2020年上海市高考英語(yǔ)最后沖刺卷三及參考答案

Engelbartinventedalmosteverythingyourpersonalcomputerhastoday ：amouse,hypertext,screensharingandmore.In1968hemadereal-timeeditstodocumentsnearly40yearsbeforeGoogleDocshitscreens;videochattedwithfriendslongbeforeSkype’s2003arrival;andresizedwindowsyearsbeforeMicrosoftenteredthefieldin1975.Engelbartwasaddinggraphics（圖形），hyperlinkingandsharingscreens—allbeforethebirthoftheWorldWideWeb. “Thedigitalrevolutionisfarmoresignificantthantheinventionofwritingorevenofprinting,"saidEngelbart,andasitturnsout,heheldalltherightcards.Ifhe’dbeenBritish，Engelbartwouldhavebeen knighted（授爵），butthePortland，Oregon,nativeinsteadlivedouttherestofhisyearsasanunsunghero,tryingtofryevenbiggerfishinSiliconValley.HisblueprintoftheInternetwasradicallydifferentfromtoday’sprofit-driven,streamlinedversion.Engelbartimaginedaninformationsystembuiltonthebackbonesofcooperationandeducation,allmeanttoenhancethecollectivehumanmind.Hewantedacomputerizednetworkofreal-time,human-widecooperation,withtheopen-sourcespiritofWikipediaandthepurposefulnessofChange,org.Bythelate70sandearly‘80s，EngelbartandhisideaswerecastasideinfavorofAppleMacintoshandMicrosoftWindows,alongwiththeirprofit-generatingvisionforpersonalcomputing,andauser-friendlyapproachtotheInternet.Engelbart’steamofresearchersabandonedhim,andhehadalesserpositionatacompanycalledTymsharewhilestillbattlingwith hispie-in-the-skyvisionsofabetterworld .Evenworse,whenEngelbartmouseinventiongainedwidespreaduseyearslater,henevergainedtheprofits—ithadbeenlicensedtoAppleforaround$40,000,Engelbartrevealed.AndifEngelbarthadwon?“Hardtosay,”saysJeffersonBaileyoftheInternetArchiveinSanFrancisco.TheWebwasboundtogrowinwaysitsfoundersneverintended,hesays.Henoteshisbeliefthatthesamespiritofknowledge-sharingandcooperationEngelbarttirelesslypushedforwillonedaybecomepartofourfast-evolvingInternet,evenifacommerciallayercloudstheoriginalvision.Butevenso，fameisdifficulttoachieve;itoftenridiculesgreatthinkerslikeGalileoorTesla,onlytomeetthemdecadesafterdeath.Granted,Engelbartwaseventually allowedintotheNationalInventors HallofFame,in1988,andintothePioneersCircleintheInternetHallofFameafterhisdeath,buttheheartofhisdreamhasyettoberealized.Theexpression44hispie-in-the-skyvisionsofabetterworld”inPara.3refersto thefunctionofcomputerdataprocessingareal-timevideochatontheInternetauser-friendlyapproachtotheInternetanInternetofknowledge-sharingandcooperationMostprobablyEngelbart’sgreatestregretwasthat .hewastoocrazyabouthisvisionoftheInternetwhentotallyignoredhewasnotprofitablyrewardedforhislandmarkinventionsofcomputerhewasadmittedtotheU.S.NationalInventorsHallofFametoolatetheInternetwascommerciallyorientedagainsthisoriginalintentionWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?Engelbartroseandfellinhisall-outbattleoverthefutureoftheInternet.EngelbartcouldhavesucceededintheInternetwithhislandmarkinventions.EngelbartfailedtorealizehisambitionduetohishumblepositioninTymshare.Engelbartcouldhardlyresisttheprofit-driventrendofthegrowingInternet.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttideofthepassage?WhoBenefitsfromtheInternet? B.WholosttheInternetWars?C.WhoPioneeredtheWorldWideWeb?D.WhoCommercializedtheInternet?SectionCDirections：Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.A.Ourstudysuggeststhateffortsshouldbemadetostructureactivitiessothatinstrumentalconsequencesdonotbecomemotives.That’sthesecretofeffectivemotivation.Whilethisstrategymayattractmorerecruits,itmayalsoproduceworsesoldiers.Surelytwomotivesarebetterthanone.Discoveringfactsisinseparablyrelatedtotheactivityofresearch.Often,peoplehavebothinternalandinstrumentalmotivesfordoingwhattheydo.Therearetwokindsofmotiveforengaginginanyactivity ：internalandinstrumental.Ifascientistconductsresearchbecausehewantstodiscoverimportantfactsabouttheworld,internalmotive.Ifheconductsresearchbecausehewantstoachievescholarlyfame,that'saninstrumentalmotive.67 .Whatmixofmotives—internalorinstrumentalorboth —ismostfavorabletosuccess?Youmightsupposethatascientistmotivatedbyadesiretodiscoverfactsandbyadesiretoachievefamewilldobetterworkthanascientist motivatedbyjustoneofthosedesires.68 Butasweandourcolleaguesargueinapaper,instrumentalmotivesarenotalwaysusefulandcanactuallybecounterproductivetosuccess.Helpingpeoplefocusonthemeaningandimpactoftheirwork,ratherthanon,say,thefinancialreturnsitwillbring,maybethebestwaytoimprovenotonlythequalityoftheirworkbutalsotheirfinancialsuccess.Thereisatemptationamongeducatorsandinstructorstousewhatevermotivationaltoolsareavailabletorecruit（招募）participantsorimproveperformance. IfthedesireformilitaryexcellenceandservicetocountryfailstoattractalltherecruitsthattheArmyneeds,thenperhapsappealsto “moneyforcollege，” “careertraining”or“seeingtheworld”willdothejob.Similarly，forstudentsuninterestedinlearning，financialincentives（獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)）forgoodattendanceorpizzapartiesforhighperformancemaymotivatethemtoparticipate,butitmayresultinlesswell-educatedstudents.SummaryWritingDirections：Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassage.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.TheylikeusingtheInternet.Theyhavelotsofpocketmoneytospend.Andtheyspendahigherproportionofitonlinethantherestofus.Teenagersarejustthesortofpeopleanonlinesellerisinterestedin,andthethingstheywanttobuy—games,CDsandclothing—areeasilysoldontheWeb.Butpayingonlineisatrickybusinessforconsumerswhoaretooyoungtoowncreditcards.Mosthavetouseaparentscard.Theywantafacilitythatallowsthemtospendmoney.Thatmaycomesoonerthantheythink:newwaystotakepocketmoneyintocyberspacearecomingoutrapidlyonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.Ifsuccessful,theseproductscouldstimulateonlinesales.Ingeneral,teenagersspendhugeamounts：$153bn(billion)intheUSlastyearand比0bnannuallyintheUK.MostteenagershaveaccesstotheInternetathomeoratschool—88percentintheUS,69percentintheUK.AccordingtoJupiterResearch,oneineightofthosewithInternetaccesshasboughtsomethingonline—mainlyCDsandbooks.Inmostcases,parentspayforthesepurchaseswithcreditcards,anarrangementthatisoftenunsatisfactoryforthemandtheirchildren. Pressingparentstospendonlineislessproductivethanpressingonthehighstreet.They ’remorelikelytoask “Why”ifyouasktospendsomemoneyonline.OnewaytohelpteenagerschangenotesandcoinsintocybercashisthroughprepaidcardssuchasIntenetCashintheUSandSmartcardsintheUK,Similartothoseforpay-as-you-gomobiletelephones,theyaresoldinamountssuchas 史0or$50withaconcealed14-digitnumberthatcanbeusedtoloadthecashintoanonlineaccount.V.TranslationDirections：TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgiveninthebrackets.

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