huì)遭到毀滅感到憂慮。也許徹底的毀滅比十分的不安和個(gè)人永無休止的憂慮更有吸引力。

4.想通過倒退到人們已經(jīng)走過的階段來解決問題是永遠(yuǎn)行不通的。我建議改造我們的社會(huì)制度，將其從一個(gè)官僚機(jī)構(gòu)管理下的工業(yè)化社會(huì)體制轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)人本主義的工業(yè)化社會(huì)體制。在前一種體制中，最高產(chǎn)量和最高消費(fèi)為主要目的；在后一種體制中，一切社會(huì)活動(dòng)的目的都是為了人，為了使人的各種潛力——愛的潛力和運(yùn)用理性的潛力——獲得充分的發(fā)展。

8.翻譯題

如果遇到的競(jìng)爭對(duì)手是受到各自政府過度保護(hù)的企業(yè)，強(qiáng)大的美國企業(yè)通常都能迅速地把它們壓制住。事實(shí)已經(jīng)證明，利伯維爾場(chǎng)體制比任何中央計(jì)劃體制都能更有效地分配資金和資源，美國人也已經(jīng)利用了這一點(diǎn)。因?yàn)槊绹诨A(chǔ)層次上有這樣的優(yōu)勢(shì)，它處于國際財(cái)經(jīng)界的最高層也就不足為奇了。美國具有這樣的優(yōu)勢(shì)進(jìn)而使它能夠制定游戲規(guī)則，當(dāng)然是對(duì)它自己有利的規(guī)則。

【答案】Whenitcomestocompetingwithcompaniesover-protectedbytheirrespectivegovernments,powerfulAmericancompaniesareusuallyquicktoneutralizethem.TheLibrevillecanallocatefundsandresourcesmoreefficientlythananycentrallyplannedeconomy,whichhasbeenprovedandtheAmericanshaveutilized.Withsuchanadvantageatafundamentallevel,itisnotsurprisingthattheUnitedStatesisatthetopoftheinternationalfinancialpeckingorderandsettherulesofthegame,whichofcoursearebeneficialforit.

9.單選題

Environmentalistsmaygetoffonterrifyingclimatechange,butmostpeoplejustturnaway.“Ifitwasreallysobad,they’ddosomething,”saysonecolleague.ThehumantendencytoconvinceyourselfthateverythingisOK,becausenooneelseisworried,isdeeplyseated.

Ourtendencytoshrugoffresponsibilityseemstoholdtrueevenwhenweourselvesareindanger.JohnDarleyandBibbLataneaskedaseriesofcollegestudentstositinaroomandfilloutaquestionnaire.Whensmokestartedtopourintotheroomthroughavent,theothers,allactors,ignoreditandwentonwritingcalmly.Ninetypercentofsubjectscopiedtheactors,evenwhenthesmokebecamesothickthattheycouldbarelyseeandwerecoughing.Butsubjectswhowerealoneintheroom,underthesameconditions,almostallreportedthesmokeasanemergency.Thatisanastonishingfinding—thattheinactionofotherpeoplecanmakeusunderestimatethreatstoourownsafety.

Inthepastfewweekswehavebeentold,byreputablesources,thattheoceansarewarmingfasterthananyonepredicted.Thatspeciesarebecomingextinctahundredtimesfasterthanfossilsrecord.Thatweareapproachingtippingpointsthatmaymakeclimatechangeirreversible.Thisstuffmakesmefeelprettydesperate.Iwouldthinkthatotherpeoplewouldworrytoo.ButthenIgototheoffice,andtofriends’houses,andnoonementionsit.Nordothepoliticians.Despitethenoisefromgreengroups,welookforget-outclauses.Weblameothercountriesorbigcorporations.Thepartofourbrainthatisprogrammedtoimitatedominatesthepartcuedtoself-preservation—especiallywhenthethreatsarecomplexandlong-term.

Couldwesendtheherdintheotherdirection?Maybe.TenyearsafterDarleyandLatane’ssmokeexperiment,anotherprofessorArthurBeamanshoweditsfilmstohisstudents.Heexplainedthepsychology.Andinfuturethosestudentswere,apparently,almosttwiceaslikelyasotherstoreacttohelpotherpeople.

InJanuaryIcountedaToyotaPriushybridcaronalmosteveryoneoftherichstreetsinapartofLondonjusteastofmyhouse.YesterdayIdidanothercount.Theyseemedtohaveincreasedtotwoorthree.Thatisthepowerofimitation,forpeoplewhocanaffordit.Buthowdoyougetotherpeopletoimitatebehaviorthatislessvisible:buyingless,travelinglessorchangingtheirelectricitysupplier?Theanswersmustsurelylieinsocialetiquette.Ifweareprogrammedtoactlikelemmings,thenwemustgivesomepeopleincentivestobreakoutandpublicizetheiractivities.

Thesmokeiscomingupthroughthevent.Ifenoughpeoplestarttalkingaboutthesmoke,perhapsotherswillstarttoseeittoo.Andifenoughpeopleact,therestmayfollow.Forthat,itseems,ishumannature.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatpeopletendto

（

）.

2.Infaceofenvironmentaldegradation,mostpeopleare（

）.

3.ProfessorArthurBeaman'sexperimentshowsthat

（

）.

4.Theauthorsuggeststhatinordertocounterclimatechange,（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.beoptimisticaboutchangesoccurringaround

B.turnablindeyetotheapproachingthreats

C.havetheirjudgmentsinfluencedbyothers

D.waitforsomeoneelsetoactfirst

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.feelingunabletoassumesuchabigresponsibility

B.endeavoringtofindoutitscauses

C.imitatingothers'inaction

D.tryingtoprotectthemselves

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.it’shumannaturetoshrinkfromresponsibility

B.environmentaleducationshouldbeginwiththeyoungpeople

C.therewillbemanymorewhoarereadytohelpothers

D.properguidancecanmakepeoplemoreconcernedaboutclimatechange

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.moreattentionshouldbepaidtopsychologicalaspects

B.imitationshouldbeminimizedoravoided

C.morepopularizationshouldbedoneaboutitsdanger

D.somerestrictionsshouldbemadeonpeople’sspendingpattern

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。文章第一段和第二段主要講了人的從眾性心理，第一段借助同事說的Ifitwasreallysobad,they'ddosomething（如果真的那么糟糕，他們會(huì)做些什么）來表示人們總是指望其他人去行動(dòng)；通過第二段中的“煙霧實(shí)驗(yàn)”對(duì)比的結(jié)果可知，其他人的不作為會(huì)使我們低估對(duì)我們自身安全的威脅，因此D選項(xiàng)“等別人先采取行動(dòng)”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。由文章第三段中的內(nèi)容可知，面對(duì)環(huán)境惡化，除了來自環(huán)保主義的聲音，沒有人提及關(guān)心這個(gè)嚴(yán)峻的問題，采取不作為的態(tài)度。這個(gè)深層次的原因是Thepartofourbrainthatisprogrammedtoimitatedominatesthepartcuedtoself-preservation—especiallywhenthethreatsarecomplexandlong-term.（與大腦中提醒我們自我生存的那一部分相比，我們大腦中用來模仿他人的那一部分占了上風(fēng)。當(dāng)我們面臨的威脅復(fù)雜且具長期性時(shí)，更是如此）可知C選項(xiàng)“效仿他人的不作為”符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。文章第四段講述了教授通過讓學(xué)生觀看影片并用心理學(xué)知識(shí)加以解釋，會(huì)使這些學(xué)生將來的行動(dòng)的積極性提高，可推測(cè)在正確的引導(dǎo)下，人們行動(dòng)的積極性可以提高，根據(jù)文章提到氣候變化，因此D選項(xiàng)“適當(dāng)?shù)闹笇?dǎo)可以使人們更加關(guān)注氣候變化”最為恰當(dāng)。

4.主旨大意題。文章首先通過分析指出，從眾心理使人們面對(duì)氣候變化缺乏行動(dòng)，然后指出正確利用從眾心理可以使人們行動(dòng)起來，全文一直都是從心理角度來提出解決氣候變化的問題，因此A選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該更關(guān)注心理學(xué)層面”符合題意。

10.單選題

Intheearly1950s,historianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope(whichwemaydefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800)began,forthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepoliticalandsocialelitethekings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocalmagnateswhohadhithertousuall