托福作文寫作范文詳解ound

托福作文寫作范文詳解ReadingStartinginthe1960sandcontinuinguntilthe1980s,sailorsinRussiansubmarinespatrollingtheNorthAtlanticandArcticOceanwouldoccasionallyhearstrangesounds.Theseunderwaternoisesremindedthesubmarinecrewsoffrogcroaks,sotheycalledthesounds"quackers”(fromtheRussianwordforfrogsounds).Thesourcesofthesoundseemedtobemovingwithgreatspeedandagility;however,thesubmarines7sonar(amethodofdetectingobjectsunderwater)wasunabletodetectanysolidmovingobjectsinthearea.Thereareseveraltheoriesaboutwhatmighthavecausedtheoddsounds.Thefirsttheorysuggeststhatthestrangenoiseswereactuallythecallsofmaleandfemaleocrawhalesduringacourtshipritual.Orcawhalesareknowntoinhabittheareaswherethesubmarineswerepickingupthebizarrenoises.Orcashavebeenstudiedextensively,andthesoundstheymakewhentryingtoattractamalearesimilartothosethatthesubmarinesweredetecting.Asecondideaisthatthesoundswerecausedbygiantsquid.Giantsquidsaregaintmarineinvertebratesthatlivedeepintheoceanandpreyonlargefish.Theyaredifficulttodetectbysonarbecausetheyhavesoftbodieswithnoskeleton.Notmuchisknownaboutgiantsquidbehavior,buttheircomplexbrainssuggesttheyareintelligentanimals.Itispossibletheyhavetheabilitytoemitsound,andperhapstheyapproachedthesubmarinesoutofcuriosity.AthirdtheorysuggeststheRussiansubmarineswerepickingupstraysoundsfromsomemilitarytechnology,likeanothercountry7ssubmarinesthatweresecretlypatrollingthearea.Perhapstheforeignsubmarinesdidnotregisteronsonarbecausetheywereusingakindoftechnologyspecificallydesignedtomakethemundetectablebysonar.Thestrangefroglikesoundsmayhavebeenemittedbytheforeignsubmarinesunintentionally.Listening(femaleprofessor)Quackersarecertainlyaverystrangephenomenon.Expertsstilldebatewhatthesourceofthesoundwas.Noonecanbesureexactlywhatcausedthem.Buttheseexpertscitecertainproblemswithallofthetheoriesthatyoujustreadabout.Hereareafewoftheargumentsthattheymade.First,theideathatthesoundswerecausedbyOrcawhalesseemsplausibleatfirstbutisultimatelyhighlyunlikely.It7sthatthereareOrcapopulationsinthegeneralareasthattheRussiansubmarineswerepatrolling.ButOrcawhalesmostlylivenearthesurfaceofthewater.Thesubmarinestypicallyremaindeepintheoceanandshouldnothavebeenabletohearthewhalesoundsfromnearthesurface.AlsotheOrcawhaleswouldhavebeendetectedbytheRussiansonariftheywerenearby.Giantsquidmaybeabettercandidatebutonecriticalfactspeaksagainstthissquidtheoryaswell.Russiansubmarinesfirstdetectedquackersoundinthe1960sandreportsofthemcontinuedforabouttwodecades.Butthesoundsdisappearedentirelybythe1980s.However,asfarasweknow,squidhavealwayslivedintheoceanwherethesubmarineswerepatrollingandcontinuetolivetheretoday.Iftheseweresquidsound,therewouldbenoreasontosuddenlystarthearingtheminonedecadeandthensuddenlystophearingthemtwentyyearslater.Third,theideathatthequackerswerecausedbyasecretsubmarinefromanothercountrydoesnotholdup.Thesourcesofthesoundappeartomovearoundandchangedirectionveryquickly.Submarinescannotmoveorchangedirectionthatquickly.Alsoallsubmarinesmakesomeenginenoise.Butnosuchnoiseaccompaniedthequackers.Eventoday,wedon'thavethetechnologytobuildsubmarinesthatarethatfastandhaveenginesthatarethatsilent.Summarizethepointsmadeinthelecture,beingsuretoexplainhowtheychallengethespecifictheoriespresentedinthereadingpassage.一、閱讀聽力要點概括ReadingPassageOddsoundsweredetected.Andthereareseveraltheoriesaboutthem.ThefirsttheorysuggeststhatthestrangenoiseswereactuallythecallsofmaleandfemaleocrawhalesduringacourtshiprituaLAsecondideaisthatthesoundswerecausedbygiantsquid.AthirdtheorysuggeststheRussiansubmarineswerepickingupstraysoundsfromsomemilitarytechnology.LectureExpertscitecertainproblemswithallofthetheoriesmentioned.Orcawhalesmostlylivenearthesurfaceofthewater.Thesubmarinestypicallyremaindeepintheoceanandshouldnothavebeenabletohearthewhalesoundsfromnearthesurface.AlsotheOrcawhaleswouldhavebeendetectedbytheRussiansonariftheywerenearby.Thesoundsdisappearedentirelybythe1980s.However,squidhavealwayslivedintheoceanwherethesubmarineswerepatrollingandcontinuetolivetheretoday.Thesourcesofthesoundappeartomovearoundandchangedirectionveryquickly.Submarinescannotmoveorchangedirectionthatquickly.Alsoallsubmarinesmakesomeenginenoise.Butnosuchnoiseaccompaniedthequackers.二、范文逐段賞析Paragraph1Thereadingpassageconcentratesonseveraltheoriesaboutthecauseoftheoddsounds.However,inthelecture,theprofessorrespectivelypointsouttheproblemsinalltheassertionsinthereading.此段功能首段概括了閱讀文本中的基本內(nèi)容，同時提出了演講者對此的反對意見,言簡意賅，為下文論述做好鋪墊。此段結(jié)構(gòu)此段為并列結(jié)構(gòu)，為下文引出論述做鋪墊。Paragraph2First,eventhoughthereadingpassagesuggeststhatthenoiseswerecausedbyorcasduringcourtshipritual,theprofessorarguesthatorcasliveatthesurfaceofthewaterwhereasthesubmarinesdivedtothedeepoceanandthuscannothearthesounds.Besides,thenearbywhalescouldhavebeenfoundbythesonar.此段功能指出文章第一個觀點，即這些奇怪的聲音是鯨魚在求偶過程中發(fā)出的。而演講中，教授駁斥道鯨魚在海水表面生存而潛水艇在深海航行，聽不到鯨魚發(fā)出的聲音。此外教授還駁斥道在近處的鯨魚聲吶系統(tǒng)是可以發(fā)現(xiàn)的，借此來進一步否定這個奇怪的聲音是由鯨魚發(fā)出的。此段結(jié)構(gòu)此段并列結(jié)構(gòu)，指出文章第一個觀點，并提出了演講者的反駁意見。Paragraph3Second,despitethestatementinthereadingpassagesuggestingthatthesoundswereemittedbygiantsquidthatapproachedthesubmarineswithcuriosity,theprofessorcontendsthatsquidshavealwayslivedintheoceanandthereforeitisunlikelythattheirsoundswerefirstdetectedin1960sbutdisappearedby1980.此段功能指出文章第二個觀點，即大觥魚會因為好奇而接近潛水艇進而發(fā)出奇怪的聲響。然而在演講中，教授反駁道大跳魚是一直生活在海洋中的，所以他們發(fā)出的聲音不太可能在二十世紀(jì)六十年代被探測到，然而在1980年又消失了。此段結(jié)構(gòu)此段并列結(jié)構(gòu)，指出文章第二個觀點，并提出了演講者的反駁意見。Paragraph4Third,theauthorassertsthattheQuakerswerecausedbyaforeignsubmarinewhiletheprofessorprovesthatthisclaimisindefensiblebypointingoutthatsubmarinescannotmoveorchangedirectionsoquickly,andthattheenginenoiseofallsubmarinesisthesame;moreover,eventoday,itistechnologicallyimpossibletobuildthatkindsoffastandsilents