形合意合與翻譯課件

從形合意合談漢譯英OnC-ETranslationfromthePerspectiveofHypotaxisandParataxis從形合意合談漢譯英1Outline1HypotaxisandParataxis2TwoWaysofForminganEnglishSentence3MajorDifferencesinStructure4SentenceCombinationOutline21WhatareHypotaxisandParataxis?Ingeneral,hypotaxisisharmonyinformandparataxisisharmonyinmeaning1.1ThedefinitionofhypotaxisHypotaxisisthegrammaticalarrangementoffunctionallysimilarbut"unequalconstructs(hypo="beneath",taxis="arrangement")constructsplayinganunequalroleinasentence.Acommonexampleofsyntacticexpressionofhypotaxisissubordinationinacomplexsentence1WhatareHypotaxisandParat31.2ThedefinitionofparataxisParataxisisawayofwritingorspeakingthatfavorsshort,simplesentences,withtheuseofratherthansubordinatingcoordinating(fromgreekforactofplacingconjunctionssidebyside",Para=besidetassin=arrange)Itisaliterarytechnique,contrastedwihypotaxisItisalsousedtodescribeatechniqueinpoetryinwhichtwoimagesorfragmentsarecoordinatedwithoutaclearconnectionReadersarethenlefttomaketheirownconnectionsimpliedbytheparatacticsyntaxEzrapoundinhisadaptationofchineseandJapanesepoetry,madethecoordinationofimagesanimportantpartofenglishlanguage1.2Thedefinitionofparataxi41.3ThethreedevicestoformasentenceWordsareconnectedinthreewaystoformasentencesyntacticaldevices,lexicaldevicesandsemanticdevices.Syntacticaldevicesandlexicaldevicespertaintohypotaxis,andsemanticdevicespertaintoparataxisThethreedevicesareusedinalllanguages,butsomeareusedmorefrequentlyinonelanguagethaninotherlanguages.Forexample,syntacticaldevicesandlexicaldevicesareusedmorefrequentlyinEnglishthaninChineseandsemanticdevicesareusedmorefrequentlyinChinesethaninEnglishProf.YangRongguihadaninvestigationofadreaminRedMansionsbycountinghypotaxissentencesinthecorrespondingpartsoftheChineseversionandtheEnglishversion.Accordingtothestatistics,thereareaboutonlyabout28%ofhypotaxissentencesintheChineseversion1.3Thethreedevicestoform51.4ProfessorWangLisarqumentAfamouslinguistWangLi(Et)isthefirstChinesescholarwhopresentedtheconceptofhypotaxisandparataxis.HestatesinChina'sGrammaticalTheory(<中國語法理論》,商務(wù)印書館1945年)thattheyaretwobasicmeanstoformlanguage.heholdsthathypotaxisisameansbywhich"loose"individualwordsareconnectedintoconcentrated"phraseandfurtherdiscourse(throughthechangeofwordformsandconnectionofwords);parataxisdependsonthemeaning,i.e.theinternallogicrelationshiptoformlanguage.HealsopointsoutthatthetwomeanscoexistinalanguagewithmoreemphasisononethantheotherparataxisismoreoftenusedinChineseandhypotaxisisnotamust,whilehypotaxisismoreoftenusedinWesternlanguages,inwhichconnectingmeans1.4ProfessorWangLisarqumen6ProfessorWangLisays,ThestructureofWesternlanguagesislikesomethingconnectedbyrings.Thoughtheyareconnected,thetracesoflinkingarevisibleOntheotherhand,thestructureoftheChineselanguageislikeaseamlessheavenlyrobe,whichispiecedtogetherwithoutanytraces.TheWesterngrammarishardandinelasticandtheChinesegrammarissoftandelastic.BecausetheWesterngrammarishard,therearemanystiffrequirementsinit,e.g.asubjectisindispensibleinafiniteclause.TheChineselanguageissoft,sothemainpurposeoftheChinesegrammaristoexpressmeaning,e.g.theobjectintheprecedingclausecanbeusedasthesubjectofthefollowingclause.(他買了一輛車,是國產(chǎn)的。)Foranotherexample,tworelevantthingscanbepiecedtogetherwithoutanyconnectivewords.(他買了一輛國產(chǎn)車,我買了一輛進口車。/冬天來了,春天還會遠嗎?)ProfessorWangLisays,Thest71.5Otherscholars'opinionsafamousAmericantheoristoftranslationEugineA.NidapointedoutinTranslatingMeaningin1983,ThemostimportantcontractbetweenChineseandenglishishypotaxisandparataxisSomeChinesescholarscompareenglishsentencestoatoweringtreewithmanybranches,abunchofgrapes,orastringofpearls,theyalsocompareChinesesentencestoabamboo,aplateofpearls,orwavesontheriverChinesesentencesareformedmainlybywayofovertcoherence(顯性連貫)throughmeaningEnglishsentencesareformedmainlybywayofcovertcohesion(隱性呼應(yīng))thoughformative1.5Otherscholars'opinions81.6RegisteranddiachronicdifferencesOnthewhole,therearemorehypotaxissentencesinscientific,philosophical,law,andformalofficialwritingsontheotherhandtherearemoreparataxissentencesinliterarywritingsanddailyspeechDiachronically,therearemorehypotaxissentencesinmodernChinesethaninancientChinese.Infact,modernChinesehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternlanguages,especiallyinscientific,philosophical,law,andformalofficialwritings.1.6Registeranddiachronicdi91.7AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofhypotaxisandparataxisParataxisisusedmorefrequentlyinchinese.Therearemoresentenceswithnosubject,sentenceswiththesubjectomittedmoreactivevoicesentencesandfewerconjunctionsinChinesethaninenglishTherefore,theChineselanguageismoreconcisebutmorediminstructure.beingmoreconciseispreferredinliteraryworksanddailyspeech,anditsavestimeandspace,whichisespeciallyimportantintheinformationage.besides,itisalanguagemoresuitableforpoetry.However,beingdiminstructuresometimesmayleadtovaguenessormisunderstanding,whichshouldbeavoidedinscientific,philosophical,law,andformalofficial1.7Advantagesanddisadvantag10形合意合與翻譯課件11形合意合與翻譯課件12形合意合與翻譯課件13形合意合與翻譯課件14形合意合與翻譯課件15形合意合與翻譯課件16形合意合與翻譯課件17形合意合與翻譯課件18形合意合與翻譯課件19形合意合與翻譯課件20形合意合與翻譯課件21形合意合與翻譯課件22形合意合與翻譯課件23形合意合與翻譯課件24形合意合與翻譯課件25形合意合與翻譯課件26形合意合與翻譯課件27形合意合與翻譯課件28形合意合與翻譯課件29形合意合與翻譯課件30形合意合與翻譯課件31形合意合與翻譯課件32形合意合與翻譯課件33形合意合與翻譯課件34形合意合與翻譯課件35形合意合與翻譯課件36形合意合與翻譯課件37形合意合與翻譯課件38形合意合與翻譯課件39形合意合與翻譯課件40形合意合與翻譯課件41形合意合與翻譯課件42形合意合與翻譯課件43從形合意合談漢譯英OnC-ETranslationfromthePerspectiveofHypotaxisandParataxis從形合意合談漢譯英44Outline1HypotaxisandParataxis2TwoWaysofForminganEnglishSentence3MajorDifferencesinStructure4SentenceCombinationOutline451WhatareHypotaxisandParataxis?Ingeneral,hypotaxisisharmonyinformandparataxisisharmonyinmeaning1.1ThedefinitionofhypotaxisHypotaxisisthegrammaticalarrangementoffunctionallysimilarbut"unequalconstructs(hypo="beneath",taxis="arrangement")constructsplayinganunequalroleinasentence.Acommonexampleofsyntacticexpressionofhypotaxisissubordinationinacomplexsentence1WhatareHypotaxisandParat461.2ThedefinitionofparataxisParataxisisawayofwritingorspeakingthatfavorsshort,simplesentences,withtheuseofratherthansubordinatingcoordinating(fromgreekforactofplacingconjunctionssidebyside",Para=besidetassin=arrange)Itisaliterarytechnique,contrastedwihypotaxisItisalsousedtodescribeatechniqueinpoetryinwhichtwoimagesorfragmentsarecoordinatedwithoutaclearconnectionReadersarethenlefttomaketheirownconnectionsimpliedbytheparatacticsyntaxEzrapoundinhisadaptationofchineseandJapanesepoetry,madethecoordinationofimagesanimportantpartofenglishlanguage1.2Thedefinitionofparataxi471.3ThethreedevicestoformasentenceWordsareconnectedinthreewaystoformasentencesyntacticaldevices,lexicaldevicesandsemanticdevices.Syntacticaldevicesandlexicaldevicespertaintohypotaxis,andsemanticdevicespertaintoparataxisThethreedevicesareusedinalllanguages,butsomeareusedmorefrequentlyinonelanguagethaninotherlanguages.Forexample,syntacticaldevicesandlexicaldevicesareusedmorefrequentlyinEnglishthaninChineseandsemanticdevicesareusedmorefrequentlyinChinesethaninEnglishProf.YangRongguihadaninvestigationofadreaminRedMansionsbycountinghypotaxissentencesinthecorrespondingpartsoftheChineseversionandtheEnglishversion.Accordingtothestatistics,thereareaboutonlyabout28%ofhypotaxissentencesintheChineseversion1.3Thethreedevicestoform481.4ProfessorWangLisarqumentAfamouslinguistWangLi(Et)isthefirstChinesescholarwhopresentedtheconceptofhypotaxisandparataxis.HestatesinChina'sGrammaticalTheory(<中國語法理論》,商務(wù)印書館1945年)thattheyaretwobasicmeanstoformlanguage.heholdsthathypotaxisisameansbywhich"loose"individualwordsareconnectedintoconcentrated"phraseandfurtherdiscourse(throughthechangeofwordformsandconnectionofwords);parataxisdependsonthemeaning,i.e.theinternallogicrelationshiptoformlanguage.HealsopointsoutthatthetwomeanscoexistinalanguagewithmoreemphasisononethantheotherparataxisismoreoftenusedinChineseandhypotaxisisnotamust,whilehypotaxisismoreoftenusedinWesternlanguages,inwhichconnectingmeans1.4ProfessorWangLisarqumen49ProfessorWangLisays,ThestructureofWesternlanguagesislikesomethingconnectedbyrings.Thoughtheyareconnected,thetracesoflinkingarevisibleOntheotherhand,thestructureoftheChineselanguageislikeaseamlessheavenlyrobe,whichispiecedtogetherwithoutanytraces.TheWesterngrammarishardandinelasticandtheChinesegrammarissoftandelastic.BecausetheWesterngrammarishard,therearemanystiffrequirementsinit,e.g.asubjectisindispensibleinafiniteclause.TheChineselanguageissoft,sothemainpurposeoftheChinesegrammaristoexpressmeaning,e.g.theobjectintheprecedingclausecanbeusedasthesubjectofthefollowingclause.(他買了一輛車,是國產(chǎn)的。)Foranotherexample,tworelevantthingscanbepiecedtogetherwithoutanyconnectivewords.(他買了一輛國產(chǎn)車,我買了一輛進口車。/冬天來了,春天還會遠嗎?)ProfessorWangLisays,Thest501.5Otherscholars'opinionsafamousAmericantheoristoftranslationEugineA.NidapointedoutinTranslatingMeaningin1983,ThemostimportantcontractbetweenChineseandenglishishypotaxisandparataxisSomeChinesescholarscompareenglishsentencestoatoweringtreewithmanybranches,abunchofgrapes,orastringofpearls,theyalsocompareChinesesentencestoabamboo,aplateofpearls,orwavesontheriverChinesesentencesareformedmainlybywayofovertcoherence(顯性連貫)throughmeaningEnglishsentencesareformedmainlybywayofcovertcohesion(隱性呼應(yīng))thoughformative1.5Otherscholars'opinions511.6RegisteranddiachronicdifferencesOnthewhole,therearemorehypotaxissentencesinscientific,philosophical,law,andformalofficialwritingsontheotherhandtherearemoreparataxissentencesinliterarywritingsanddailyspeechDiachronically,therearemorehypotaxissentencesinmodernChinesethaninancientChinese.Infact,modernChinesehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternlanguages,especiallyinscientific,phi