專八真題語言知識

專八真題語言知識專八真題語言知識專八真題語言知識專八真題語言知識編制僅供參考審核批準(zhǔn)生效日期地址：電話：傳真:郵編:1995-2018年英語專業(yè)八級改錯真題及答案2018年真題Massmediaismediathatisintendedforalargeaudience.Itmaytaketheformofbroadcastmedia,asincaseoftelevisionandradio,1._____orprintmedia,asnewspapersandmagazines.2._____Usually,massmediaaimstoreachaverylargemarket,suchastheentirepopulationofacountry.Bycontrast,localmediacoversamuchsmallpopulationandarea,focusingonregionalnewsof3._____interest,specialtymediaisprovidedforparticulardemographicgroups.4._____Somelocalmediaoutletsthatcoverstateorprovincialnewsmayraiseto5._____prominencethankstotheirinvestigativejournalism,andtothecloutthattheirparticularregionshaveinnationalpolitics.Peopleoftenthinkofmassmediaasthenews,italsoincludes6._____entertainmentliketelevisionshows,books,andfilms.Itmayalsobeeducationalinthenature,asintheinstanceofpublicbroadcastingstations7._____thatprovideeducationalprogrammingtoanationalaudience.Politicalcommunicationsincluding

propaganda

arealsofrequentlydistributedthroughthemedia,aswerepublicserviceannouncementsand8._____emergencyalerts.Whenelitistsmaybetemptedtosneeratthemassmedia,referringtoit9._____asthe“opiateofthemasses,”itisacriticalpartofhumansocieties.Understandmassmediaisusuallykeytounderstandapopulation10._____andculture,whichiswhythefieldofmediastudiesissohuge.2017年真題Theabilitytocommunicateistheprimaryfactorthatdistinguisheshumanbeingsfromanimals.Anditistheabilitytocommunicatewellwhich1._______distinguishesoneindividualfromanother.Thefactisthatapartfromthebasicnecessities,oneneedstobeequippedwithhabitsforgoodcommunicationskills,thusthisis2._______whatwillmakeoneahappyandsuccessfulsocialbeing.Inordertodevelopthesehabits,oneneedstofirstacknowledgethefactthattheyneedtoimprovecommunicationskillsfromtimetotime.Theyneedtotakestockofthewayhowtheyinteractandthedirection3._______inwhichtheirworkandpersonalrelationsaregoing.Theonlyconstantinlifeischange,themoreoneacceptsone’sstrengthsandworks4._______towardsdealingwiththeirshortcomings,speciallyintheareaof5._______communicationskills,thebetterwillbetheirinteractionsandthemoretheirsocialpopularity.Thedominatedquestionthatcomeshereis:Howtoimprove6._______communicationskillsTheanswerissimple.Onecanfindplentyofliteratureonthis.Therearealsoexperts,whoconductworkshopsandseminarsbasedoncommunicationskillsofmenandwomen.Infact,alargenumberofcompaniesarebringingintrainerstoregularlymakesessionsonthesubject,inorderto7._______helptheirworkforcemaintainbetterinterpersonalworkrelations.Todayeffectivecommunicationskillshavebecomeapredominantfactorevenwhilerecruitingemployees.Whileinterviewingcandidates,mostinterviewersjudgethemonthebasisoftheskillstheycommunicatewith.Theybelievethatsomeskillscanbeimprovisedonthejob;butabilityto8.______communicatewellisimportant,aseveryemployeebecomestherepresentingfaceofthecompany.Therearetrainers,whospecializedindeliveringcustom-made9._______programsonthesubject.Throughthesessionstheynotonlyfacilitatebettercommunicationskillsintheworkplace,butalsolookintotheproblemsinthemannerofbeingabletoconveymessageseffectively.10._______2016年真題Allsocialunitsdevelopaculture.Evenintwo-personrelationships,aculturedevelopsintime.Infriendshipandromanticrelationships,1._________forexample,partnersdeveloptheirownhistory,sharedexperiences,languagepatterns,habits,andcustomsgivethatrelationshipaspecial2._________character—acharacterthatdiffersitinvariouswaysfrom3._________otherrelationships.Examplesmightincludespecialdates,places,songs,oreventsthatcometohaveauniqueandimportantsymbolicmeaningforthetwoindividuals.Thus,any4._________socialunit—whetherarelationship,group,organization,orsociety—developsaculturewiththepassageoftime.Whilethedefiningcharacteristicsofeachcultureareunique,allculturessharecertainsamefunctions.Therelationshipbetween5.__________communicationandcultureisaverycomplexintimateone.6.__________Culturesarecreatedthroughcommunication;thatis,communicationisthemeansofhumaninteraction,throughitculturalcharacteristics7.__________arecreatedandshared.Itisnotsomuchthatindividualssetouttocreateaculturewhentheyinteractinrelationships,groups,organizations,orsocieties,butratherthanthatculturesareanaturalby-productofsocialinteraction.8._________Inasense,culturesarethe“residue”ofsocialcommunication.Withoutcommunicationandcommunicationmedia,itwouldbeimpossibletohaveandpassalongculturalcharacteristicsfromoneplaceandtimeto9.__________another.Onecansay,furthermore,thatcultureiscreated,shaped,10._________transmitted,andlearnedthroughcommunication.2015年真題When

I

was

in

my

early

teens,

I

was

taken

to

a

spectacular

show

on

ice

by

the

mother

of

a

friend.

Looked

round

at

the

luxury

of

the

1.________rink,

my

friend’s

mother

remarked

on

the

“plush”

seats

we

had

been

given.

I

did

not

know

what

she

meant,

and

being

proud

of

my

2.________

vocabulary,

I

tried

to

infer

its

meaning

from

the

context.

“Plush”

was

clearly

intended

as

a

complimentary,

a

positive

evaluation;

that

3.________

much

I

could

tell

it

from

the

tone

of

voice

and

the

context.

So

I

4.

________

started

to

use

the

word.

Yes,

I

replied,

they

certainly

are

plush,

and

so

are

the

ice

rink

and

the

costumes

of

the

skaters,

aren’t

they?

My

friend’s

mother

was

very

polite

to

correct

me,

but

I

could

tell

from

her

5.________

expression

that

I

had

not

got

the

word

quite

right.

Often

we

can

indeed

infer

from

the

context

what

a

word

roughly

means,

and

that

is

in

fact

the

way

which

we

usually

acquire

both

6.

________

new

words

and

new

meanings

for

familiar

words,

specially

in

our

7.

________

own

first

language.

But

sometimes

we

need

to

ask,

as

I

should

have

asked

for

plush,

and

this

is

particularly

true

in

the

8.________aspect

of

a

foreign

language.

If

you

are

continually

surrounded

by

9________speakers

of

the

language

you

are

learning,

you

can

ask

them

directly,

but

often

this

opportunity

does

not

exist

for

the

learner

of

English.

So

dictionaries

have

been

developed

to

mend

the

gap.

10.

_________2014年真題Thereiswidespreadconsensusamongscholarsthatsecondlanguageacquisition(SLA)emergedasadistinctfieldofresearchfromthelate1950stoearly1960s.Thereisahighlevelofagreementthatthefollowingquestions

1.__________have

possessed

the

most

attention

of

researchers

in

this

area:

2.__________◆Isitpossibletoacquireanadditionallanguageinthesamesenseoneacquiresafirstlanguage?

3.__________◆Whatistheexplanationforthefactadultshave

4.__________moredifficultyinacquiringadditionallanguagesthanchildrenhave?◆Whatmotivatespeopletoacquireadditionallanguages?

◆Whatistheroleofthelanguageteachinginthe

5.___________acquisitionofanadditionallanguage?◆Whatsocio-culturalfactors,ifany,arerelevantinstudyingthelearningofadditionallanguages?Fromacheckoftheliteratureofthefielditisclearthatall

6.__________theapproachesadoptedtostudythephenomenaofSLAsofarhaveonethingincommon:Theperspectiveadoptedtoviewtheacquiringofanadditionallanguageisthatofanindividualattemptstodo

7.___________so.Whetheronelabelsit“l(fā)earning”or“acquiring”anadditionallanguage,itisanindividualaccomplishmentorwhatisunder

8.___________focusisthecognitive,psychological,andinstitutionalstatusofan

individual.Thatis,thespotlightisonwhatmentalcapabilitiesareinvolving,whatpsychologicalfactorsplayaroleinthelearning

9.___________oracquisition,andwhetherthetargetlanguageislearntintheclassroomoracquiredthroughsocialtouchwithnativespeakers.

10.___________2013年真題Psycho-linguistics

is

the

name

given

to

the

study

of

the

psychological

processes

involved

in

language.

Psycholinguistics

study

understanding,

production

and

remembering

language,

and

hence

are

concerned

1.__________with

listening,

reading,

speaking,

writing,

and

memory

for

language.

One

reason

why

we

take

the

language

for

granted

is

that

it

usually

2.________happens

so

effortlessly,

and

most

of

time,

so

accurately.

3._________Indeed,

when

you

listen

to

someone

to

speaking,

or

looking

at

this

page,

4.________

you

normally

cannot

help

but

understand

it.

It

is

only

in

exceptional

circumstances

we

might

become

aware

of

5._________the

complexity

involved:

if

we

are

searching

for

a

word

but

cannot

remember

it;

if

a

relative

or

colleague

has

had

a

stroke

which

has

6._________influenced

their

language;

if

we

observe

a

child

acquire

language;

7._________if

we

try

to

learn

a

second

language

ourselves

as

an

adult;

or

if

we

are

visually

impaired

or

hearing-impaired

or

if

we

meet

anyone

else

8._________who

is.

As

we

shall

see,

all

these

examplesof

what

might

be

called

“l(fā)anguage

in

exceptional

circumstances”

reveal

a

great

deal

about

the

processes

evolved

in

speaking,listening,

writing

and

reading.

But

9.__________given

that

language

processes

were

normally

so

automatic,

we

also

10.__________need

to

carry

out

careful

experiments

to

get

at

what

is

happening.

2012年真題The

central

problem

of

translating

has

always

been

whether

to

translate

literally

or

freely.

The

argument

has

been

going

since

at

least

1.__________the

first

century

B.C.

Up

to

the

beginning

of

the

19th

century,

many

writers

favored

certain

kind

of

“free”

translation:

the

spirit,

not

the

2.__________letter;

the

sense

not

the

word;

the

message

rather

the

form;

the

matter

3.__________not

the

manner.

This

is

the

often

revolutionary

slogan

of

writers

who

4.___________wanted

the

truth

to

be

read

and

understood.

Then

in

the

turn

of

5.___________19th

century,

when

the

study

of

cultural

anthropology

suggested

that

the

linguistic

barriers

were

insuperable

and

that

the

language

was

6.__________entirely

the

product

of

culture,

the

view

translation

was

impossible

7.__________

gained

some

currency,

and

with

it

that,

if

was

attempted

at

all,

it

must

8.__________be

asliteral

as

possible.

This

view

culminated

the

statement

of

the

9._________

extreme

“l(fā)iteralists”

Walter

Benjamin

and

Vladimir

Nobokov.The

argument

was

theoretical:

the

purpose

of

the

translation,

the

nature

of

the

readership,

the

type

of

the

text,

was

not

discussed.

Too

often,

writer,translator

and

reader

were

implicitly

identified

with

each

other.

Now,

the

context

has

changed,

and

the

basic

problem

remains.

10.

_________2011年真題Fromaveryearlyage,perhapstheageoffiveorsix,IknewthatwhenIgrewIshouldbeawriter.Betweentheages1._____________ofaboutseventeenandtwenty-fourItriedtoabandonthisidea,butIdidsowiththeconsciencethatIwasoutragingmy2._____________truenatureandthatsoonorlaterIshouldhavetosettledown3._____________andwritebooks.Iwasthechildofthree,buttherewasagapoffiveyearsoneitherside,andIbarelysawmyfather4._____________beforeIwaseight.ForthisandotherreasonsIwassomewhatlonely,andIsoondevelopeddisagreeingmannerismswhich5._____________mademeunpopularthroughoutmyschooldays.Ihadthelonelychild'shabitofmakingupstoriesandholdingconversationswithimaginativepersons,andIthinkfromthe6._____________verystartmyliteralambitionsweremixedupwiththefeeling7._____________ofbeingisolatedandundervalued.IknewthatIhadafacilitywithwordsandapoweroffacinginunpleasantfacts,andI8._____________feltthatthiscreatedasortofprivateworldwhichIcouldget9._____________myownbackformyfailureineverydaylife.Therefore,the10.____________volumeofserious—i.e.seriouslyintended—writingwhichIproducedallthroughmychildhoodandboyhoodwouldnotamounttohalfadozenpages.Iwrotemyfirstpoemattheageoffourorfive,mymothertakingitdowntodictation.2010年真題So

far

as

we

can

tell,

all

human

languages

are

equally

complete

and

perfect

as

instruments

of

communication:

that

is,

every

language

appears

to

be

well

equipped

as

any

other

to

say

1____________the

things

their

speakers

want

to

say.

2____________There

may

or

may

not

be

appropriate

to

talk

about

primitive

3_____________peoples

or

cultures,

but

that

is

another

matter.

Certainly,

not

all

groups

of

people

are

equally

competent

in

nuclear

physics

or

psychology

or

the

cultivation

of

rice

.

Whereas

this

is

not

the

4____________fault

of

their

language.

The

Eskimos

,

it

is

said,

can

speak

about

snow

with

further

more

precision

and

subtlety

than

we

can

in

5_____________English,

but

this

is

not

because

the

Eskimo

language

(one

of

those

sometimes

miscalled

'primitive')

is

inherently

more

precise

and

subtle

than

English.

This

example

does

not

come

to

light

a

defect

6____________in

English,

a

show

of

unexpected

'primitiveness'.

The

position

is

simply

and

obviously

that

the

Eskimos

and

the

English

live

in

similar

7___________environments.

The

English

language

will

be

just

as

rich

in

terms

8____________for

different

kinds

of

snow,

presumably,

if

the

environments

in

which

Englishwas

habitually

used

made

such

distinction

as

important.

9___________Similarly,

we

have

no

reason

to

doubt

that

the

Eskimo

language

could

be

as

precise

and

subtle

on

the

subject

of

motor

manufacture

or

cricket

if

these

topics

formed

the

part

of

the

Eskimos'

life.

10___________Forobvioushistoricalreasons,Englishmeninthenineteenthcenturycouldnottalkaboutmotorcarswiththeminutediscriminationwhichispossibletoday:carswerenotapartoftheirculture.Buttheyhadahostoftermsforhorse-drawnvehicleswhichsendus,puzzled,toahistoricaldictionarywhenwearereadingScottorDickens.Howmanyofuscoulddistinguishbetweenachaise,alandau,avictoria,abrougham,acoupe,agig,adiligence,awhisky,acalash,atilbury,acarriole,aphaeton,andaclarence

2009年真題The

previous

section

has

shown

how

quickly

a

rhyme

passes

from

one

school

child

to

the

next

and

illustrates

the

further

difference

1.__________

between

school

lore

and

nursery

lore.

In

nursery

lore

a

verse,learnt

in

early

childhood,

is

not

usually

passed

on

again

when

the

littlelistener

2.__________has

grown

up,

and

has

children

of

their

own,

or

even

grandchild.

3.__________The

period

between

learning

a

nursery

rhyme

and

transmitting

it

may

be

something

from

twenty

to

seventy

years.With

the

playground

lore,

4.__________therefore,

a

rhyme

may

be

excitedly

passedon

within

the

very

hour

it

is

5._________learnt;

and

in

the

general,

it

passes

between

children

of

the

same

age,

6.___________or

nearly

so,

since

it

is

uncommon

for

the

difference

in

age

between

playmates

to

be

more

than

five

years.

If,therefore,

a

playground

rhyme

can

be

shown

to

have

been

currently

for

a

hundred

years,

or

even

just

7.___________for

fifty,

it

follows

that

it

has

been

retransmitted

over

and

over;

very

8.___________possibly

it

has

passed

along

a

chain

of

two

or

three

hundred

young

hearers

and

tellers,

and

the

wonder

is

that

it

remains

live

after

so

much

9.__________handling,

to

let

alone

that

it

bears

resemblance

to

the

10.___________2008年真題The

desire

to

use

language

as

a

sign

of

national

identity

is

a

very

natural

one,

and

in

result

language

has

played

a

prominent

1.__________part

in

national

moves.

Men

have

often

felt

the

need

to

cultivate

2.__________a

given

language

to

show

that

they

are

distinctive

from

another

3.__________race

whose

hegemony

they

resent.

At

the

time

the

United

States

4.__________split

off

from

Britain,

for

example,

there

were

proposals

that

independence

should

be

linguistically

accepted

by

the

use

of

a

5.__________different

language

from

those

of

Britain.

There

was

even

one

6.__________proposal

that

Americans

should

adopt

Hebrew.

Others

favoured

the

adoption

of

Greek,

though,

as

one

man

put

it,

things

would

certainly

be

simpler

for

Americans

if

they

stuck

on

to

English

7.__________

and

made

the

British

learn

Greek.

At

the

end,

as

everyone

8.__________

knows,

the

two

countries

adopted

the

practical

and

satisfactory

solution

of

carrying

with

the

same

language

as

before.

9.__________Since

nearly

two

hundred

years

now,

they

have

shown

the

world

10.________that

political

independence

and

national

identity

can

be

complete

without

sacrificing

the

enormous

mutual

advantages

of

a

common

language.

2007年真題From

what

has

been

said,

it

must

be

clear

that

no

one

can

make

very

positive

statements

about

how

language

originated.

There

is

no

material

in

any

language

today

and

in

the

earliest

1.__________

records

of

ancient

languages

show

us

language

in

a

new

and

2.__________

emerging

state.

It

is

often

said,

of

course,

that

the

language

3._________

originated

in

cries

of

anger,

fear,

pain

and

pleasure,

and

the

4.__________

necessary

evidence

is

entirely

lacking:

there

are

no

remote

tribes,

no

ancient

records,

providing

evidence

of

a

language

with

a

large

proportion

of

such

cries

5.__________

than

we

find

in

English.

It

is

true

that

the

absence

of

such

evidence

does

not

disprove

the

theory,

but

in

other

grounds6.___________too

the

theory

is

not

very

attractive.

People

of

all

races

and

languages

make

rather

similar

noises

in

return

to

pain

or

pleasure.

The

fact

that

7.___________

such

noises

are

similar

on

the

lips

of

Frenchmen

and

Malaysians

whose

languages

are

utterly

different,

serves

to

emphasize

on

the

fundamental

difference

8.___________

between

these

noises

and

language

proper.

We

maysay

that

the

cries

of

pain

or

chortles

of

amusement

are

largely

reflex

actions,

instinctive

to

large

extent,

9.____________

whereas

language

proper

does

not

consist

of

signs

but

of

these

that

have

to

be

learnt

and

that

arewholly

conventional.10.___________2006年真題We

use

language

primarily

as

a

means

of

communication

with

other

human

beings.

Each

of

us

shares

with

the

community

in

which

we

live

a

store

of

words

and

meanings

as

well

as

agreeing

conventions

as

1.________to

the

way

in

which

words

should

be

arranged

to

convey

a

particular

2.________message:

the

English

speaker

has

in

his

disposal

vocabulary

and

a

3._________

set

of

grammatical

rules

which

enables

him

to

communicate

his

4._________thoughts

and

feelings,

in

a

variety

of

styles,

to

the

other

English

5._________

speakers.

His

vocabulary,

in

particular,

both

that

which

he

uses

actively

and

that

which

he

recognises,

increases

in

size

as

he

grows

old

as

a

result

of

education

and

experience.

6._________But,

whether

the

language

store

is

relatively

small

or

large,

the

system

remains

no

more

than

a

psychological

reality

for

the

individual,

unless

he

has

a

means

of

expressing

it

in

terms

able

to

be

seen

by

another

7._________

member

of

his

linguistic

community;

he

has

to

give

the

system

a

concrete

transmission

form.

We

take

it

for

granted

the

two

most

8.___________common

forms

of

transmission-by

means

of

sounds

produced

by

our

vocal

organs

(speech)

or

by

visual

signs

(writing).

And

these

are

9.___________among

most

striking

of

human

achievements.

10.___________2005年真題The

University

as

BusinessA

number

of

colleges

and

universities

have

announced

steep

tuition

increases

for

next

year—much

steeper

than

the

current,

very

low

rate

of

inflation.

They

say

the

increases

are

needed

because

of

a

loss

in

value

of

university

endowments

heavily

investing

in

common

stock.

I

am

skeptical.

1._______A

business

firm

chooses

the

price

that

maximizes

its

net

revenues,

irrespective

fluctuations

in

income;

and

increasingly

the

outlook

of

2._________universities

in

the

United

States

is

indistinguishable

from

those

of

business

firms.

The

rise

in

tuitions

may

reflect

the

fact

economic

4._________uncertaintyincreases

the

demand

for

education.

The

biggest

cost

of

being

in

the

school

is

foregoing

income

from

a

job

(this

is

primarily

a

5._________factor

in

graduate

and

professional-school

tuition);

the

poor

one's

job

prospects,the

more

sense

it

makes

to

6.__________reallocate

time

from

the

job

market

to

education,

in

order

to

make

oneself

more

marketable.

The

ways

which

universities

make

themselves

attractive

to

students7._________include

soft

majors,

student

evaluations

of

teachers,

giving

students

a

governance

role,

and

eliminate

required

courses.

Sky-high

tuitions

8.____________have

caused

universities

to

regard

their

students

as

customers.

Just

as

business

firms

sometimes

collude

to

shorten

the

rigors

of

competition,

9.___________universities

collude

to

minimize

the

cost

to

them

of

the

athletes

whom

they

recruit

in

order

to

stimulate

alumni

donations,

so

the

best

athletes

now

often

bypass

higher

education

in

order

to

obtain

salaries

earlier

from

professional

teams.

And

until

they

were

stopped

by

the

antitrust

authorities,

the

Ivy

League

schools

colluded

to

limit

competition

for

the

best

students,

by

agreeing

not

to

award

scholarships

on

the

basis

of

merit

rather

than

purely

of

need—just

like

business

firms

agreeing

not

to

give

discounts

on

their

best

customer.

10

___________2004年真題Oneofthemostimportantnon-legislativefunctionsoftheU.S.Congressisthepowertoinvestigate.Thepowerisusuallydelegtatedtocommittees—eitherstadingcommittees,specialcommitteessetforaspecificpurpose,1.___________orjointcommitteesconsistedofmembersofbothhouses.2.___________InvestigationsareheldtogatherinformationontheneedforFuturelegislation,totesttheeffectivenessoflawsalreadypassed,toinquireintothequalificationandperformanceofmembersandofficialsoftheotherbranches,andinrareoccasions,tolaythe3.___________groundworkforimpeachmentproceedings.Frequently,committeesrelyoutsideexpertstoassistinconductinginvestigativehearings4.___________andtomakeoutdetailedstudiesofissues.5.____________Thereareimportantcorallariestotheinvestigativepower.Oneisthepowertopublicizeinvestigationsanditsresults.6.___________mostcommitteehearingsareopentopublicandarereported7.___________widelyinthemassmedia.Congressionalinvestigationneverthelessrepresentoneimportanttoolavailabletolawmakers8.__________toinformthecitizenryandtoarousepublicinterestsinnationalissuses.9.__________Congressionalcommitteesalsohavethepowertocompeltestimonyfromunwillingwitnesses,andtocitefrocontemptofCongresswitnesseswhorefusetotestifyandforperjurythesewhogivefalsetestimony.10.__________2003年真題Demographic

indicators

show

that

Americans

in

the

postwar

period

were

more

eager

than

ever

to

establish

families.

They

quickly

brought

down

the

age

at

marriage

for

both

men

and

women

and

brought

the

birth

rate

to

a

twentieth

century

height

after

more

than

a

hundred

1.________years

of

a

steady

decline,

producing

the

“baby

boom.”

These

young

2.________adults

established

a

trend

of

early

marriage

and

relatively

large

families

that

went

for

more

than

two

decades

and

caused

a

major

3.___________but

temporary

reversal

of

long-term

demographic

patterns.

From

the

1940s

through

the

early

1960s,

Americans

married

at

a

high

rate

4.__________

and

at

a

younger

age

than

their

Europe

counterparts.

5.__________

Less

noted

but

equally

more

significant,

the

men

and

women

who

6._______formed

families

between

1940

and

1960

nevertheless

reduced

the

7._________

divorce

rate

after

a

postwar

peak;

their

marriages

remained

intact

to

a

greater

extent

than

did

that

of

couples

who

married

in

earlier

as

well

8.__________as

later

decades.

Since

the

United

States

maintained

its

dubious

9.__________distinction

of

having

the

highest

divorce

rate

in

the

world,

the

temporary

decline

in

divorce

did

not

occur

in

the

same

extent

in

10._________Europe.

Contrary

to

fears

of

the

experts,

the

role

of

breadwinner

andhomemaker

was

not

abandoned.2002年真題There

are

great

impediments

to

the

general

use

of

a

standard

in

pronunciation

comparable

to

that

existing

in

spelling

(orthography).

One

is

the

factthat

pronunciation

is

learnt“naturally”

and

unconsciously,

and

orthography

is

learnt

1.____________deliberately

and

consciously.

Large

numbers

of

us,

in

fact,

remain

throughout

our

lives

quite

unconscious

with

what

2.____________our

speech

sounds

like

when

we

speak

out,

and

it

often

3.____________comes

as

a

shock

when

we

firstly

hear

a

recording

of

ourselves.

4.____________It

is

not

a

voice

we

recognize

at

once,

whereas

our

own

handwriting

is

something

which

we

almost

always

know.

We

begin

the

“natural”5.___________learning

of

pronunciation

long

before

we

start

learning

to

read

or

write,

and

in

our

early

years

we

went

on

unconsciously

imitating

and

6.___________practicing

the

pronunciation

of

those

around

us

for

many

more

hours

per

every

day

than

we

ever

have

to

spend

learning

even

our

difficult

7.__________English

spelling.

This

is

“natural”

therefore,

that

our

speech-sounds

8.__________should

be

those

of

our

immediate

circle;

after

all,

as

we

have

seen,

speech

operates

as

a

means

of

holding

a

community

and

9.__________giving

a

sense

of“belonging”.

We

learn

quite

early

to

recognize

a

“stranger”,someone

who

speaks

with

an

accent

of

a

different

Community—perhaps

only

a

few

miles

far.

10.__________2