中石化職稱英語復習題

英譯漢Thereisanincreaseindamandforallkindsofconsumergoodsineverypartofourcoun-trry.譯為:我國各地對各種消費品的需求量正大大增加。Wealsorealizedthegrowingneedandnecessitytoindustrializecertainsectoymnedtopur-sueit.譯為我們也認識到越來越需要使某些經(jīng)濟部門工業(yè)化。Theyaredeeplyconvincedoftheourrectnessofthispocicyandfirmlydeterminedtopur-sueit.譯為:我們深信這一政策是正確的,并有堅定的決心繼續(xù)奉行這一政策。Weseekadeep-rootedunderstandingthroughthemultiplicationofoureconomic,cultur-al,scientific,technicalandhumanties譯為：我們要通過加強我們之間的經(jīng)濟、文化、科學、技術和人員等方面的交流來加深彼此的了解。Rocketshevefoundapplicationsforzheexplorationoftheuniverse譯為:火箭已經(jīng)用來探索宇宙。Ifwewereignorantofthestructureoftheatom,itwouldbeimpossibleforustostudynuclearphysics譯為:如果我們不知道原子的結構,我們我們就不可能研究核子物理學。Electroniccontroltechniquescanbedesignedtotakefulladvantageofquickresponsein-herentinagasturbineproulsionsystem譯為:電子控制技術可以充分地利用燃氣輪機推進系統(tǒng)固有的反應快的優(yōu)點。Histreatiseaimsatdiscussingthepropertiesofthenewlydiscoveredelements譯為:他著篇論文的目的是討論新發(fā)現(xiàn)元素的特征。Thesepumpsarefeaturedbytheirsimpleoperation,easrmaintenance,lowpowercon-sumptionanddurableservice譯為：這些水泵的特點是操作簡便,維護容易,耗電量少,經(jīng)久耐用。Noonehaseverseenasingleatomormoleculeevenwiththemostpowerfulmicroscope譯為：即使用倍數(shù)最高的顯微鏡,也沒有人看到過一個單個的原子或分子。Cargoinsuranceistoprotectthetredefoumlossesthatmanydangersmaycause.譯為:貨物保險就是保護貿(mào)易商免受許多風險所可能造成的種種損失。Englishisthelanguageofcommerceandsecondlanguageofmanycountneswhicihfor-merlrhadFrenchorgermaninthatposition譯為：英語是國際貿(mào)易中通用的語言,在許多國家已取代法語或德語成為第二語言。Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman譯為：閱讀使人充實,會話使人敏捷,寫作使人精明。Theproblemofacquiring,trackinganddiscriminatingallthetargetsneedsthefuilcapa-bilityofthephasedarrayradar譯為:解決捕獲、跟蹤和識別所有目標的問題,要求發(fā)揮相控陣雷達的全部能力。Theprincioalfunctionthatmaybeperformedbyvacuumtubesarerectification,amplify-cation,oscillation,modulationanddetection譯為:真空管的五大主要功能是:整流、放大、振蕩、調(diào)制和檢波。Akeyisapieceinsertedbetweenashaftandahabtopreventrelativerotation譯為:鍵是一種裝在軸和輪轂之間的零件，用以防止相對轉(zhuǎn)動。Mywork,myfamily,myfriendsweremorethanenoughtofillmytime譯為:我干工作,我作家務,我有朋友來往,這些占用了我的全部時間。Theformerismorecommoninadult,thelatterinchildren譯為：前者在成年人中較常見,后者在兒童中較常見。Tinghtertolerancesarepossible,butwithloweryieldandgreatercost譯為:使公差再小一些是可能的，但這會降低成品率，使成本增加。Thisexperiencehasbeenobtainedintherealmoffarlessstringentoperationalrequire-mentsandconditions,particularlyinregardtopowerdissipation譯為:這種經(jīng)驗是在極不嚴格的工作要求和工作環(huán)境下取得的,Theexperiencehastoldusthatthislindofmaterialisofgoodquality經(jīng)驗告訴我們這種材料的質(zhì)量很好Theproductsshouldbesampledtochecktheirqualitybeforetheyleavethefactory譯為:產(chǎn)品在出廠之前就應該進行質(zhì)量抽樣檢查。Theyhavefittedthemselvestothelandandtherhythmofitsseasons譯為:他們已經(jīng)適應了當?shù)氐乃梁图竟?jié)。Physicsisthestudyofheat,sound,magnetism,electricity,light,thepropertiesofmat-terandwhatitiscomposedof譯為:物理學研究的是熱、聲、磁、電、光、物質(zhì)的性質(zhì)和成份Wehavesolvedtheproblemandhavearrivedatthesameconclusionastheyarrivedat譯為:我們已經(jīng)解決了這個問題,并且得出了和他們相同的結論。Edisonandhismenwereverymuchexcitedasthefirstelectriclightsentoutitsglow譯為：當?shù)谝槐K燈放光時，愛迪生和他的工作人員非常興奮。Itistoincreasethefrictionthatthesurfacesofautomobiletyresaremadewithprojec-tions正是為了增加摩擦，才把汽車胎的表面做成有了許多突起的小塊。英譯漢Whenwewanttomoveabodyofgreatmass,wemustapplyagreatforce譯為:要移動質(zhì)量大的物體,就要用大力。Thehightemperatureandhighrotationalspeedsatwhichthegasturbineoperatespresentdifficultiesinmanufacture譯為:燃氣輪機工作時的高溫與高轉(zhuǎn)速使制造產(chǎn)生了一些困難。Practicallyallsubstancesexpandwhenheatedandcontractwhencooled譯為:實際上一切物質(zhì)都是熱脹冷縮的。whatIwaslearningwaswhatdickdarmanlatersaidatben‘sgoodbyepartytwotearslater譯為:我所學到的，是兩年以后迪克。達曼在歡送本的告別會上所說的。ThatthebritishandAmericangovernmentsremainedunperturbedwasdueingreatparttoauniqueserviceprovidedbythebritishbroadcastingcorporation譯為：當時英美政府之所以能夠保持鎮(zhèn)定自若,主要是由于英國廣播公司提供了一項很不尋常的服務。Outpositionhasalwaysbeenthatsuchinterventionistotallyunjustified譯為:我們的一貫立場為:這種干涉是完全無理的。Idon‘tthinkthatheatallweighedtheadvantagesofchanginghisjobagainstthedisadvantages譯為：我認為他根本就沒有把換工作的利弊加心權衡比較。shetoldnethatshewouldoftenspendawholemorningworkinguponasinglepage譯為:她對我說,她往往要花整整一個上午來修改一頁稿子。weknewthatwenevercouldfindpeaceaslongasweaswerefilledwithhatred譯為:我們明白了，如果我們心里總是充滿了怨恨,就永遠也安寧不下來。Ihadheardyouwerecoming,butwehadnoideaitwouldbethissoon譯為:我們聽說你要來,可是沒想到你來得這樣快。Thereisnoquestionthatthesovietunionwillseektogainfromtheinstability譯為:毫無疑問,蘇聯(lián)將利用不穩(wěn)定的形勢撈到好處。The25-yearteachingveteransayshewasdeniedapromotionandpayraiselastyearbecausehehadn‘tpublishedasufficientnumberofresearchpapers.譯為:這位有25年教齡的老師來說,由于他未能發(fā)表足夠數(shù)量的科研論文,去年沒有給他提職、提薪。whatAmericahaslostisthecocky,do-anythingassuranceofthe1950s譯為:美國已經(jīng)失去了50年代那種趾高氣揚、為所欲為而毫無顧忌的勁頭。Anditisnotwhetheruniversitieshaveproducedvaluableresearchandscholarship譯為：問題也不在于大學是否已取得有價值的科研成果和學術成就。weshouldrememberthatthescientificdevelopmentsinonefieldarecloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentsofthesametimeinotherfields譯為:我們應當記住,一個領域的科學發(fā)展與其他領域在同一時期的發(fā)展有著密切的聯(lián)系。IthasbeensaidthatinAmerica,peoplethinkintermsofdecades;inEurope,theythinkintermsofgenerations;inchina,dtheythinkintermslfcenturies,譯為:有人說:在美國，人們以十年為單位來考慮問題。在歐洲,人們以一代人為單位來考慮問題。而在中國,人們以世紀的眼光來考慮問題。Don'ttakeforgrantedthatitwillbeallplainsailing,譯為:不要以為一切都會一帆風順。legendhasitthatdayuwasmadeemperorbecauseofhissuccessincontrollingfloods譯為:據(jù)傳說,在禹是因為治水成功而當上皇帝的。Therehasneverbeenamanaroundmewhowrotesomanymemos.譯為:在我周圍沒有一個人像他那樣寫過那么多的備忘錄。Hewishestowriteanarticlethatwillattractpubicattentiontothematter譯為：他想寫一篇文章，來呼吁公眾關注此事。Thesunemitalargeamountofinvisibleraysofamaturesimilartoradiowavesandlightwhichareelectromagneticwaves譯為:太陽發(fā)射大量與光和無線電波性質(zhì)類似的不可見的射線,這些射線就是電磁波。Themeltingpointofwhichthecarboncontentishigher,islower譯為:如果鑄鐵的含碳量較高,其熔點就較低。Thisfactoryproducedmachinetoolstowhichprecisioninstrumentswereattached譯為:這家工廠生產(chǎn)附有精密儀器的機床。Suchpeopleastheyarewillneverdothatsortofthing譯為:像他們這樣的人絕不會做那種事情。China‘sisolationfromthewestwasfinallybrokeninthe19thcentury,whenitwasinvadedfromthesea.譯為：中國與西方隔絕的狀態(tài)終于在19世紀被打破了,當時中國遭到了從海上來的侵略。Thewholestaffconsistedofabout250doctorsandnurses,nearlyhalfofwhomwerewomen.譯為:在全體工作人員中，大約有250名是醫(yī)生和護士，幾乎半數(shù)是婦女。Thereasonwhyjohnfailedwashislaziness譯為：約翰之所以失敗是由于他懶惰。英譯漢Iwouldliketoliveinaplacewheretreesaregreenalltheyearround.譯為:我喜歡住在樹木四季常青的地方。whenagiantradio-telescopeturnsinonthemessagessentfromarocketinspace,acom-puterguidestheturningofthetelescopeintherightdirection譯為:當一架巨型電望遠鏡為了對準宇宙中的火箭所發(fā)回的電訊而轉(zhuǎn)動時,計算機便會指引望遠鏡轉(zhuǎn)到所需要的角度。Thedrillmayjustmisstheoilalthoughitisnear:ontheotherhand,itmaystrkeoilatafairlyhinghlevl譯為：鉆頭可能到了離油很近的地方而沒有碰到油;另一方面,也可能在相當淺的地方打出油來。Theoilusedforthispurposemustbeofthecorrectthickness:ifitistoothinitwillnotgivesufficientlubrication,andifitistoothickitwillnotreachallpartsthatmustbelubricated譯為:潤滑油的濃度必須適當,太稀則起不到應有的潤滑修,太稠則流不到需要潤滑的所有零件。Wedonotreadhistorysimplyforpleasure,butinorderthatwemaydiscoverthelawsofpoliticgrowthandchange譯為：我們讀歷史不單純是為了娛樂,而是為了從中發(fā)現(xiàn)政治發(fā)展和演變規(guī)律。ThemorecorporatestaffabroadwhocancommunicatewellinEnglishthegreateryourtradingopportunity譯為:駐外公司職員能用英語熟練交流的越多,做生意的機會就越多。AsdivorceretesinAsisareontherise,moraleducationisgettingmoreandmoreimpor-tant譯為:在亞洲，由于離婚率不斷上升，道德教育越來越重要HeknewnothingabouttheblueprintuntilItoldhim譯為:這個藍圖在我告訴他之前,他一點也不知道。Thismaterialisnomoreelasticthanthatone這種材料并不比那種更有彈性。Manycenturieshadpassedbeforemanlearnedtomakefire譯為：許多世紀以后人類才學會了生火。Hespeaksquickly,thetoneofhisvoicesoarrestingthatitsoberseveryone譯為:他快快地講著,語調(diào)十分引人注意,大家也都安靜地聽。Currentwellnotflowcontinually,sincethecircuitisbrokenbytheinsulatingmaterial譯為：電流不再繼續(xù)流動，因為電路被絕緣材料隔斷了。Thewerkingplanwellbeexaminedbyaspecialcommitteefirst譯為:這個工作計劃將先由一個特別委員會加以審查。Ifthepressureinaclosedvesselisallowedtorisetoohigh,thevesselwillburst譯為:如果聽任密封容器中的壓力過分升高容器就會爆炸。Mostofthequestionshavebeensettledsatisfactorily;onlyafewquestionsofsecondim-portanceremaintobediscusse（譯為：大部分問題已經(jīng)圓滿解決了,只剩下幾個次要問題有待討論。Wowsomuchhasbeedpublishedonallkindsofsubjectsthatevenaspecialistwhodevot-edallhistimetoreadingcouldnotkeepupwithit現(xiàn)在就各種問題發(fā)表了許多材料,即使是專家整天看材料也跟不上。Therefore,whenwearereceivedwithsomuchhonorandsomuchkindnessinthisgreatcountry,Ibelievethatthepeople,sRepublicofchinaisdoingaverysignificantthing譯為：因此，當我們在這個偉大的國家里受到這樣隆重和盛情的接待時,我認為中華人民共和國這樣做是有重大意義的Nowfreshwaterisbecomingscarce,butmoreandmoreisneededbecauseofincrease-ingnumberofpeopleintheworlc譯為:現(xiàn)在淡水越來越不足,而由于世界人口日益增長,淡水的需要量卻越來越大。Itisrequiredthatthemachineshouldbemaintainedatregularintervals譯為:機器需要定期維修。Itshouldbepointedoutthatthisprocessisoxidation譯為:應該指出這一過程是氧化。Itisgenerallyrecognizedthattheinsulationresistanceofacableisinverselyproportionaltoitslength譯為：普遍認為電纜的絕緣電阻與其長度成反比。Suchapoorstatecouldnotpossiblyhavewagedagainstirsneighborwithoutbackingformothercountries譯為:這樣貧窮的國家如果沒有他國的支持,本來根本不可能對其鄰國發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭。Nothingintheworldmovesfasterthanlight譯為：世界上沒有任何東西比光走得快。Allthesemetalsarenotgoodconductors譯為:所的這些金屬不都是良導體。Noteneryminutedifferenceisnoted譯為：并不是每一點細微差別都能注意到了。Thereisnomaterialbutwilldeformmoreorlessundertheactionofforce譯為:在力的作用下，各種材料或多或少都要變形。Theyworkedneitherforfamenorforpersonalgains譯為：他們工作一不為名二不為利。英譯漢Thespeedoflightistoogreattobemeasuredwithasimpleunit譯為:光的速度太大,以至于不能用簡單的單位來度量。Althoughheexplainedittoher,shewasstillcompletelyatsea譯為:盡管他給她作了解釋,可她仍然迷惑不解。Wewerekeptinthedarkastofutureplans譯為：我們對未來的計劃一無所知。Japanisthelastcountrytoinventradar,butEngland譯為:發(fā)明雷達的國家決不是日本,而英國。(a)Nuchmoreimportantthantheelementitselfaresomeofitscompounds譯為：比這一元素本身更重要的是它的一些化合物。Ofconsiderableinterestisthatmanyplanetsrevolveroundthesunbesidestheearth譯為:相當有趣的是，除地球外,有許多行星環(huán)繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。Withthedevelopmentofelectricalengineering,powercanbetransmittedoveralongdistance譯為：隨著電氣工程的發(fā)展，電力可以遠距離輸送。Surroundingtheearthisalayerofairofgreatthickness譯為:環(huán)繞地球的是一層厚度很大的空氣。Betweenatomsthereisenoughspaceforthemtomove,andmovetheydo譯為:原子之間有足夠的空間讓原子運動,而它們有確在運動。Differentmetalsdodifferintheirconductivity譯為:不同的金屬一定具有不同的導電性能。Itisthepowerstationthatsuppliesthemotivepowertothewholecity譯為:供給全城動和的就是發(fā)電站。ItwasNewtonwhoprovedmathematicallytheatthepathofaplanetmustbeanellipse譯為:用數(shù)學證明行星的軌道是個橢圓的，就是牛頓。Itisonlythroughagreatdealofpracticethatweshallbeabletooperatethismachinetool譯為：只有通過大量實踐，我們才能操作這臺機床。Thenotionsofenergythermodynamicsemphasizes能的概念為熱力學所強調(diào)。（四）Ifthesestampsweregenuiue,theywouldbeworthalotofmoney譯為:這些郵票如果是真的,可就值大錢了。Ifthisbridgehadbeenbuiltofarmouredconcrete,itsstrengthwouldhavebeenmuchgreater譯為:這座橋要是當初用鋼筋混凝土建造，它的強度就會大大提高。Ifanycountrywereinthesamepositionthatweaer,theywouldbemakingthesamecasewiththesamefoyceandconviction譯為：假如任何國家處在我國所處的地位的話,他們也會跟我們一樣堅定不移地持同樣的態(tài)度。Thenationwasonitskneesand,werenothingdone,wouldsoonbeprostrate譯為：國家處境不妙,如果不想一點辦法,就會完蛋。Withoutheradvice,Iwouldhavefailed假如沒有她的勸告，我想必已失敗了。IsupposepoorMaryisallbrokenup.Iwouldbeinhercase譯為：我想可憐的瑪麗已傷心透了。如果我處在她的地位,我也會是這樣的。Ifcomputerswerenotused,ourresearchworkwouldbedifficult譯為:假使沒有用計算機,我們的研究工作就困難了。Howcouldhehaveoperatedthemachine-toolifhehadn‘tlearnedthetechniquesomeweeksago?譯為：要是他在幾個星期前沒有學習技術，他怎么能操作社臺機床呢?Shewishedshehadstayedathome譯為：也但愿那時留在家中就好了。IsupposewhenIwasayoungmanIshouldhavedonethesamefoolthing譯為:我想,如果我是一個年輕人,我大概也會干出社樣的蠢事來。Laser,itscreationbeingthoughttobeoneoftoday‘swonders,isnothingmorethanalightthatdiffersfromordinarylightsonlyinthatitismanytimesmorepowerfulandsocanbeappliedinfieldsthatnoordinarylightorothersubstancehaseverbeenabletogetin譯為:激光的發(fā)明被認為是當代的奇跡之一。其實激光也只不過是一種光線,與普通光線不同之處在于它的強度要大很多倍,因而能夠月重任何光線或其他物質(zhì)從未能進入的領域。Agoodwayoflearningtomakethesoundofanewlanguageistouserecordingswhichhavepausesaftereachsentencegivingyoutimetosaywhatyouhavelearntbeforethenextsentencecomes.譯為：學習一種新的語言的發(fā)音有一種好辦法,那就是利用錄音,它可以在每句話后多留些間隙,以便你有時間在下一句還沒出現(xiàn)之前練習你剛剛學過的東西。Automaticcontrolwhichisknownasautomationislimitedtosuchoperationsashavesomeconnectionwiththecontrollingoradjustmentofindividualmachinesorinstruments,thesystemsetupwithautomaticcontrolsbeing,inawidersense,alongproducinglinewhichenablesmaterialstobefedfromoneendandtheproductstobeturnedoutattheotherwiththewholeprocessbeingcontrolledautomatically譯為：自動控制,通常稱為自動化,不僅限于那些與控制或調(diào)整個別機器或儀器有關的操作,從更廣泛的意義上來說,這種自動控制建立的系統(tǒng),是一個很長的生產(chǎn)線,從一端投入原料,到另一端制成產(chǎn)品,整個過程都是自動控制的。英譯漢Thosewhohavescrupulouslystudiedthenationalstatisticshaveconcludedthatthereisnothinginthemthatwouldsupportthegeneralbeliefthattherehasbeensomelesseningofeco-nomicinequalityintheUnitedStatesinrecentdecades譯為:認真天空過國家統(tǒng)計數(shù)字中沒有任何資料可以證實這個普遍的看法,即近幾十年來美國的經(jīng)濟不平等現(xiàn)象有所減輕。Chinahasalwaysbeenadisciplinedandculturednation,andifitseemedtooldChinahandsthatitwasnot,itislikelythatitwasthedisturbinginfluenceofwesternmaterialismandamoralitythatcorruptedthepersonalityoftheChinesewhowereincontactwithit,andwhothusbecame,inessence,itsvictims譯為：中國一直是一個守紀律有文化的國家,如果對某些中國通來說,中國看來并不是那樣,那很可能是由于西方的那種物質(zhì)享受不講道德是非的風氣破壞性的影響,腐蝕了那些與這種影響接觸的中國人的品格,在實質(zhì)上這些人是這些影響的受害者。Galileowasthefirsttoexplainbythismethodthatanyfallingobject,whetheritweighslittleormuch,gainsspeedatthesamerateweileitfalls,andanyballthrown,whateveritssizeandspeed,hasthesamepullfromtheearthbringingitdown譯為：伽里略首先用這種方法來解釋下述現(xiàn)象:即任何下落的物體,不管它是輕還是重,當它下降的時候,都以同樣的加速度落下;人們拋出的任何球體,不管它體積的大小和運動速度如何,都受到同樣的地球引力使它下墜。Owingtothefasttoelectricitycanbetransmittedfromwhereitisgeneratedtowhereitisneededbymeansofpowerlinesandtransformers,largepowerstationscanbebuiltinremoteplacesfarfromindustrialcentersorlargecitics,asisoftenthecasewithhydroelectricgeneratingstationsthatareinseparablefromwatersources譯為：由于借助動力線和變壓器，電可以從發(fā)電廠送往用電的地方，因此,大型發(fā)電廠可以建立在遠離大工業(yè)中心和大城市的遙遠的地方,不能離開水源的水力發(fā)電廠通常就是這樣。Thereareseveralreasonswhyhenolongerappearstobethemagiciantheworldpresshadmadehimouttobe,anillusionwhichhefailedtodiscouragebecause,ashewouldadmithimseIf,hehasatendencytowardmegalomania譯為:國際新聞界曾經(jīng)把他渲染成魔術師一般的人物,他也沒有阻止人們制造這種錯誤印象,因為他自己也承認有一種自大狂的傾向?，F(xiàn)在他不再像是這樣的人了。這里面有幾個原因。WhilethehigherIMF(InternationalMonetaryFund)estimatesmaybebetteryardsticksofeconomicprogress,theyhavealsoarousedThirdworldconcernthatsomehard-presseddevel-opingnationsmaysuddenlybeseenastoowell-offtoreceiveneededworldbankloans譯為：國際貨幣基金組織的較高估計可能是經(jīng)濟增長較快的衡量標準,但也引起了第三世界的擔心,一些財政拮據(jù)的發(fā)展中國家也許會突然被認為很富裕,以致不能獲取所需要的世界銀行貸款。Thereisjustthesamekindofdifferencebetweenthementaloperationofamanofsci-enceandthoseofanordinaryperson,asthereisberweentheoperationsandthemethodsofabakerorbutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadifficultandcomplexanalysisbymeansofhisbalanceandfinelygraduatedweights科學家與普通人的思維活動的區(qū)別，無非是面包師或屠夫操作與化學家的操作的區(qū)別;前者是普通的秤來貨物,后者則用天平和分得很細的砝碼來進行艱難而復雜的分析。翻譯綜合練習Doctorsalsosayeatinglessfatwillreducetheamoutofdangerouscholesterolintheblood.thischolesterolcansticktothewallofbloodpassages,blockingtheflowofblood.Ineatarteriesthatcarrybloodtotheheartmuscle,suchblockagescauseaheartattack.Instead.eatmorefoodslowinfat.Thisincludeslow-fatmilkanddairyproducts,leanmeats,poultrywithouttheskin,andfishandshellfish,Expertsalsosaycookingfoodsinoliveoilandfishoilwillhelplowercholesterol,Andtheysayitisbesttosteam,bake,roastorbroilfoods,nottofry.Theyalsosayeatingdriedpeasandbeansandbeanshelpslowertheamountoffatintheblood.醫(yī)生們還說少吃多脂肪食品將減少血液中有礙人體健康的膽固醇含量,這種膽固醇可以緊貼在血管壁上從而堵塞血流。在負責把血液送入心臟肌肉的動脈血管中,這種堵塞會導致心臟病。所以,更好的方法是,吃低脂肪牛奶、乳制品、瘦肉、去皮的禽肉、魚類和水生貝類。專家們還說用橄欖油和魚油烹飪將有助于降低膽固醇,專家們建議最好采用清蒸、烘或焙的方法烹飪食品,而不是用油炸。他們還認為吃干豌豆和豆類會幫助降低血液中的脂肪含量。Healthexpertsalsosayweshouldeatmoyefruitandvegetables,andfoodshighinfiberssuchaswholegrainbreadsandcerealsandbrownrice.Somefibershelplowerlevelsofdangerouscholesterol.Thiswouldhelpreducethedangerofheartdisease.Mostexpertsagreethatfiberal-socanprotectagainstcancer.Theyarenotsurehowfiberdoesthis.somebelieveithelpsthebodytoquicklyremovefatthatmaycausecancertodevelop健康專家們認為,我們應該多吃水果和蔬菜以及那些纖維含量高的食品,如粗面面包和各類谷類或糙米。有些纖維會幫助降低有害的膽固醇,這有且于減少得心臟病的危險。大多數(shù)專家認為纖維也可以預防癌癥,他們還不大肯定纖維如何能做到這點,但專家認為,纖維可以幫助身體快速消除可能導致癌癥的脂肪。Doctorssaythatemotionalproblemsalsocancausegrowthdisorders.Achildmaysuddenlystopgrowingbecauseofstress,formbeingsickorperhapsfromreactiontoafamilyproblem.suchagrowthdisorderistemporary.Thechildwillstartgrowingagainassuddenlyashestopped,justassoonasthecauseofstressisremoved醫(yī)生說，情緒方面的問題也會妨礙生長發(fā)育。一個孩子可能會由于疾病或由于家庭問題的影響,產(chǎn)生壓力,從而突然停止生長。這種生長發(fā)育的障礙是暫時性的,一但緊張的原因消失,這種孩子就會象突然停止生長一樣,重新開始生長。Doctorsalsonotethatmostgrowthhormoneisproducedduringsleep.Thismeansthatachildwithserioussleepingproblemsmaynotgrownormally.However,normalgrowthwouldre-turnoncethesleepingproblemissolved醫(yī)生們還注意到,大多數(shù)生長激素是在睡眠時產(chǎn)生的。這就是說,在睡眠方面存在嚴重問題的兒童可能無法正常生長發(fā)育。不過,一旦睡眠問題得到解決,正常的生長發(fā)育就可得以恢復。Doctorssaythatsomegrowthdisordersareapparentatbirth.Othersmaynotbenoticedforyearsuntilthechildfallsbehindnormalgrowthrates,Sogrowthexpertsurgeparentstomeasureachildatleastonceeveryyear,Childrengrowatdifferentrates,ofcourse,Mostgirlsgrowfasterthanboys,andtheystopgrowingsooner.Butgenerallyachildgrowsfivecentimetersormoreeachyear,Theysaypar-entsshouldtalktoadoctorifachildsyearlygrowthfallsbelowfivecentimeters醫(yī)生們說,有些生長發(fā)育方面的問題一生下來就很明顯，另外一些問題可能過了若干年,等到兒童落后于正常的生長速度以后才會發(fā)現(xiàn)。因此,生長發(fā)育問題專家主張家長至少每年要給孩子測量一次身高。當然,兒童們生長的速度各不相同,大多數(shù)女孩比男孩生長發(fā)育的快,并更早地停止發(fā)育。一般來說,兒童每年長5cm或5cm以上,如果一個孩子張個子不足5cm,家長就應該找醫(yī)生談一談。Themostimportantpsychologicaldiscoveryofthiscenturyisthediscoveryofthe—self-im-age.11Whetherwerealizeitornot.eachofuscarriesaboutwithusamentalblueprintorpictureofoueselves,Itmaybevagueandill-definedtoourconsciousgaze.Infact,itmaynotbecon-sciouslyrecognizableatall.Bpletedowntothelastdetail.Thisself-imageisourownconceptionofthe—sortofpersonIam,llIthasbeenbuiltupfromourownbeliefsaboutourselves,Butmostofthesebelietsaboutourselveshaveunconsciouslybeenformedfromourpastexperiences,oursuccessesandfailures,ourhumiliations.ourtriumphs.andthewayptherpro-plehavereactedtous,especiallyinearlychildhood,ftomallthesewementallyconstructa—self||(orapictureofself)Onceanideaorabeliefaboutourselvesgoesintothispictureitbecomes—truell,asfaraswepersonallyareconcerned,wedonotquestionitsvalidity,butpro-ceedtoactuponitjustasifitweretrue本世紀最重要的心理學發(fā)現(xiàn)就是“自我意象”。不管我們意識到與否,我們每個人的腦子里都有一副自我“藍圖”或自我畫像。在我們有意識的凝視之下,它也許是模糊不清的,事實上,我們也許根本無法不意識地去認識它,但它確實是存在的,每一個細節(jié)都完整完缺。這一自我意像就是“我是怎樣一種人”的自我概念人。它建立在我們的自我信念之上。但是,這些自我信念大部分是根據(jù)我們過去的經(jīng)歷,我們的成功和失敗,我們的羞辱,我們的勝利以及他人對我們的反應,特別是根據(jù)童年時期的種種經(jīng)歷在不知不覺中形成的。根據(jù)所有這些以往的經(jīng)歷,我們便在自己的腦子里形成了一個“自我”（或一幅自我畫像）。就我們個人而言,一旦關于我們自己的某種想法或信念進入這幅畫像,它就變成了“真實的”。我們從不懷疑它是否可信,而是根據(jù)它去行動,就好像它是真的一樣。Advertisinghasbecomeaveryspecializedactivityinmoderntimes,Inthebusinessworldoftoday,supplyisusuallygreaterthandemand.Thereisgreatcompetitionbetweendifferentman-ufacturersofthesamekindofproducttopersuadecustomerstobuytheirownparticularbrand.Theyalwayshavetoremindtheconsumerofthenameandthequalitiesoftheirproduct,Theydothisbyadvertising.Themanufactureradvertisesinthenewspapersandonposters,Hesome-timespaysforsongsabouthisproductincommercialradioprograms.Heorganizescompetitions,withprizesforwinners,Heoftenadvertisesonlocalcinemas.Manufacturersoftenspendlargesumsofmoneyonadvertisements,Webuyaparticularproductbecausewethinkthatitisthebest,Weusuallythinksobecauseoftheadvertisementsthatsayso.Somepeopleneverpausetoaskthemselvesiftheadvertisementsaretellingthetruth.廣告宣傳已成為了現(xiàn)代高度專業(yè)化的活動了。在今天的商業(yè)世界中,供過于求是普遍現(xiàn)象。為了說服顧客購買有自己商標的產(chǎn)品,大規(guī)模的競爭就在同類商品的工廠主之間展開了。他們得經(jīng)常設法向消費者提醒他們產(chǎn)品的名字和優(yōu)等質(zhì)量,這就要靠廣告了。他們在報紙上登廣告,在海報上做宣傳,他們有時出錢在廣播節(jié)目中播出產(chǎn)品宣傳歌。他們組織各種競賽活動。給獲勝者贈送獎品,他們經(jīng)常在當?shù)仉娪霸旱你y幕上打出宣傳廣告。為了這些廣告,工廠的老板們要花掉大量的金錢。我們購買某個商品時,總認為它是最好的貨色,我們有這種看法,因為廣告就是這么說的,有些人從來未冷靜地問問自己:這些廣告是否說了真話?!Byandlarge,businesscanmakeprofitsonlybyproducinggoodsandservicesthatpeoplewanttobuyautos,houses,drycleaning,dogfood.Iftheseisnoconsumerwhoiswillingandabletobuy,thebusinessmanisoutofluck.Maybethegovernmentwilltemporarilycometohisrescuewithasubsidy,ormaybehecankeepgoingbyusinguphisinvestedcapital.Butoverthelongpull,itisthecustomerswhoarewillingandabletobuywhodirectproductioninaprivateenterpriseeconomy.Sinceconsumerdemandlargelydirectsproductioninaprivate-enterprisesystem,itisimportanttodefine—demendllaccuratelyattheoutset.—Demand!isthescheduleofamountsofanyproductthatbuyerswillpurchaseatdifferentpricesduringthestatedtimeperiod.Thisdefinitiontakessomeexplaining,sinceitobviouslyisn‘twhatthewordmeansineveryconversation一般來說,企業(yè)獲取利潤,只能靠生產(chǎn)和提供人們愿意購買的產(chǎn)品和服務,如汽車,房屋,干洗,狗食。如果沒有愿意買而且買得起的消費者,企業(yè)主就倒霉了。也許政府會提供津貼來暫時幫他一把,或者他耗用自己的投資而得以維持下去。但從長遠來看,正是那些愿意買而且買得起的顧客支配著私營企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)。既然私營企業(yè)體制中生產(chǎn)大都由消費需求來支配,那么一開始就給需求下一個精確的定義便是很重要的了。需求就是在一定時期內(nèi)購買者想要按不同的價格購買的任何產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量一覽表。這個定義需要解釋一下。因為它顯然不是這個詞用于日常談話時指的意思。Infuturetradethekeydevelopmenttowatchistherelationshipbetweentheindustrializedandthedevelopingnations.Thirdworldcountriesexporttheirmineraldepositsandtropicalagri-culturalproducts,whichdringthendesiredforeignexchange.Tourismhasalsobeengreatlyre-sponsiblefortherepiddeveopmentofsomedevelopingnations.ManyThirdworldnationswithhighunemploymentandlowwageshaveseenanemigrationofworkerstothedevelopednations.westernEuropehasreceivedmillionsofsuchworkersfromMediterraneancountries.Thedevel-opingnationsprofitwhentheseworkersbringtheirsavingsandtheiracquiredtechnicalskillsbackhome.manydevelopingnationsbenefitwhenwesternnationsestablishmanufacturingintheircountriestotakeadvantageofcheaplabor.在將來的世界貿(mào)易中，要注意觀察的重要發(fā)展是工業(yè)化國家與發(fā)展中國家之間的關系。第三世界國家出口礦物和熱帶農(nóng)作物，以換取所需的外匯。旅游業(yè)對有些發(fā)展中國家的迅速發(fā)展也起了很大作用。在很多失業(yè)多，工資低的第三世界國家出現(xiàn)了工人移居發(fā)達國家的現(xiàn)象。西歐就接受了來自中海國家的這種工人數(shù)以百萬計。當這些工人把他們的積蓄和學到的技能帶回本國時，這些發(fā)展中國家就受益了，西方國家在發(fā)展中國家利用廉價勞動力開辦工廠，這些發(fā)展中國家也從中得到好處。Internationalmonetarycooperationwillhaveasignificantimpactonfuturetrade.IftheIMFcountriesaernotabletoagreeuporanewinternationalmonetaryorderintheyearstocome，internationaltrademaybecometooriskyforsomecompaniestogetinvolvedin.IftheIMFisunabletocreatesufficientinternationalliquidityreservesinthefuture，theremaynotbeenoughliquiditytosustaingrowthintrade.國際貨幣合作對未來的貿(mào)易將會產(chǎn)生重大的影響，在今后的年月里，如果國際貨幣基金組織各國不能就新的世界貨幣秩序達成協(xié)議，從事國際貿(mào)易的風險就有可能變得很大而使一些公司裹足不前。如果國際貨幣基金組織今后不能建立起足夠的國際清償能力儲備，就不會有足夠的清償能力來支撐住貿(mào)易的增長。JustasDarwindiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentoforganicnature，somarxdiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentofhumanhistory;thesimplefact，hithertoconcealedbyanovergrowthofideology，thatmankindmustfirstofalleat，drink，haveshelterandclothing，beforeitcanpursuepolitics，science，art，religion，etc，thatthereforetheproductionoftheimmediatematerialmeansofsubsistenceandconsequentlythedegreeofeconomicdevelopmentattainedbyagivenpeopleorduringagivenepochformthefoundationuponwhichthestareinstitutions,thelegalconceptions,art,andeventheideasonreligion,ofthepeopleconcernedhavebeenevolved,andinthelightofwhichtheymust,therefore,beexplained,insteadofviceversa,ashadhithertobeedthecase.正像達爾文發(fā)現(xiàn)有機界規(guī)律一樣,馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類歷史的發(fā)展規(guī)律,即以前蕪雜的意識形態(tài)所掩蓋著的一個簡單事實:人們首先必須吃,喝,住,穿,然后才能從事政治,科學,藝術,宗教等活動。所以,直接的物質(zhì)的生活資料的生產(chǎn),因而一個民族或一個時代的一定的以濟發(fā)展階段,便階段,便構成為基礎。人們的國家制度,法律觀點,藝術以至宗教觀念就是從這個基礎上發(fā)展起來的,因而也必須由這個基礎來解釋,而不是像過去那樣反道而行之。Butthatisnotall.Marxalsodiscoveredthespeciallawofmotiongoveringthepresent-daycapitalistmodeofproductionandthebourgeoissocietythatthismodeofproductionhascreated.Thediscoveryofsurpusvaluesuddenlythrewlightontheproblem,intryingtosolvewhichallpreviousinvestigations,ofbothbourgeoiseconomistsandsocialistcritics,hadbeengropinginthedark.不僅如此,馬克思還發(fā)現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代資本主義生產(chǎn)方式和它所產(chǎn)生的資產(chǎn)階級社會的特殊的運動規(guī)律。資產(chǎn)階級經(jīng)濟學家和社會主義批評家一直在黑暗中摸索探測,企圖加以解決的問題,由于剩余價值的發(fā)現(xiàn),一下子變得一清二楚了。Scienceisthebodyofknowledgeaboutnaturethatrepresentsthecollectiveefforts,insights,findings,andwisdomofthehumanrace.Scienceisnotsomethingnewbuthaditsbeginningsbeforerecordedhistorywhenhumansfirstdiscoveredreoccurringrelationshipsaroundthem.Throughcarefulobservationsoftheserelationships,.Theybegantoknownatureand,becauseofnature‘sdependability,foundtheycouldmakepredictionstoenablesomecontrolovertheirsurroundings.科學是關于自然的知識總體,它代表了人類的共同努力,洞察力,研究成果和智慧,科學并不是什么新的東西,在有文字記載的歷史以前,當人們最發(fā)現(xiàn)了在他們周圍反復出現(xiàn)得各種關系時,就有了科學的開端。通過對這些關系的仔細觀察,人們開始了解了自然,而由于自然的可靠性,人們還發(fā)現(xiàn)他們能夠作出預測,從而有可能在某種程度上控制他們的周圍環(huán)境。Sciencemadeitsgreatestheadwayinthesixteenthcenturywhenpeoplebeganaskinganswerablequestionsaboutnature-whentheybeganreplacingsuperstitionbyasystematicsearchfororderwhenexperimentinadditiontologicwasusedtotestideas.Wherepeopleoncetriedtoinfluencenaturaleventswithmagicandsupernaturalforces,theynowhadsciencetoguidethem.Advancewasslow,however,becauseofthepowerfuloppositiontoscientificmethodsandideas.科學在十六世紀取得了最偉大的進展,因為這時人們開始提出了有關自然的可以回答的問題,開始對秩序的系統(tǒng)研究代替了迷信。而且除了運用邏輯外,還運用實驗來檢驗各種觀點。以前人們曾試圖用巫術和超自然的力量來影響自然事件,而現(xiàn)在有了科學來指導他們,然而由于對科學方法和科學思想的強有力的反對,進展是緩慢的。Thegreatestofalltheaccomplishmentsoftwentieth-centurysciencehasbeenthediscoveryofhumanignorance.Welive,asneverbefore,inpuzzlementaboutnature,theuniverse,andourselvesmostofall.Itisanewexperienceforthespecies.Acenturyago,aftertheturbulencecausedbyDarwinandWallacehadsubsidedandthecentralideaofnaturalselectionhadbeengraspedandaccepted,wethoughtwekneweverythingessntialaboutevolution.Intheeigh-teenthcenturytherewerenohugepuzzles;humanreasonwasallyouneededinordertofigureouttheuniverse.Andformostoftheearliercenturies,thechurchprovidedboththequestionsandtheanswers,neatlypackaged.Now,forthefirsttimeinhumanhistory,wearecatchingglimpsesofourincomprehension.Wecanstillmakeupstoriestoexplaintheworld,aswealwayshave,butnowthestorieshavetobeconfirmedandreconfirmedbyexperiment.Thisisthescien-tificmethod,andoncestartedonthislinewecannotturnback.Weareobligedtogrowupinskepticism,requiringproofsforeveryassertionaboutnature,andthereisnowaroutexcepttomoveaheadandplugaway,hopingforcomprehensioninthefuturebutlivinginaconditionofintellectualinstabilityforthelongtime.二十一世紀科學領域迄今取得的最大成就是發(fā)現(xiàn)人類蒙昧無知。我們對自然、宇宙、尤其對我們自身,從來沒有象現(xiàn)在這樣感到困惑不解。這是人類一種新的感受。一百年前,在達爾文和華來士引起的轟動平靜下來,人們理解并接受了自然選擇的基本觀點之后,我們以為對進化論的實質(zhì)問題全都一清二楚了。十八世紀不存在重大的難解之迷。當時欲知宇宙奧秘,只需借助人的理性就行了。在此以前的若干世紀里,多數(shù)時候由教會提出問題同時提出答案,近乎包辦一切。如今,在人類歷史上我們第一次覺察到了自己的無知。我們可以一如既往依舊想出種種說法來解釋世界,但現(xiàn)在這些說法必須通過實驗加以證實、再證實。這是科學方法。一旦開始按照這種方法去做,我們就不能走回頭路了。我們只能始終帶著懷疑的目光,對關于自然的每一個論斷都要求拿出證據(jù)來。除了行動起來,埋頭探索,沒有其他辦法。我們希望將來能夠找到答案,但在此之前的這段漫長歲月里,我們只好處于一種謹慎非謹慎、一知半解的狀態(tài)。Transistorscanbemadewithothermaterials.Theyarelesscostly,andproducelessheat.Buttheyalsopermitlesselectricitytopassthrough.Theseothertransistorsaremadewithwhatiscalledamorphoussilicon.Thismaterialisnotaspureassiliconcrystals.Ithastinyspacesbetweentheatomsthatlimittheflowofelectricalcurrent.半導體管也可以用其他的材料制成,產(chǎn)熱少,不過可以通過的電流少。這種半導體管是由所謂的非晶體硅制造的。這種材料沒有硅晶體那樣純,原子之間的空隙也小,因而限制了電流的流動。TheAmericancompanyEnergyConversionDevicesofDetroitsaiditfoundwaystotreatamorphousmaterialsphysicallyandchemically.Thesetreatmentssharplyreducethenum-berofdefectsthatblocktheflowofcurrent.Thecompanysaiditthenwasabletoproduceamorphoustransistorsthatcarryone-hundredtimesmoreelectricalcurrentthanwaspossiblebefore.這家美國公司-底特律能源轉(zhuǎn)換設備公司說,他們找到了用物理和化學方法處理非晶體材料的辦法,這些處理方法大大減少了材料中阻擋電流流動的諸多缺陷。這家公司說,他們因此能夠制造出非晶體半導體管,其傳輸?shù)碾娏鳛檫^去所能傳輸?shù)碾娏鞯?00倍。Companyscientistssaytheiramorphoustransistorsarejustasfastassiliconcrystaltransis-tors.Buttheycostmuchlesstomake.Theyproducemuchlessheat.Andthinlayers,orfilmsofamorphoussiliconcanbemadeinanysize.Thismeansitcanbeusedtomakeelectricalcircuitsorsystemaslargeasneeded公司的科研人員說,他們的非晶體半導體管與硅晶體半導體管電流速度一樣快,但是造價卻低的很多,產(chǎn)生的熱量也大為減少。同時,非晶體硅薄片或薄膜可以制成任何尺寸,這意味著它可用于無論多大的電路或系統(tǒng)。Expertssaystheynowknowthatoffortstosavespecieswillbeuselessunlesseffortsaremadetosolvesomehumanproblemsthathelpcausethedestructionofwildlifeandwildplaces.Theysaywildlifeisdisappearingpartlybecauseexpandinghumanpopulationsneedmoreland,foodandmaterialstolive.專家們說,他們現(xiàn)在知道,除非我們在解決造成野生生物和野生地區(qū)毀滅的一些人類問題上作出努力,否則保護生物物種的努力將是白費力氣。他們說野生生物正在逐漸消失,部分原因是不斷增加的人口為了生存需要更多的土地、食品和其他物質(zhì)。Thisiswhysomenowplanstosaveendangeredspeciesandtheirnaturalareasincludeeco-nomicdevelopmentplansaswellasideasforprotectingtheenvironment.Scientistsandotherex-pertsfeelhumanneedsmustbemetifwildlifeandwildplacesaretobesaved這就是為什么一些挽救瀕于滅絕的生物物種和它們的天然生長地區(qū)的新計劃要包括保護環(huán)境的計劃和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的計劃?？茖W家們和其他方面的專家認為要挽救野生生物和野生地區(qū),人類的需求必須得到滿足。Oneofthesenowplansisthe—WorldConserationStrategy^.AnotheristheAmerican-StrategyfortheConservationofBiologicalDiversityinDevelopingCountries.11Bothcallforprogramsthatprovidedirecteconomicgains.Theplansurgemorestudiesofthewaysmanyplansandanimalscanbeusedtoprovidefood,clothingandhousing.Andtheycallforeducatinggovernmentsandcitizensaboutpolicesthatprovidefordevelopment,whileprotectingtheenvironmentforpresentandfuturepopulations其中一項新的計劃是“世界保護戰(zhàn)略”。另一項是美國的“在發(fā)展中國家保護生物的多樣性戰(zhàn)略”。這兩項計劃都要求提供直接的經(jīng)濟效益。兩項計劃到在主張要多研究利用多種動植物供給人們衣、食、住的方法,它們要求在為人類的現(xiàn)在和將來保護環(huán)