英文實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告的格式和寫法

英文實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告的格式和寫法【轉(zhuǎn)】2010-10-0406:03一份最標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告的格式：AbstractIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionConclusionReference分別來(lái)分享下近來(lái)學(xué)到的。。Abstract摘要摘要，就是整篇文章摘出來(lái)的要。強(qiáng)烈建議整篇文章寫完后再寫摘要。把文章每個(gè)部分選一些句子出來(lái)就可以拼湊成一個(gè) abstract 了。一個(gè)abstract 的模板：一兩句話說(shuō)明這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的主要理論依據(jù)，或者實(shí)驗(yàn)需要證明的假說(shuō)。一兩句話說(shuō)一下這個(gè)理論或者假說(shuō)的相關(guān)的研究。兩三句話描述一下實(shí)驗(yàn)兩三句話概括一下實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果一句話說(shuō)一個(gè)結(jié)論，解釋一下這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的意義或結(jié)果的重要性轉(zhuǎn)一個(gè)別人的example:Doesachild’sfocuscorrelatewithbarometricpressure?ifso,doesitcorrelatepositivelyornegatively?Tucker(1999)hypothesizedanegativecorrelation,butthisassertionhasneverbeentested.OurteamusedtheMISHACPTtomeasurethefocusofagroupof150third-gradestudents.wedividedthestudentsintothreegroupsof50students.onegrouptooktheMISHACPTwhenbarometricpressurewaslow,anothergrouptookitwhenbarometricpressurewasneutral,andthefinalgrouptookitwhenbarometricpressurewashigh.theresultsfoundthatchildrenfocusedsignificantlybetterwhenbarometricpressurewaslowthanwhenbarometricpressurewasneutralorhigh.theresultssuggestthatwhendiagnosingADHD,practitionersshouldgivetheCPTwhenbarometricpressureisneutral.IntroductionIntroduction以實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康臑殚_頭，解釋一下這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)需要證明的東西。具體實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康囊暼獙?shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告長(zhǎng)度而定，幾段到幾頁(yè)都有的。實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康膶懲旰蠼榻B實(shí)驗(yàn)基本理論。介紹一下前人或者文獻(xiàn)里的相近相關(guān)的實(shí)驗(yàn)，寫一下他們的成果以及不到位的地方。（well,如果是學(xué)校安排的每年都要做的實(shí)驗(yàn)就寫寫類似相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)的優(yōu)劣吧），這部分注意寫reference。然后介紹一下實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程。如果實(shí)驗(yàn)用了一些非常見(jiàn)的儀器，也可以在這個(gè)部分做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)要介紹。再轉(zhuǎn)一篇我認(rèn)為寫得很好的IntroductionexampleIntroductionInthislab,weexplorethetheoryofoptimalforagingandthetheoryofcentralplaceforagingusingbeaversasthemodelanimal.Foragingreferstothemammalianbehaviorassociatedwithsearchingforfood.Theoptimalforagingtheoryassumesthatanimalsfeedinawaythatmaximizestheirnetrateofenergyintakeperunittime(Pykeetal.1977).Ananimalmayeithermaximizeitsdailyenergyintake(energymaximizer)orminimizethetimespentfeeding(timeminimizer)inordertomeetminimumrequirements.Herbivorescommonlybehaveasenergymaximizers(Belovsky1986)andaccomplishthismaximizingbehaviorbychoosingfoodthatisofhighqualityandhaslow-searchandlow-handlingtime(Pykeetal.1977).Thecentralplacetheoryisusedtodescribeanimalsthatcollectfoodandstoreitinafixedlocationintheirhomerange,thecentralplace(Jenkins1980).Thefactorsassociatedwiththeoptimalforagingtheoryalsoapplytothecentralplacetheory.Thecentralplacetheorypredictsthatretrievalcostsincreaselinearlywithdistanceoftheresourcefromthecentralplace(RockwoodandHubbell1987).Centralplacefeedersareveryselectivewhenchoosingfoodthatisfarfromthecentralplacesincetheyhavetospendtimeandenergyhaulingitbacktothestoragesite(Schoener1979).Themainobjectiveofthislabwastodeterminebeaver(Castorcanadensis)foodselectionbasedontreespecies,size,anddistance.Sincebeaversareenergymaximizers(Jenkins1980,Belovsky1984)andcentralplacefeeders(McGinleyandWhitam1985),theymakeanexcellenttestanimalfortheoptimalforagingtheory.Beaverseatseveralkindsofherbaceousplantsaswellastheleaves,twigs,andbarkofmostspeciesofwoodyplantsthatgrownearwater(JenkinsandBusher1979).Byexaminingthetreesthatarechewedornot-chewedinthebeavers’homerange,anaccurateassessmentoffoodpreferencesamongtreespeciesmaybegained(Jenkins1975).Thepurposeofthislabwastolearnabouttheoptimalforagingtheory.Wewantedtoknowifbeaversputtheoptimalforagingtheoryintoactionwhenselectingfood.Wehypothesizedthatthebeaversinthisstudywillchoosetreesthataresmallincircumferenceandclosesttothewater.Sincetheenergyyieldoftreespeciesmayvarysignificantly,wealsohypothesizedthatbeaverswillshowapreferenceforsomespeciesoftreesoverothersregardlessofcircumferencesizeordistancefromthecentralarea.Theoptimalforagingtheoryandcentralplacetheoryleadustopredictthatbeavers,likemostherbivores,willmaximizetheirnetrateofenergyintakeperunittime.Inordertomaximizeenergy,beaverswillchoosetreesthatareclosesttotheircentralplace(thewater)andrequiretheleastretrievalcost.Sincebeaversaretryingtomaximizeenergy,wehypothesizedthattheywilltendtoselectsomespeciesoftreesoverothersonthebasisofnutritionalvalue.Methods這部分通常包括 Material 和Procedure 兩個(gè)部分。Material ：詳細(xì)的寫出實(shí)驗(yàn)用到的材料，設(shè)備，器材。像下面這樣是不夠詳盡的：ChromatographyLightbulbsComputer比較一下下面的：LC-10AVPPlusHigh-performanceliquidchromatography24incandescent60Wlightbulbsarrangedina6*4rectangularmatrix(SeeFigure2)DellPrecisionT7500(XeonX55502.66GHz,6GBRAM,64bitWindows7Professional)另外，如果實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象中有人的話，介紹人數(shù)，群體背景。用Subjects來(lái)稱呼。比如SubjectsWetested150third-gradestudentschosenatrandomfromapoolof346applicantsfromeightLondonpublicandprivateelementaryschools.thestudentsrepresentedafairlywiderangeofeconomicbackgrounds.allagreedtoparticipateinourstudyinexchangefora25poundsgiftcertificatefromalocaltoystore.Procedure詳細(xì)寫出每一步步驟。不要虛構(gòu)理想化實(shí)驗(yàn)，不要夸大某個(gè)過(guò)程如實(shí)敘述即可。如果步驟比較多就用數(shù)字標(biāo)出每一步。example:Thetestperformedonthepotentiometerwasaccomplishedbywindingastringaroundthepotentiometershaft,attachingamasstothestring,andlettingthemassfall.Thechangeinresistanceofthepotentiometerwithtimeindicatedtheaccelerationofthemass.InthisexperimentitwasassumedthattheconstantCoulombfrictiontorquewastheonlyfrictionaffectingthepotentiometer.Ifthisassumptionweretrue,thefrictionforcefromthetorquewouldbeFf=T/r(whereTisthetorqueandristheradiusofthepotentiometer’sshaft).Likewise,thegravityforcewouldbeFg=mg(wheremisthemasstiedtothestringandgisthegravitationalacceleration).AforcebalancethengivesT=mr(g-a),whereaistheaccelerationofthemass.IftheassumptionholdsthattheonlyfrictionaffectingthepotentiometerwasconstantCoulombfriction,theneachmasswouldundergoaconstantacceleration.Thepotentiometermeasuredvoltageversustimeforthemassesastheydropped,butthemeasurementofinteresttouswaspositionversustime.Forthatreason,a‘calibration’wasperformedbeforewemeasuredanydata.Inthecalibration,thepotentiometer’sinitialvoltagewasmeasured.Thenthestringwaspulledasetdistance(2inches),andthevoltagewasrecorded.Thisprocessofpullingthestringasetdistanceandrecordingthevoltagecontinuedanothertwotimes(seeAppendixAfortheresults).Todeterminetherelationshipbetweenvoltageandposition,thedifferencesinthevoltageswereaveragedanddividedbythelength.Theresultingrelationshipwas0.9661volts/inch.Fivedifferentmasseswereusedtotesttheassumptionofconstantacceleration.Foreachmass,thestringwasrolledupontheshaft,theoscilloscopewastriggered,andtheshaftwasreleased.Aseachmassdropped,theoscilloscopecollectedthepotentiometer’svoltageversusthetime.Afterobtainingplotsforeachmass,weusedthevoltage-positionrelationship,mentionedabove,toconvertthedatafromtheformvoltageversustimetotheformpositionversustimesquared.Theresidualsofthedatadeterminedwhethertheassumptionofconstantaccelerationwasvalid.Results實(shí)驗(yàn)的數(shù)據(jù)，公式，圖表，計(jì)算過(guò)程，用一種對(duì)讀者最友好的形式展示出來(lái)。實(shí)驗(yàn)的原始數(shù)據(jù)通常都是放在附錄的，這里都是放處理過(guò)的數(shù)據(jù)。如果有大量的計(jì)算，至少要列出其中一個(gè) samplecalculation.Results部分的開頭最好重復(fù)一下實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康摹Ｈ绻Y(jié)果很多，最好分成不同的 sectionexample:ResultsOverall,beaversshowedapreferenceforcertainspeciesoftrees,andtheirpreferencewasbasedondistancefromthecentralplace.Measurementstakenatthestudysiteshowthatbeaversavoidedoaksandmusclewood(Fig.1)andshowasignificantfoodpreference(x2=447.26,d.f.=9,P<.05).Noavoidanceorparticularpreferencewasobservedfortheothertreespecies.Themeandistanceof8.42mawayfromthewaterfornot-chewedtreeswassignificantlygreaterthanthemeandistanceof6.13mforchewedtrees(t=3.49,d.f.=268,P<.05)(Fig.2).Thetreespeciesthatwereavoidedwerenotsignificantlyfartherfromthewater(t=.4277,d.f.=268,P>.05)thanselectedtrees.Fortheselectedtreespecies,nosignificantdifferenceincircumferencewasfoundbetweentreesthatwerenotchewed(mean=16.03cm)andchewed(mean=12.80cm)(t=1.52,d.f.=268,P>.05)(Fig.3).Discussions對(duì)于results中描述的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)，在這個(gè)部分中進(jìn)一步詮釋，解釋每個(gè)結(jié)果的含義，為后面conclusion做準(zhǔn)備。discussions 的開頭把實(shí)驗(yàn)的理論或者假說(shuō)重復(fù)一遍，然后說(shuō)明其中一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)1Theexperiment ’sresultsprove(recommend)thetheory(hypothesis).2Theexperiment ’sresultsdisprovethetheory(hypothesis).3Theexperiment ’sresultswereinconclusive.然后幾個(gè)方面說(shuō)明這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)Whatresultsconfirmtheopinionistherereasonabledoubtforyouropinion?anypossibleflawsintheexperimentaldesignorholesintheresults?howdoyourresultscomparewithsimilarexperiments,whymightyourresultsdiffer.Example:Ourteamattemptedtodeterminewhetherbarometricpressureinfluenceschildren’sabilitytofocus.inparticular,wetestedTucker’s(1999)hypothesis,whichstatesthatchildren’sfocuscorrelatesnegativelywithbarometricpressure.TheresultshowpartialsupportforTucker’shypothesis.Inparticular,childrenfocussignificantlybetterwhenthebarometricpressureislowthantheydowhenthebarometricpressureisneutralorhigh.however,childrenfocusedonlyslightlyworseduringhighpressurethannormalpressure.theunusuallyhighstandarddeviationonthehigh-pressureday(Thursday)suggeststhathighbarometricpressuremightaffectsomechildrengreatlyandothersverylittle.theresultssuggestthat,whendiagnosingADHD,practitionersshouldgivetheCPTwhenbar