漢字的發(fā)展及其演變課件

1中國的文字Chinese

writing

1中國的文字Chinesewriting2一.漢字的特點(diǎn)ThefeatureofChineseCharacter二.漢字的構(gòu)造方式TheconstructionofCharacters三.漢字的發(fā)展演變ThedevelopmentofCharacters2一.漢字的特點(diǎn)3Pictogram/Hieroglyphs

魚

fish

3Pictogram/Hieroglyphs4

人

man45

山

mountain56鳥鳥bird67

休

rest7

InEgyptian

hieroglyphics,

thedeterminativeisaglyphthatcarriesnophoneticvaluebutinsteadisaddedattheendofawordtoclarifythemeaningoftheword.Thisisduetothefactthatthewritingsystemdoesnotrecordvowels,andthereforedifferentwordswiththesamesetofconsonants(butdifferentvowels)canbewrittenbythesamesequenceofglyphs.Thereforethedeterminativebecamenecessarytodisambiguatethemeaningofasequenceofglyphs

8

InEgyptianhieroglyphics,th9Pictograph

and

ideographhieroglyphs。The

basic

unit

of

Chinese

is

strokes,

如：ノ＋丨＝亻；一＋丨＋丿＋乀＝木；亻＋木＝休9Pictographandideograph10Formation

of

words“六書”the

six

categories

of

characters:

象形、指事、會(huì)意、形聲、轉(zhuǎn)注、假借.

But

there

are

only

four

ways

to

form

a

word,

the

other

two

ways

are

simply

how

to

use

words;

象形pictogram

指事indicative

會(huì)意combined

ideogram形聲pictophonetic

10Formationofwords“六書”thesi11“象形”pictograph

日

sun11“象形”pictograph12

月

moon1213水

water1314

門

門

door1415

鹿

deer1516

雨

rain1617

宮

palace1718

木

tree1819

子child1920身body2021“指事”indicatives

or

ideogram丄上

21“指事”indicativesorideogram22丅下22丅下23本Originalmeaning:rootExtendedmeaning:basic;fundamental;original23本24刃Meaning:theedgeofaknife,sword,etc2425“會(huì)意”Combined

ideogram:

putting

together

several

pictographs

to

construct

an

abstract

idea;森：Chineseoftenuse“three”toindicate“many”.Sothree“木”meanstherearealotoftrees.Thewoods,inChinese,wecallit“森林”眾：three

“people”人means

crowd

or

mob明:Usingthesunandthemoon,toindicatebrightorbrilliant.

明亮、光明25“會(huì)意”Combinedideogram:putt26寇：“宀”sinifiesahouse，“元”isaperson，“攴”meansstickinsomebody’shands.Sofromthischaracterweknowthatsomeonebreaksintoone’shouseandrobs.Themeaningof“寇”isrobber。2627寒：ha?n,the

two

dots

atthebottomrepresent

ice,

indicating

it’s

cold

inside

the

house,

and

straws

used

to

keep

people

warm.

Together

the

word寒冷”means

cold

27寒：ha?n,thetwodotsattheb28家:jia?,inanagriculturalsociety,itwasimportanttohavedomesticatedpigs;theywereastatussymbol.Therefore,theChinesewordforfamilyconsistsofaroofontopandapigatbottom.28家:jia?,inanagricultural29集：ji?,birdsperkonatreedenotetheideaofgathering;collecting,andbyextension:集市：ji?shi?:countryfair集團(tuán)：ji?tua?n:group詩集：shi?ji?:acollectionofpoems29集：ji?,birdsperkonatree30InmodernChinese,therearemanywordscoinedorformedbyputtingtogetherideographs;forexample:歪：wai?,(notupright)inclined淚：lei?,(waterintheeyes)tears眾：zho?ng,(manypeople)crowd,mob尖：jia?n,(smalloverbig)tip滅：mie?,(dirtoverfire)extinguish塵：che?n,(smalldirt)dust30InmodernChinese,thereare31形聲：picto-phoneticformationcombinesthepictographicsymbolwiththephoneticonetosignifyboththemeaningandpronunciationofaword.Forexample,“山旁必言山，水旁必言水”themountainradicalconnotesrelationstomountainswhilethewaterradicalwater.e.g：31形聲：picto-phoneticformation32

它=蛇3233莫暮

莫(mo?):It’soriginalmeaningisdusk.Sinceitspronunciationissimilarto“nobody”,andit’stoohardtomakeacharacterfor“nobody”.Soweuse“莫”toindicate“nobody”,andmakeanothercharacter“暮”(mu?)

fordusk.33莫暮341.Radical“犭”stemsfrom（犬,qua?n）meaningdog，andappearsinsuchanimalrelatedwordsas:狗(go?u,dog)、貓(ma?o,cat)、狼(la?ng,wolf)、狐貍(hu?li,fox)、豬(zhu?,pig)、獅(shi?,lion)、狡猾(jia?ohua?,conniving)、狠(he?n,cruel)；2.Ridical“饣”originatesfromtheword食(shi?,eat)andappearsinsuchfoodrelatedwordsas飯(fa?n,food)、餓(e?hungry)、飽(ba?o,full)、餅(bi?ng,pancake)、飼(si?,feed)、餃(jia?o,dumpling)、饅(ma?n,steamedbuns)、餐館(ca?ngua?n,restaurant)；3.Radical“宀”(ba?ogai?)appearsinsuchwordsrelatedtohousesanddwellingspacesas:家(jia?,family)、宅(zhai?,house)、安(a?n,peace)、客(ke?,guest)、室(shi?,room)、賓(bi?ng,guest)、宮(go?ng,palace)、宿(shu?,dorm)、富(fu?,

prosper)、公寓(go?ng

yu?,

hotel/apartment)、寬(kua?n,

wide)；341.Radical“犭”stemsfrom（犬,qu354.Radical“扌”(ti?sho?u)isalwayspresentinaction-relatedwordssuchas:打(da?,hit)、扔(re?ng,toss)、扶(fu?,support)、掃(sa?o,sweep)、摸(mo?,touch)、抖(do?u,handle)、折(chai?,dismantle)、搶(qia?ng,seize)、護(hù)(hu?,protect)、擁抱(yo?ngba?o,embrace)；5.Radical“心、忄”appearsinallwordshavingtodowithmoods,feelingsandhumanpsyche,suchas思想(si?xia?ng,think)、懷念(huai?nia?n,memorizefondly)、忍(re?n,endure)、憤怒(fe?nnu?,anger)、恨(he?n,hate)、怕(pa?,afraid)、急(ji?,inahurry)；6.Radical“疒”signifiessicknessandappearsinsuchwordsas疾病(ji?bi?ng,ailments)、癌癥(ai?zhe?ng,cancer)、疼痛(te?ngto?ng,pain)、癢(ya?ng,itch)、瘦(sho?u,under-nourished)、痕(he?n,bruise)、痘(dou?,mole)；354.Radical“扌”(ti?sho?u)isa367.Radical“月”signifiesfleshandappearsinsuchwordsrelatedtophysicalpartsofthehumanbodyas:胳膊(ge?bo,arms)、腿(tui?,leg)、腳(jia?o,foot)、肌肉(ji?rou?,muscle)、肚(tu?,stomach)、腸(cha?ng,intestines)、膚(fu?,skin)、臉(lia?n,face)、肩膀(jia?nba?ng,shoulders)、肥(fei?,fat)、肺(fei?,lungs)、背(bei?,back)、胖(pa?ng,obese)、胸(xio?ng,chest)；8.Radicals“讠”（言字旁）and“口”signifyspeechandmouth，oftenappearinsuchwordsas說(shuo?,speak)、話(hua?,langauge)、讀(du?,read)、記(ji?,record)、討論(tao?lu?n,discuss)、議(yi?,talk)、講(jia?ng,conversation)、許(xu?,permit)、謎語(mi?yu?,riddle)、吹(chui?,blow)、吵(cha?o,quarrow)、喊(ha?,yell)、叫(jia?o,shout)、嚇(xia?,threaten)、吸(xi?,inhale)、吞(tu?n,swallow)、聽(ti?ng,listen)、吻(we?n,kiss)；36379.Radicals“钅”and“金”indicatemetalsandappeartosuchwordsas針(zhe?n,needle)、釘(di?ng,nail)、釣(go?u,hook)、鋼(ga?ng,steel)、鐵(tie?,iron)、錢(qia?n,money);10.Radical“衤、衣”isclotheradicalandoftenpresentinsuchrelatedwordsas:襯衣(che?nyi?,underharments)、褲(ku?,pants)、袋(dai?,pockets)、袖(xiu?,sleeves)、被(bei?,blankets)、裙(qu?n,skirt)；11.“氵”isawaterradicalandappearsinsuchwater-relatedwordsas河(he?,river)、流(liu?,flow)、江(jia?ng,river)、湖(hu?,lake)、海(hai?,ocean)、汽(qi?,steam)、淚(lei?,tears)、沉(che?n,sink)、游泳(yo?uyo?ng,swim)、湯(ta?ng,soup)；12.“貝”isseashell,whichwasoftenusedinancienttimesascurrency,andpresentinsuchwordsas:貴(gui?,expensive)、賠(pei?,compensate)、費(fèi)(fei?,fees)、財(cái)(cai?,wealth)、貢(go?ng,tribute)、賞(sha?ng,gifts/awards)、賭(du?,gamble)、購(gou?,purchase)、債(zhai?,debt)、貨(huo?,goods)、賊(zei?,thief)、賺(zhua?n,profit)、379.Radicals“钅”and“金”indica38三.ThreeperiodsofDevelopment1.SealScript（篆體

zhua?n）Greater

and

lesser

seal2.Official

or

clerkly

script（隸體li?）3.RegularScript（楷體kai?）4.

Running

Script（行書xing)5.

Cursive

or

grass

script

(草書cai)38三.ThreeperiodsofDevelopme39篆體zhua?nstyleTheperiodlastedabout1200years,from1400B.C.to206B.C.whenQinDynastycametoanend;TheperiodincludedtheYindynasty,ZhoudynastyandWarringStatesinwhichwriting

appeared

on

turtlebones(for

oracle

divination)

andbronze

vessels(forrecordsandritualsoraffairsoftheState).

39篆體zhua?nstyleTheperiod40甲骨文40甲骨文41金文41金文42戰(zhàn)國鳥蟲書42戰(zhàn)國鳥蟲書43小篆43小篆44小篆：smallsealwastheofficialscriptaftertheunificationofChina(B.C.221);priortothat,therehadbeenvariouswritingstyles,systemsofmeasurementandstandardsofcurrency.Tobetterrulethecountry,theemperordecidedto“書同文、車同軌、統(tǒng)一度量衡”(“writethesamelanguage,standardizevehicleaxles,andmakeuniformbenchmarksofmeasurement).Smallor

lesser

sealscript

becamethestandard.隸體/隸書:officialscript

originated

in

the

warring

states

period

prior

to

the

unification

and

was

a

popular

writing

style

until

the

period

of

the

Three

Kingdoms,

lasting

about

500

years

(221

B.C.

~

300

A.D.)44小篆：smallsealwastheoffici45隸書45隸46隸書：Atthetimeofunification,therewerestrictlawsandcriminaloffensesthatgeneratedmassivepaperworkforprisonwardens.Tospeeduptheprocessingtime,thewardenshadtodevelopthesmallsealscriptintowhatwaslatertoberecognizedas“officialscript”.ThiswasnothinglessthanarevolutioninthehistoryofChinesewriting,referredtoasthe“reformofliscrpt”(隸，slaves).秦始皇統(tǒng)一時(shí)期，國家的法律非常嚴(yán)格，許多人被關(guān)到了監(jiān)獄里，獄吏每天要處理大量的案件。為了能節(jié)省時(shí)間，更快速地記錄下每個(gè)案件的審理過程，獄吏們慢慢開始使用一套不同于小篆的寫法。這種寫法簡單方便，對小篆做了很大程度的改變，這就是隸書。隸書在漢字的發(fā)展史上有著非常重要的作用，是漢字的一次革命。從小篆變?yōu)殡`書，俗稱“隸變”。隸變使?jié)h字進(jìn)一步脫離了圖畫的性質(zhì)，變?yōu)榱思兎柕奈淖帧?6隸書：Atthetimeofunificatio47楷體Regular

script,

known

as

“kai”style,

began

in

Eastern

Han

(200

A.D.)and

became

widely

adopted

during

the

Sui,

Tang

and

Song

dynasties.

Even

today,

over

1600

years

later,

people

still

use

the

script

when

they

write

formally.楷書起于東漢末，通行于隋唐，經(jīng)過宋元一直到今天，已經(jīng)有1600年以上的歷史了。47楷體Regularscript,knownas48行書Running

script48行49草書Cursive

or

grass

script49草書50中國的文字Chinese

writing

1中國的文字Chinesewriting51一.漢字的特點(diǎn)ThefeatureofChineseCharacter二.漢字的構(gòu)造方式TheconstructionofCharacters三.漢字的發(fā)展演變ThedevelopmentofCharacters2一.漢字的特點(diǎn)52Pictogram/Hieroglyphs

魚

fish

3Pictogram/Hieroglyphs53

人

man454

山

mountain555鳥鳥bird656

休

rest7

InEgyptian

hieroglyphics,

thedeterminativeisaglyphthatcarriesnophoneticvaluebutinsteadisaddedattheendofawordtoclarifythemeaningoftheword.Thisisduetothefactthatthewritingsystemdoesnotrecordvowels,andthereforedifferentwordswiththesamesetofconsonants(butdifferentvowels)canbewrittenbythesamesequenceofglyphs.Thereforethedeterminativebecamenecessarytodisambiguatethemeaningofasequenceofglyphs

57

InEgyptianhieroglyphics,th58Pictograph

and

ideographhieroglyphs。The

basic

unit

of

Chinese

is

strokes,

如：ノ＋丨＝亻；一＋丨＋丿＋乀＝木；亻＋木＝休9Pictographandideograph59Formation

of

words“六書”the

six

categories

of

characters:

象形、指事、會(huì)意、形聲、轉(zhuǎn)注、假借.

But

there

are

only

four

ways

to

form

a

word,

the

other

two

ways

are

simply

how

to

use

words;

象形pictogram

指事indicative

會(huì)意combined

ideogram形聲pictophonetic

10Formationofwords“六書”thesi60“象形”pictograph

日

sun11“象形”pictograph61

月

moon1262水

water1363

門

門

door1464

鹿

deer1565

雨

rain1666

宮

palace1767

木

tree1868

子child1969身body2070“指事”indicatives

or

ideogram丄上

21“指事”indicativesorideogram71丅下22丅下72本Originalmeaning:rootExtendedmeaning:basic;fundamental;original23本73刃Meaning:theedgeofaknife,sword,etc2474“會(huì)意”Combined

ideogram:

putting

together

several

pictographs

to

construct

an

abstract

idea;森：Chineseoftenuse“three”toindicate“many”.Sothree“木”meanstherearealotoftrees.Thewoods,inChinese,wecallit“森林”眾：three

“people”人means

crowd

or

mob明:Usingthesunandthemoon,toindicatebrightorbrilliant.

明亮、光明25“會(huì)意”Combinedideogram:putt75寇：“宀”sinifiesahouse，“元”isaperson，“攴”meansstickinsomebody’shands.Sofromthischaracterweknowthatsomeonebreaksintoone’shouseandrobs.Themeaningof“寇”isrobber。2676寒：ha?n,the

two

dots

atthebottomrepresent

ice,

indicating

it’s

cold

inside

the

house,

and

straws

used

to

keep

people

warm.

Together

the

word寒冷”means

cold

27寒：ha?n,thetwodotsattheb77家:jia?,inanagriculturalsociety,itwasimportanttohavedomesticatedpigs;theywereastatussymbol.Therefore,theChinesewordforfamilyconsistsofaroofontopandapigatbottom.28家:jia?,inanagricultural78集：ji?,birdsperkonatreedenotetheideaofgathering;collecting,andbyextension:集市：ji?shi?:countryfair集團(tuán)：ji?tua?n:group詩集：shi?ji?:acollectionofpoems29集：ji?,birdsperkonatree79InmodernChinese,therearemanywordscoinedorformedbyputtingtogetherideographs;forexample:歪：wai?,(notupright)inclined淚：lei?,(waterintheeyes)tears眾：zho?ng,(manypeople)crowd,mob尖：jia?n,(smalloverbig)tip滅：mie?,(dirtoverfire)extinguish塵：che?n,(smalldirt)dust30InmodernChinese,thereare80形聲：picto-phoneticformationcombinesthepictographicsymbolwiththephoneticonetosignifyboththemeaningandpronunciationofaword.Forexample,“山旁必言山，水旁必言水”themountainradicalconnotesrelationstomountainswhilethewaterradicalwater.e.g：31形聲：picto-phoneticformation81

它=蛇3282莫暮

莫(mo?):It’soriginalmeaningisdusk.Sinceitspronunciationissimilarto“nobody”,andit’stoohardtomakeacharacterfor“nobody”.Soweuse“莫”toindicate“nobody”,andmakeanothercharacter“暮”(mu?)

fordusk.33莫暮831.Radical“犭”stemsfrom（犬,qua?n）meaningdog，andappearsinsuchanimalrelatedwordsas:狗(go?u,dog)、貓(ma?o,cat)、狼(la?ng,wolf)、狐貍(hu?li,fox)、豬(zhu?,pig)、獅(shi?,lion)、狡猾(jia?ohua?,conniving)、狠(he?n,cruel)；2.Ridical“饣”originatesfromtheword食(shi?,eat)andappearsinsuchfoodrelatedwordsas飯(fa?n,food)、餓(e?hungry)、飽(ba?o,full)、餅(bi?ng,pancake)、飼(si?,feed)、餃(jia?o,dumpling)、饅(ma?n,steamedbuns)、餐館(ca?ngua?n,restaurant)；3.Radical“宀”(ba?ogai?)appearsinsuchwordsrelatedtohousesanddwellingspacesas:家(jia?,family)、宅(zhai?,house)、安(a?n,peace)、客(ke?,guest)、室(shi?,room)、賓(bi?ng,guest)、宮(go?ng,palace)、宿(shu?,dorm)、富(fu?,

prosper)、公寓(go?ng

yu?,

hotel/apartment)、寬(kua?n,

wide)；341.Radical“犭”stemsfrom（犬,qu844.Radical“扌”(ti?sho?u)isalwayspresentinaction-relatedwordssuchas:打(da?,hit)、扔(re?ng,toss)、扶(fu?,support)、掃(sa?o,sweep)、摸(mo?,touch)、抖(do?u,handle)、折(chai?,dismantle)、搶(qia?ng,seize)、護(hù)(hu?,protect)、擁抱(yo?ngba?o,embrace)；5.Radical“心、忄”appearsinallwordshavingtodowithmoods,feelingsandhumanpsyche,suchas思想(si?xia?ng,think)、懷念(huai?nia?n,memorizefondly)、忍(re?n,endure)、憤怒(fe?nnu?,anger)、恨(he?n,hate)、怕(pa?,afraid)、急(ji?,inahurry)；6.Radical“疒”signifiessicknessandappearsinsuchwordsas疾病(ji?bi?ng,ailments)、癌癥(ai?zhe?ng,cancer)、疼痛(te?ngto?ng,pain)、癢(ya?ng,itch)、瘦(sho?u,under-nourished)、痕(he?n,bruise)、痘(dou?,mole)；354.Radical“扌”(ti?sho?u)isa857.Radical“月”signifiesfleshandappearsinsuchwordsrelatedtophysicalpartsofthehumanbodyas:胳膊(ge?bo,arms)、腿(tui?,leg)、腳(jia?o,foot)、肌肉(ji?rou?,muscle)、肚(tu?,stomach)、腸(cha?ng,intestines)、膚(fu?,skin)、臉(lia?n,face)、肩膀(jia?nba?ng,shoulders)、肥(fei?,fat)、肺(fei?,lungs)、背(bei?,back)、胖(pa?ng,obese)、胸(xio?ng,chest)；8.Radicals“讠”（言字旁）and“口”signifyspeechandmouth，oftenappearinsuchwordsas說(shuo?,speak)、話(hua?,langauge)、讀(du?,read)、記(ji?,record)、討論(tao?lu?n,discuss)、議(yi?,talk)、講(jia?ng,conversation)、許(xu?,permit)、謎語(mi?yu?,riddle)、吹(chui?,blow)、吵(cha?o,quarrow)、喊(ha?,yell)、叫(jia?o,shout)、嚇(xia?,threaten)、吸(xi?,inhale)、吞(tu?n,swallow)、聽(ti?ng,listen)、吻(we?n,kiss)；36869.Radicals“钅”and“金”indicatemetalsandappeartosuchwordsas針(zhe?n,needle)、釘(di?ng,nail)、釣(go?u,hook)、鋼(ga?ng,steel)、鐵(tie?,iron)、錢(qia?n,money);10.Radical“衤、衣”isclotheradicalandoftenpresentinsuchrelatedwordsas:襯衣(che?nyi?,underharments)、褲(ku?,pants)、袋(dai?,pockets)、袖(xiu?,sleeves)、被(bei?,blankets)、裙(qu?n,skirt)；11.“氵”isawaterradicalandappearsinsuchwater-relatedwordsas河(he?,river)、流(liu?,flow)、江(jia?ng,river)、湖(hu?,lake)、海(hai?,ocean)、汽(qi?,steam)、淚(lei?,tears)、沉(che?n,sink)、游泳(yo?uyo?ng,swim)、湯(ta?ng,soup)；12.“貝”isseashell,whichwasoftenusedinancienttimesascurrency,andpresentinsuchwordsas:貴(gui?,expensive)、賠(pei?,compensate)、費(fèi)(fei?,fees)、財(cái)(cai?,wealth)、貢(go?ng,tribute)、賞(sha?ng,gifts/awards)、賭(du?,gamble)、購(gou?,purchase)、債(zhai?,debt)、貨(huo?,goods)、賊(zei?,thief)、賺(zhua?n,profit)、379.Radicals“钅”and“金”indica87三.ThreeperiodsofDevelopment1.SealScript（篆體

zhua?n）Greater

and

lesser

seal2.Official

or

clerkly

script（隸體li?）3.RegularScript（楷體kai?）4.

Running

Script（行書xing)5.

Cursive

or

grass

script

(草書cai)38三.ThreeperiodsofDevelopme88篆體zhua?nstyleTheperiodlasteda