Unit-One-A-Brief-History教學講解課件

UnitOneABriefHistoryofEnglishPaulRoberts《英語簡史》UnitOneABriefHistoryofETextoutline1.para.1-4(introductionandstructure)2.para.5-8(OldEnglish)3.para.9-14(MiddleEnglish)4.para.15-19(ModernEnglish)5.conclusion(para.20)Textoutline1.para.1-4(introPart1:IntroductionAbriefhistoryofUKandEnglishlanguagePart1:IntroductionAbriefhianotionof…NounderstandingoftheEnglishlanguage(動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)做主語)canbeverysatisfactorywithoutanotionofthehistoryofthelanguage(介詞短語作狀語)-ifwedonotknowthehistoryofthelanguagenotion:anideaorbeliefaboutsth.anotionof…NounderstandingoWordsandexpressionsButweshallhavetomakedowithjustanotion.勉強對付，湊合使用Shall:will(用在第一人稱)WordsandexpressionsButweshtohitthehighspots

thehighlights先挑重要的、明顯的或好的事做i.e.:Iwon'tdiscuss

the

entirereport.I'lljust

hit

the

high

spots.我不從頭到尾談這個報告了,挑重要的來說說tohitthehighspots

thehighWordsandexpressions…JuteswerealongtimesecuringthemselvesinEnglandSecure:tomakesafe很長一段時間他們?yōu)樽孕l(wèi)而戰(zhàn)Wordsandexpressions…JutesweWordsandexpression…orbereducedtoslaveryReduceto（被動語態(tài)):tobringorforcesomeoneto(esp,aweakerorlessfavorablestate)使某人陷于較弱或不利的狀況i.e.shewasreducedtobeggingforaliving她被迫淪落至乞討為生。淪為奴隸Wordsandexpression…orberedWordsandexpressions…werefirmlyestablishedTocausetobefirmlysettledoracceptedinaparticularstateorposition使立足，確立，使被接受Sheestablishedherselfasthemostpowerfulministerinthenewgovernment.她在新政府中使自己成為最有勢力的部長Nowthathehasestablishedhimselfintheteam,heisplayingwithmuchmoreconfidence.現(xiàn)在他已確立了在這支球隊里的地位。所以打球更加有信心Wordsandexpressions…werefirThethreeperiodsOldEnglish:7thcentury-1100(AngloSaxonperiod)MiddleEnglish:1100to1450(NormanConquest)ModernEnglish1500-thepresentday(Renaissance)ThethreeperiodsOldEnglish:Part2:OldEnglishOldEnglish:7thcentury-1100(AngloSaxonperiodorMedievalperiod)Part2:OldEnglishOldEnglishcomeintohistoryWhenEnglandcameintohistory…WhenEnglandbeganitshistory….comeintohistoryWhenEnglandNorthumbriaAmedievalkingdomofAngles653-954NorthernEnglandandSoutheasternScotlandNorthumbriaAmedievalkingdomexercisecontrolover對……實施控制，控制TheStateshallexercisemacro-regulationsandcontroloverthetotalpayroll.國家對工資總量實行宏觀調(diào)控。exercisecontroloverNorthumbriaNorthumbriaWessex:WestSaxonsAngloSaxonkingdom6thcentury-10thcenturySouth-westEnglandWessex:WestSaxonsAngloSaxonAlfredtheGreat（849-899)

阿爾弗雷德大帝871to899KingofAnglo-SaxonsDefendedhiskingdomagainstVikingattacksEncouragededucationAlfredtheGreat（849-899)

阿爾弗雷TheVikingAgeNorthernEuropeandScandinaviaThelate8thcenturyto11thcenturyTradeandwarfareTheVikingAgeNorthernEuropeachampionof~(ofsth)apersonwhofightsfor,orspeaksinsupportof,agroupofpeopleorabelief斗爭者；捍衛(wèi)者；聲援者；擁護者

Shewasachampionofthepoorallherlife.她終身都是窮苦人的衛(wèi)士。learning:knowledgeachampionof~(ofsth)apeOldEnglish:7thcentury-1100(AngloSaxonperiodorMedievalperiod)WordlevelInfluenceofLatin(RomanEmpire)throughtranslationandinterchangeandwordborrowingsfromNorse

(VikingAge)OldEnglish:7thcentury-1100norse挪威語norse挪威語ComparisonbetweenOldEnglishandModernEnglish1.OldEnglishwasmorehighlyinflected.2.MostoftheOldEnglishwordsarenativeEnglish.(only14percentModernEnglishwordsarenativeEnglish)ComparisonbetweenOldEnglishOldEnglish:Inflection/inflexionGrammar

an

inflection

isachangeintheformofawordthatshowsitsgrammaticalfunction,forexampleachangethatmakesanounpluralormakesaverbintothepasttense詞形的曲折變化OldEnglish:Inflection/inflexinflection

tense(時態(tài)):work-worked

grammaticalmood(語氣):modality情態(tài)動詞grammaticalvoice(語態(tài))：主動態(tài)與被動態(tài)

aspect(語法中動詞的體):isthewaythataverbgroupshowswhetheranactivityiscontinuing,isrepeated,oriscompleted.Forexample,in'Theywerelaughing',theverbisintheprogressiveaspectandshowsthattheactionwascontinuingperson(人稱)：work-worksnumber:apple-applesinflection

tense(時態(tài)):work-worCaseending變格詞尾；詞格尾綴Nominativecase主格Genitivecase所有格Dativecase與格（名詞作為動詞的間接賓語或某些介詞的賓語的形式）Accusativecase賓格（具格）Caseending變格詞尾；詞格尾綴Thenominativecase主格marksthesubjectofaverb.Whentheverbisactive,thenominativeisthepersonorthingdoingtheaction(agent);whentheverbispassive,thenominativeisthepersonorthingreceivingtheaction.Theboy

atepizza.Thepizza

hasbeeneaten.Thenominativecase主格marksthGenitivecase/possessivecase/secondcase所有格

the

grammaticalcase

thatmarksa

noun

asmodifyinganothernoun.ItoftenmarksanounasbeingthepossessorofanothernounJanet’s

heightGenitivecase/possessivecase/Dativecase與格

a

grammaticalcase

generallyusedtoindicatethe

noun

towhichsomethingisgiven,asin"Georgegave

Jamie

adrink".Dativecase與格

a

grammaticalcAccusativecase賓格

the

grammaticalcase

usedtomarkthe

directobject

ofatransitiveverb.i.e.:Wehavetodohomeworkeveryday.Accusativecase賓格

the

grammatInstrumentalcasea

grammaticalcase

usedtoindicatethatanounisthe

instrument

ormeansbyorwithwhichthe

subject

achievesoraccomplishesanaction.

Instrumentalcasea

grammaticalCaseendingsfornounsCommoncase普通格Possessivecase所有格CaseendingsfornounsCommoncPart3:MiddleEnglish:1100to1450(NormanConquest)

NormanConquestBorrowingsfromFrenchPart3:MiddleEnglish:1100tpolitesociety上流社會Frenchbecamethelanguageofthecourt,thelanguageofthenobility,thelanguageofthepolitesociety.visitorsofhighstation:vistorsofhighpositionpolitesociety上流社會WordsandexpressionsLehautmonde:highsociety上流社會WordsandexpressionsLehautmWordsandexpressionsTopepperone’sconversationwithFrenchexpressions…well-bred,elegant,aucourantTocausetoappearrepeatedlyin使連續(xù)出現(xiàn)Thereportedwaspepperedwithmistakes這篇報告接連出現(xiàn)許多錯誤。Well-bred:well-cultivated有教養(yǎng)的，受過良好教育的WordsandexpressionsTopepperWordsandexpressionsaucourant(adj.):beinguptoparticularstandardorlevelespeciallyinbeinguptodateinknowledge,abreastof熟悉現(xiàn)狀的，跟上時代潮流的，通曉最新發(fā)展的Thebookstaysaucourantbyconstantrevision.這部書由于經(jīng)常修訂，所以一直跟得上時代。

TheAmericanswanttobe

au

courant,toknowwhatfictionhascriticalprestigeinEurope.

美國人想了解現(xiàn)狀，想知道歐洲時下聲望最高的小說是什么。Wordsandexpressionsaucouranwordsandexpressionshavesth.atone'scommand:command掌握，支配wordsandexpressionshavesth.Clip/v_show/id_XNDQyMTk2ODIw.htmlClip/v_showPart4:ModernEnglish1500-thepresentday(Renaissance)

EarlyModern:1500-1700,WilliamShakespeare,KingJamesVersionoftheBibleLateModern:1700-present,EnglishDictionarybySamuelJohnson,OxfordEnglishDictionaryPart4:ModernEnglish1500-theWilliamShakespeare1564-1616

Widelyregardedasthegreatest

writer

oftheEnglishlanguage,[1]

andtheworld'spre-eminentdramatistWilliamShakespeare1564-1616

WKingJamesVersionoftheBiblehe

AuthorizedVersion,commonlyknownasthe

KingJamesVersion,KingJamesBible,

an

English

translation

oftheChristianBible

bythe

ChurchofEngland

begunin1604andcompletedin1611.thethirdofficialtranslationintoEnglishJamesVIofScotlandandI

ofEnglandKingJamesVersionoftheBiblDropoutofuseStoppedbeingusedDropoutofuseStoppedbeinguThedevelopmentofdictionaryTofixandestablishthelanguageThedevelopmentofdictionaryTSamuelJohnson(1709-1784)ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,(1755)sometimespublishedas

Johnson'sDictionary,isamongthemostinfluential

dictionaries

inthehistoryofthe

Englishlanguage.SamuelJohnson(1709-1784)ADicOxfordEnglishDictionary

publishedbythe

OxfordUniversityPress,istheself-styledpremier

dictionary

ofthe

Englishlanguage1855-1928OxfordEnglishDictionary

publTranslationWehavealso,ofcourse,numerouscommercialdictionarieswhichareasgoodasthepublicwantsthemtobeifnot,indeed,ratherbetter.此外，還編撰了許多商務詞典，即使不能算盡善盡美，至少也滿足了人們的實際需求。TranslationWehavealso,ofcoWordsandexpressionsAsEnglishcametoreplaceLatinasthelanguageofscholarship…parseandanalyzeit,asonecould(parseandanalyze)Latin.parse:對（句子）作語法分析

Ingrammar,ifyou

parse

asentence,youexamineeachwordandclauseinordertoworkoutwhatgrammaticaltypeeachoneis.

WordsandexpressionsAsEnglisWordsandexpressionsSuperimpose:

Iffeaturesorcharacteristicsfromonesituation

aresuperimposedonto

oron

another,theyaretransferredontoorusedinthesecondsituation,thoughtheymaynotfit.

使同樣適用于;將…強加于Patternsofpublicadministrationandgovernmentare

superimposedontraditionalsocieties.公共管理和執(zhí)政模式移用于傳統(tǒng)社會。WordsandexpressionsSuperimpoWordsandexpressionsObscure:

Ifonething

obscures

another,itpreventsitfrombeingseenorheardproperly.

遮掩；遮蔽；使模糊不清Trees

obscuredhisvision;hecouldn'tseemuchoftheSquare'ssouthernhalf...樹木遮擋了他的視線，南半廣場的一大部分他都無法看清。Onewalloftheparliamentbuildingisnowalmostcompletely

obscuredbyahugebanner.議會大樓的一面墻現(xiàn)在幾乎被一條巨型橫幅完全蓋住了。WordsandexpressionsObscure:

英漢互譯TranslationbetweenEnglishandChinese在英漢互譯時，都需要擺脫原文結(jié)構(gòu)的束縛，譯出符合對方表達習慣的語言。英漢互譯TranslationbetweenEnglisTherebe結(jié)構(gòu)一年有四季。Therearefourseasonsinayear.Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)一年有四季。1.無主句的翻譯英語是主語顯著的語言，它所突出的是主語。為使句子在形式上保持結(jié)構(gòu)完整，絕大部分句子不能沒有主語。漢語是主題顯著(topicprominent)的語言，其所突出的是主題而不是主語。漢語無主句或主語省略句譯成英語時應根據(jù)上下文增加主語或變換句式。1.無主句的翻譯英語是主語顯著的語言，它所突出的是主語。為使translation朝聞道，夕死可矣。Apersonwhohasattainedenlightenmenthasnoregretinlife.translation朝聞道，夕死可矣。無主句翻譯處理方法增加主語譯成被動句譯成祈使句用無生物詞語作主語譯成非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)無主句翻譯處理方法增加主語增加主語黑漆漆，不知是日是夜。Pitchdark,Idon’tknowwhetheritisdayornight.采取積極措施，促進全社會固定資產(chǎn)投資較快增長。Wewilladoptvigorousmeasurestopromoterapidexpansionoftotalfixedassetinvestment.增加主語黑漆漆，不知是日是夜。譯成被動句大多數(shù)中學里都教英語Englishistaughtinmostmiddleschools.譯成被動句大多數(shù)中學里都教英語譯成祈使句好好學習，天天向上。Studyhardandmakeprogresseveryday.按照”三個代表“要求加強和改進黨的建設。StrengthenandimprovethePartybuildinginaccordancewiththerequirementsofthe“ThreeRepresent’s”譯成祈使句好好學習，天天向上。用無生物詞語作主語真沒想到他是個不誠實的人Ithasneveroccurredtomethatheisadishonestman.在羅馬發(fā)生過許多重大的歷史事件。Romewitnessedgreathistoricevents.用無生物詞語作主語真沒想到他是個不誠實的人譯成非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)堅持擴大內(nèi)需的戰(zhàn)略方針，努力保持國民經(jīng)濟的較快發(fā)展Continuingtoboostdomesticdemandandmaintainingrapiddevelopmentofthenationaleconomy.譯成非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)堅持擴大內(nèi)需的戰(zhàn)略方針，努力保持國民經(jīng)濟的較快2.形合hypotaxis與意合parataxia顯性連接標記與隱性連接2.形合hypotaxis與意合parataxia顯性連接標Translation不克服自滿情緒，就無法學到東西。Wecanneverlearnanythinguntilweridourselvesofcomplacency.Translation不克服自滿情緒，就無法學到東西。translation他不來，我不走。Iwillstayuntilhecomes.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind.冬天已經(jīng)來臨，春天還會遠嗎？Hehadtostayathomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.他病了，昨天不得不呆在家里。Einstein’stheoryofrelativityissoabstrusethatfewpeoplecanappreciateit.愛因斯坦的相對論非常深奧，沒多少人懂。translation他不來，我不走。3.漢語逆線性擴展(inverselinear)手提電腦丟了。買的手提電腦丟了。上周六買的電腦丟了小王上周六買的電腦丟了。（句首開放open-beginning,句尾收縮closedending/contractingending）3.漢語逆線性擴展(inverselinear)3.英語順線性擴展（linear)Thisistheboy.ThisistheboythatkilledtheCarfield.ThisistheboythatkilledtheCarfieldthatlayinthehouse.ThisistheboythatkilledtheCarfieldthatlayinthehousethatTombuilt.(句首封閉closedbeginning,句尾開放openbeginning)3.英語順線性擴展（linear)ThisisthebConclusion漢語句子在結(jié)構(gòu)上受句尾收縮的制約（不能有后置修飾語，附加語），因而以適當短為宜，太長形成拖沓混亂。英語結(jié)構(gòu)上句尾開放（可以有很長的后置修飾語，附加語），因而可以很長）英語多復合長句，漢語多簡單短句Conclusion漢語句子在結(jié)構(gòu)上受句尾收縮的制約（不能translationItisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune,mustbeinwantofawife.凡是財產(chǎn)豐厚的單身男子勢必想娶個太太，這是一條舉世公認的真理。translationItisatruthuniveTranslationThreepassions,simplebutoverwhelminglystrong,havegovernedmylife:thelongingforlove,thesearchforknowledge,andunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.對愛的渴望，對知識的探求，對人類苦難的深切同情，這是支配我生活的三種簡單而無比強烈的情感。TranslationThreepassions,siTranslationfromChineseintoEnglish1.種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆。Asyousow,sowillyoureap.2.施恩勿記，受恩勿忘。Weshouldneverrememberthebenefitswehaveofferednorforgetthefavoursreceived.TranslationfromChineseintotranslation4.中國將努力促進國內(nèi)糧食增產(chǎn)，在正常情況下，糧食自給率不低于95%。Chinaendeavorstoincreaseitsgrainproductionsothatitsself-sufficiencyrateofgrainundernormalconditionwillbeabove95percent.translation4.中國將努力促進國內(nèi)糧食增產(chǎn)，在正常TranslationfromChineseintoEnglish魯迅是在文藝戰(zhàn)線上，代表全民族的大多數(shù)，向著敵人沖鋒陷陣的、最正確、最勇敢、最忠實、最熱忱的空前的民族英雄。Representingthegreatmajorityofthenationontheculturalfront,LuXunbreachedandstormedtheenemycitadel;hewasthebravestandmostcorrect,thefirmest,themostloyalandthemostardentnationalhero,aherowithoutparallelinourhistory.TranslationfromChineseintoTranslationfromEnglishintoChinese6.Likeaship'ssailsthewingsbillowoutastheinsectflies,alteringshapetotakeadvantageofthewindandsteertheanimalthroughtheair.昆蟲飛行時，翅翼像帆船一樣隨風張起，并不斷改變形狀，就這樣，昆蟲利用風力在空中飛行。TranslationfromEnglishintoTranslation7.Theauthorfindsoutthatgoodintentionsalonearenotenoughwhenhisattempttobekindtotheoldmanmakesbothofthemfeelingworsethanbefore.作者想對老人表示一番好意，結(jié)果卻使兩人都很難堪；他認識到光有善良的意愿是不夠的。Translation7.TheauthorfindTranslation8.Hehadbeenleftaloneforscarcelytwominutes,andwhenwecamebackwefoundhiminhisarmchair,peacefullygonetosleep--butforever.他一個人留在房里不過兩分鐘，我們返回時，發(fā)現(xiàn)他已在安樂椅上平靜地、永遠地睡著了。Translation8.HehadbeenleftTranslationfromEnglishintoChinese9.Oursocietyplacessomuchemphasison"makingit"thatweassumethatanyfailureisbad.Whatwedon'talwaysrecognizeisthatwhatlookslikefailuremay,inthelongrun,provebeneficial.我們的社會很注重成功，認為任何失敗都是不好的；其實，我們忽略了一點，那就是，失敗從長遠看也許是有益的。TranslationfromEnglishintoTranslation10.Translationhasalwaysplayedanindispensiblerole

inthelonghistoryofhumandevelopment.Itservesastheforerunnerincommunication,amalgamation,andcollisionofmultiplecultures,aswellasthenationalrevivaloftheChinesepeople.在人類歷史發(fā)展的長河中，在世界多元文化的交流、融匯與碰撞中，在中華民族偉大復興的進程中，翻譯始終都起著不可或缺的先導作用。Translation10.TranslationhasUnitOneABriefHistoryofEnglishPaulRoberts《英語簡史》UnitOneABriefHistoryofETextoutline1.para.1-4(introductionandstructure)2.para.5-8(OldEnglish)3.para.9-14(MiddleEnglish)4.para.15-19(ModernEnglish)5.conclusion(para.20)Textoutline1.para.1-4(introPart1:IntroductionAbriefhistoryofUKandEnglishlanguagePart1:IntroductionAbriefhianotionof…NounderstandingoftheEnglishlanguage(動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)做主語)canbeverysatisfactorywithoutanotionofthehistoryofthelanguage(介詞短語作狀語)-ifwedonotknowthehistoryofthelanguagenotion:anideaorbeliefaboutsth.anotionof…NounderstandingoWordsandexpressionsButweshallhavetomakedowithjustanotion.勉強對付，湊合使用Shall:will(用在第一人稱)WordsandexpressionsButweshtohitthehighspots

thehighlights先挑重要的、明顯的或好的事做i.e.:Iwon'tdiscuss

the

entirereport.I'lljust

hit

the

high

spots.我不從頭到尾談這個報告了,挑重要的來說說tohitthehighspots

thehighWordsandexpressions…JuteswerealongtimesecuringthemselvesinEnglandSecure:tomakesafe很長一段時間他們?yōu)樽孕l(wèi)而戰(zhàn)Wordsandexpressions…JutesweWordsandexpression…orbereducedtoslaveryReduceto（被動語態(tài)):tobringorforcesomeoneto(esp,aweakerorlessfavorablestate)使某人陷于較弱或不利的狀況i.e.shewasreducedtobeggingforaliving她被迫淪落至乞討為生。淪為奴隸Wordsandexpression…orberedWordsandexpressions…werefirmlyestablishedTocausetobefirmlysettledoracceptedinaparticularstateorposition使立足，確立，使被接受Sheestablishedherselfasthemostpowerfulministerinthenewgovernment.她在新政府中使自己成為最有勢力的部長Nowthathehasestablishedhimselfintheteam,heisplayingwithmuchmoreconfidence.現(xiàn)在他已確立了在這支球隊里的地位。所以打球更加有信心Wordsandexpressions…werefirThethreeperiodsOldEnglish:7thcentury-1100(AngloSaxonperiod)MiddleEnglish:1100to1450(NormanConquest)ModernEnglish1500-thepresentday(Renaissance)ThethreeperiodsOldEnglish:Part2:OldEnglishOldEnglish:7thcentury-1100(AngloSaxonperiodorMedievalperiod)Part2:OldEnglishOldEnglishcomeintohistoryWhenEnglandcameintohistory…WhenEnglandbeganitshistory….comeintohistoryWhenEnglandNorthumbriaAmedievalkingdomofAngles653-954NorthernEnglandandSoutheasternScotlandNorthumbriaAmedievalkingdomexercisecontrolover對……實施控制，控制TheStateshallexercisemacro-regulationsandcontroloverthetotalpayroll.國家對工資總量實行宏觀調(diào)控。exercisecontroloverNorthumbriaNorthumbriaWessex:WestSaxonsAngloSaxonkingdom6thcentury-10thcenturySouth-westEnglandWessex:WestSaxonsAngloSaxonAlfredtheGreat（849-899)

阿爾弗雷德大帝871to899KingofAnglo-SaxonsDefendedhiskingdomagainstVikingattacksEncouragededucationAlfredtheGreat（849-899)

阿爾弗雷TheVikingAgeNorthernEuropeandScandinaviaThelate8thcenturyto11thcenturyTradeandwarfareTheVikingAgeNorthernEuropeachampionof~(ofsth)apersonwhofightsfor,orspeaksinsupportof,agroupofpeopleorabelief斗爭者；捍衛(wèi)者；聲援者；擁護者

Shewasachampionofthepoorallherlife.她終身都是窮苦人的衛(wèi)士。learning:knowledgeachampionof~(ofsth)apeOldEnglish:7thcentury-1100(AngloSaxonperiodorMedievalperiod)WordlevelInfluenceofLatin(RomanEmpire)throughtranslationandinterchangeandwordborrowingsfromNorse

(VikingAge)OldEnglish:7thcentury-1100norse挪威語norse挪威語ComparisonbetweenOldEnglishandModernEnglish1.OldEnglishwasmorehighlyinflected.2.MostoftheOldEnglishwordsarenativeEnglish.(only14percentModernEnglishwordsarenativeEnglish)ComparisonbetweenOldEnglishOldEnglish:Inflection/inflexionGrammar

an

inflection

isachangeintheformofawordthatshowsitsgrammaticalfunction,forexampleachangethatmakesanounpluralormakesaverbintothepasttense詞形的曲折變化OldEnglish:Inflection/inflexinflection

tense(時態(tài)):work-worked

grammaticalmood(語氣):modality情態(tài)動詞grammaticalvoice(語態(tài))：主動態(tài)與被動態(tài)

aspect(語法中動詞的體):isthewaythataverbgroupshowswhetheranactivityiscontinuing,isrepeated,oriscompleted.Forexample,in'Theywerelaughing',theverbisintheprogressiveaspectandshowsthattheactionwascontinuingperson(人稱)：work-worksnumber:apple-applesinflection

tense(時態(tài)):work-worCaseending變格詞尾；詞格尾綴Nominativecase主格Genitivecase所有格Dativecase與格（名詞作為動詞的間接賓語或某些介詞的賓語的形式）Accusativecase賓格（具格）Caseending變格詞尾；詞格尾綴Thenominativecase主格marksthesubjectofaverb.Whentheverbisactive,thenominativeisthepersonorthingdoingtheaction(agent);whentheverbispassive,thenominativeisthepersonorthingreceivingtheaction.Theboy

atepizza.Thepizza

hasbeeneaten.Thenominativecase主格marksthGenitivecase/possessivecase/secondcase所有格

the

grammaticalcase

thatmarksa

noun

asmodifyinganothernoun.ItoftenmarksanounasbeingthepossessorofanothernounJanet’s

heightGenitivecase/possessivecase/Dativecase與格

a

grammaticalcase

generallyusedtoindicatethe

noun

towhichsomethingisgiven,asin"Georgegave

Jamie

adrink".Dativecase與格

a

grammaticalcAccusativecase賓格

the

grammaticalcase

usedtomarkthe

directobject

ofatransitiveverb.i.e.:Wehavetodohomeworkeveryday.Accusativecase賓格

the

grammatInstrumentalcasea

grammaticalcase

usedtoindicatethatanounisthe

instrument

ormeansbyorwithwhichthe

subject

achievesoraccomplishesanaction.

Instrumentalcasea

grammaticalCaseendingsfornounsCommoncase普通格Possessivecase所有格CaseendingsfornounsCommoncPart3:MiddleEnglish:1100to1450(NormanConquest)

NormanConquestBorrowingsfromFrenchPart3:MiddleEnglish:1100tpolitesociety上流社會Frenchbecamethelanguageofthecourt,thelanguageofthenobility,thelanguageofthepolitesociety.visitorsofhighstation:vistorsofhighpositionpolitesociety上流社會WordsandexpressionsLehautmonde:highsociety上流社會WordsandexpressionsLehautmWordsandexpressionsTopepperone’sconversationwithFrenchexpressions…well-bred,elegant,aucourantTocausetoappearrepeatedlyin使連續(xù)出現(xiàn)Thereportedwaspepperedwithmistakes這篇報告接連出現(xiàn)許多錯誤。Well-bred:well-cultivated有教養(yǎng)的，受過良好教育的WordsandexpressionsTopepperWordsandexpressionsaucourant(adj.):beinguptoparticularstandardorlevelespeciallyinbeinguptodateinknowledge,abreastof熟悉現(xiàn)狀的，跟上時代潮流的，通曉最新發(fā)展的Thebookstaysaucourantbyconstantrevision.這部書由于經(jīng)常修訂，所以一直跟得上時代。

TheAmericanswanttobe

au

courant,toknowwhatfictionhascriticalprestigeinEurope.

美國人想了解現(xiàn)狀，想知道歐洲時下聲望最高的小說是什么。Wordsandexpressionsaucouranwordsandexpressionshavesth.atone'scommand:command掌握，支配wordsandexpressionshavesth.Clip/v_show/id_XNDQyMTk2ODIw.htmlClip/v_showPart4:ModernEnglish1500-thepresentday(Renaissance)

EarlyModern:1500-1700,WilliamShakespeare,KingJamesVersionoftheBibleLateModern:1700-present,EnglishDictionarybySamuelJohnson,OxfordEnglishDictionaryPart4:ModernEnglish1500-theWilliamShakespeare1564-1616

Widelyregardedasthegreatest

writer

oftheEnglishlanguage,[1]

andtheworld'spre-eminentdramatistWilliamShakespeare1564-1616

WKingJamesVersionoftheBiblehe

AuthorizedVersion,commonlyknownasthe

KingJamesVersion,KingJamesBible,

an

English

translation

oftheChristianBible

bythe

ChurchofEngland

begunin1604andcompletedin1611.thethirdofficialtranslationintoEnglishJamesVIofScotlandandI

ofEnglandKingJamesVersionoftheBiblDropoutofuseStoppedbeingusedDropoutofuseStoppedbeinguThedevelopmentofdictionaryTofixandestablishthelanguageThedevelopmentofdictionaryTSamuelJohnson(1709-1784)ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,(1755)sometimespublishedas

Johnson'sDictionary,isamongthemostinfluential

dictionaries

inthehistoryofthe

Englishlanguage.SamuelJohnson(1709-1784)ADicOxfordEnglishDictionary

publishedbythe

OxfordUniversityPress,istheself-styledpremier

dictionary

ofthe

Englishlanguage1855-1928OxfordEnglishDictionary

publTranslationWehavealso,ofcourse,numerouscommercialdictionarieswhichareasgoodasthepublicwantsthemtobeifnot,indeed,ratherbetter.此外，還編撰了許多商務詞典，即使不能算盡善盡美，至少也滿足了人們的實際需求。TranslationWehavealso,ofcoWordsandexpressionsAsEnglishcametoreplaceLatinasthelanguageofscholarship…parseandanalyzeit,asonecould(parseandanalyze)Latin.parse:對（句子）作語法分析

Ingrammar,ifyou

parse

asentence,youexamineeachwordandclauseinordertoworkoutwhatgrammaticaltypeeachoneis.

WordsandexpressionsAsEnglisWordsandexpressionsSuperimpose:

Iffeaturesorcharacteristicsfromonesituation

aresuperimposedonto

oron

another,theyaretransferredontoorusedinthesecondsituation,thoughtheymaynotfit.

使同樣適用于;將…強加于Patternsofpublicadministrationandgovernmentare

superimposedontraditionalsocieties.公共管理和執(zhí)政模式移用于傳統(tǒng)社會。WordsandexpressionsSuperimpoWordsandexpressionsObscure:

Ifonething

obscures

another,itpreventsitfrombeingseenorheardproperly.

遮掩；遮蔽；使模糊不清Trees

obscuredhisvision;hecouldn'tseemuchoftheSquare'ssouthernhalf...樹木遮擋了他的視線，南半廣場的一大部分他都無法看清。Onewalloftheparliamentbuildingisnowalmostcompletely

obscuredbyahugebanner.議會大樓的一面墻現(xiàn)在幾乎被一條巨型橫幅完全蓋住了。WordsandexpressionsObscure:

英漢互譯TranslationbetweenEnglishandChinese在英漢互譯時，都需要擺脫原文結(jié)構(gòu)的束縛，譯出符合對方表達習慣的語言。英漢互譯TranslationbetweenEnglisTherebe結(jié)構(gòu)一年有四季。Therearefourseasonsinayear.Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)一年有四季。1.無主句的翻譯英語是主語顯著的語言，它所突出的是主語。為使句子在形式上保持結(jié)構(gòu)完整，絕大部分句子不能沒有主語。漢語是主題顯著(topicprominent)的語言，其所突出的是主題而不是主語。漢語無主句或主語省略句譯成英語時應根據(jù)上下文增加主語或變換句式。1.無主句的翻譯英語是主語顯著的語言，它所突出的是主語。為使translation朝聞道，夕死可矣。Apersonwhohasattainedenlightenmenthasnoregretinlife.translation朝聞道，夕死可矣。無主句翻譯處理方法增加主語譯成被動句譯成祈使句用無生物詞語作主語譯成非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)無主句翻譯處理方法增加主語增加主語黑漆漆，不知是日是夜。Pitchdark,Idon’tknowwhetheritisdayornight.采取積極措施，促進全社會固定資產(chǎn)投資較快增長。Wewilladoptvigorousmeasurestopromoterapidexpansionoftotalfixedassetinvestment.增加主語黑漆漆，不知是日是夜。譯成被動句大多數(shù)中學里都教英語Englishistaughtinmostmiddleschools.譯成被動句大多數(shù)中學里都教英語譯成祈使句好好學習，天天向上。Studyhardandmakeprogresseveryday.按照”三個代表“要求加強和改進黨的建設。StrengthenandimprovethePartybuildinginaccordancewiththerequirementsofthe“ThreeRepresent’s”譯成祈使句好好學習，天天向上。用無生物詞語作主語真沒想到他是個不誠實的人Ithasneveroccurredtomethatheisadishonestman.在羅馬發(fā)生過許多重大的歷史事件。Romewitnessedgreathistoricevents.用無生物詞語作主語真沒想到他是個不誠實的人譯成非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)堅持擴大內(nèi)需的戰(zhàn)略方針，努力保持國民經(jīng)濟的較快發(fā)展Continuingtoboostdomesticdemandandmaintainingrapiddevelopmentofthenationaleconomy.譯成非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)堅持擴大內(nèi)需的戰(zhàn)略方針，努力保持國民經(jīng)濟的較快2.形合hypotaxis與意合parataxia顯性連接標記與隱性連接2.形合hypotaxis與意合parataxia顯性連接標Translation不克服自滿情緒，就無法學到東西。Wecanneverlearnanythinguntilweridourselvesofcomplacency.Translation不克服自滿情緒，就無法學到東西。translation他不來，我不走。Iwillstayuntilhecomes.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind.冬天已經(jīng)來臨，春天還會遠嗎？Hehadtostayathomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.他病了，昨天不得不呆在家里。Einstein’stheoryofrelativityissoabstrusethatfewpeoplecanappreciateit.愛因斯坦的相對論非常深奧，沒多少人懂。translation他不來，我不走。3.漢語逆線性擴展(inverselinear)手提電腦丟了。買的手提電腦丟了。上周六買的電腦丟了小王上周六買的電腦丟了。（句首開放open-beginning,句尾收縮closedending/contractingending）3.漢語逆線性擴展(inverselinear)3.英語順線性擴展（linear)Thisistheboy.ThisistheboythatkilledtheCarfield.ThisistheboythatkilledtheCarfieldthatlayinthehouse.ThisistheboythatkilledtheCarfieldthatlayinthehousethatT