第二章 生命表及其分析方法2016

昆蟲生態(tài)學(xué)徐學(xué)62815981xnxu@

第二章生命表及其分析方法第三章昆蟲單種群增長模型

第四章種間關(guān)系

一．生命表的概念

二．生命表的類型及參數(shù)1時間特征生命表及參數(shù)估計生殖力表的構(gòu)建內(nèi)稟增長率的含義及估計方法2

年齡特征生命表種群存活曲線種群趨勢指數(shù)關(guān)鍵因子分析

四.

昆蟲種群的r對策與Ｋ對策第二章

生命表及其分析方法

三．生命表的作用一．

生命表的概念昆蟲生命表(lifetable)：采用田間系統(tǒng)調(diào)查或一定條件下的室內(nèi)實驗，系統(tǒng)觀察并以一定的表格形式，記錄某一種群在各個年齡或發(fā)育階段的死亡數(shù)量、死亡原因和成蟲階段的繁殖數(shù)量。二．生命表的類型及參數(shù)

時間特征生命表(time-specificlifetable)

年齡特征生命表(age-specificlifetable)

1時間特征生命表(time-specificlifetable)及參數(shù)估計

是在年齡組配穩(wěn)定的前提下，以特定時間為間隔（如天、周、月等）系統(tǒng)調(diào)查記載在時刻x

開始時的數(shù)量（或存活率）和x期間死亡數(shù)量。也包括各時間間隔內(nèi)每一雌體的平均產(chǎn)雌數(shù)量。內(nèi)稟增長率rm（intrinsicrateofincrease

)周限增長率λ（finiterateofincrease)凈增殖率R0

（netreproductionrate)世代重疊的種群室內(nèi)實驗種群不能分析種群死亡的主要原因或關(guān)鍵因子生命期望表生殖力表生殖力表的構(gòu)建桔全爪螨(Panonychuscitri)在25℃下的生殖力表6.66820.47631.10.43314132.914712.7022Σ9.44580.72661.40.519130000.011269.79200.81601.50.544120000.0372511.08911.00811.70.593110.88800.03701.00.0372410.19201.01921.60.637100.85100.03700.50.074239.00451.00051.50.66792.25060.10231.10.093228.22001.02751.50.68583.25710.15511.10.141214.71240.67320.90.74878.49200.42462.20.193208.11921.35321.70.79665.65440.26971.20.248195.97001.19401.50.79655.00400.27801.00.278183.26000.815010.81546.06560.35681.10.3261700.85936.65280.41581.10.3781600.91527.32600.48841.20.4071501.0001lxmxxlxmx每雌產(chǎn)雌率mx存活率lx年齡xlxmxxlxmx每雌產(chǎn)雌數(shù)mx存活率lx年齡x(天)庭園發(fā)麗金龜（Phylloperthahorticola）的生殖力表

（Laughlin1965)X（周）lxmxlxmxlxmxx01.0-幼期490.49-500.45-510.421.00.4221.42520.316.92.13110.76530.057.50.3820.14540.010.90.010.54∑2.94152.86內(nèi)稟增長率的含義及估計方法粗略估計：rm=lnR0/T精確計算：內(nèi)稟增長率rm

：對于在恒定環(huán)境下增長的種群，如果外界的食物、空間等條件對種群不加限制，那么種群將永遠(yuǎn)保持最適容度在該無限的空間中增長，同時可以期望，對于具有穩(wěn)定年齡組配的種群，其最大出生率（b）和最小死亡率（d）將趨向常值，這個常值即種群的內(nèi)稟增長率。Birch&Watson林昌善rm

的粗略估計t0:N=N0t:N=Ntt=T

R0：凈增殖率每一世代種群的增殖倍數(shù)。

T：世代平均周期從親代出生到子代出生的平均周期when

R0

=1,rm

=0,stablepopulationR0

<1,rm

<0,shrinkingR0

>1,rm

>0,growingrememberthatrm=b-dwhereb=births/unittimeandd=deaths/unittime.Sounitsofrmareindividualsproducedperunittime.rm

的粗略估計庭園發(fā)麗金龜桔全爪螨∑lxmx(R0)2.9412.7022∑lx

mxx152.86132.9147T51.993210.4639rm0.020740.2431rm

的精確計算

如計算值小于1，應(yīng)增加-rm

值（rm絕對值減小）再算，如計算值大于1，應(yīng)減小-rm

值（rm的絕對值增加）再算，直至等號右邊為1為止，此時的rm值為精確計算值。xNxlxmxlxmxxlxmxe-rxe-rxlxmx050010001014000.80870.77922000.40370.2843500.10150.01240000.00.00.0560∑=1.075

∑e-rmxlxmx=1.075,sofirstestimateofrm

=0.72istoosmall.(Wearesummingtermsraisedtoanegativeexponentofr,so↑rmwill↓sum).Adjustestimateofrmandtryagain.Asaguess,tryrm=0.75xNxlxmxlxmxxlxmxe-rxe-rxlxmx050010001014000.80720.75522000.40230.2683500.10050.01140000.00.00.0500∑=1.034∑

e-rmxlxmx

=1.034,soestimateofrm

(0.75)isstilltoosmall.Increaseitandtryagain.Byrepeatingthisprocess,willhomeinonrm=0.776,whichgives∑

e-rmxlxmx

=1xNxlxmxlxmxxlxmxe-rxe-rxlxmx050010001014000.80600.73622000.40120.2543500.10970.01040000.00.00.0450∑=1.000rm=0.776

周限增長率λ

：表示種群在經(jīng)過一個單位時間后為原數(shù)量的倍數(shù)。種群加倍時間t

：溫度對生命表參數(shù)的影響溫度對兩種天敵生命表參數(shù)的影響DietEffectsonIntrinsicRateofIncreaseandRearingofProprioseiopsisasetus(Acari:Phytoseiidae)Authors:Emmert,C.J.;

Mizell,R.F.;

Andersen,P.C.;

Frank,J.H.;

Stimac,J.L.Source:

AnnalsoftheEntomologicalSocietyofAmerica,Volume101,

Number6,November2008,pp.1033-1040(8)Abstract:Theintrinsicrateofincrease(rm)wasestimatedforProprioseiopsisasetusMuma(Acari:Phytoseiidae)onpollenandtwopreyspeciesat35°C.Cattail,TyphalatifoliaL.,pollenandFrankliniellaoccidentalis(Pergande)wereequallyfavorableasfoodandsuperiortoTetranychusurticaeKoch.MorefemaleswereproducedinashortertimewhenP.asetuswasfedF.occidentalisorpollen;however,survivorshipwaslongerwhenthepredatorwasfedT.urticae.OnanF.occidentalisdiet,calculatedrmvaluesrangedfrom0.2789to0.2925.ThenetreproductiveratewasloweronadietofT.urticae(6.48)thanonpollen(9.76)oronF.occidentalis(21.39).ThefiniterateofincreasewasloweronT.urticae(1.1868)thanonpollen(1.3274)orF.occidentalis(1.3398).Themeangenerationtimewassimilaronthethreediets.Thatthedatareportedherewerecollectedat35°Cmakesitremarkable.P.asetusmayhavegreatpotentialasabiologicalcontrolagentofarthropods,especiallythripsunderclimaticconditionsofhightemperaturessuchasinprotectedculture.寬葉香蒲花粉西方花薊馬二斑葉螨rm0.28320.2789-0.29250.17130.2425R09.7621.396.48λ1.32741.33981.1868

一種植綏螨(Proprioseiopsisasetus)在35℃條件下取食不同食物后的生命表參數(shù)Emmertetal.2008.AnnalsoftheEntomologicalSocietyofAmerica,101(6),1033-1040不同的食物對生命表參數(shù)的影響不同食物對生命表參數(shù)的影響Parameters癭螨Aceriadioscoridis葉螨Tetranychusurticae(nymphs)家蠅Muscadomestica(eggs)根結(jié)線蟲Meloidoyneincognita(eggs)Netreproductionrate(R0)44.7322.5426.835.82Meangenerationtime(T)17.9223.4422.6226.00Intrinsicrateofincrease(rm)0.2120.1380.1450.065Finiterateofincrease(erm)61.07Timeto50%mortality(days)32454248No.observation(female)27252112Sexratio(female/total)38/5238/5431/4852/90Sexratio(female:male)2.71:12.36:11.82:11.37:1四種不同食料(A.dioscoridis,T.urticae,M.domesticaandM.incognita)飼養(yǎng)一種毛綏螨(L.athiasae)對其生命表參數(shù)的影響(27℃)(Abou-Awadetal.,2001)蔬菜R0rmλTGI黃瓜21.200.2081.23114.9616.96甘藍(lán)21.280.1841.20217.4315.65豆11.020.1641.17815.629.49西紅柿6.820.1001.10522.487.07辣椒1.340.0171.01716.191.13GI,生長指數(shù),成蟲羽化率與非成熟期(僅為幼蟲期和蛹期)平均時間的比率(Sétamou,etal.,1999)西方花薊馬取食五種不同蔬菜植物的生命表參數(shù)及生長指數(shù)(Zhangetal.,2007)不同作物對生命表參數(shù)的影響GeraldoJoséNascimentodeVasconcelos·GilbertoJosédeMoraes·ítaloDelaliberaJúnior·MarkusKnapp,2008.LifehistoryofthepredatorymitePhytoseiulusfragariaeonTetranychusevansiandTetranychusurticae(Acari:Phytoseiidae,Tetranychidae)atfivetemperatures.ExpApplAcarol(2008)44:27–36AbstractTetranychusevansiBakerandPritchardandTetranychusurticaeKoch(Acari:Tetranychidae)areimportantpestsofSolanaceaeinmanycountries.SeveralstudieshavedemonstratedthatT.urticaeisanacceptablepreytomanypredatorymites,althoughthesuitabilityofthispreydependsonthehostplant.T.evansi,hasbeenshowntobeanunfavorablepreytomostpredatorymitesthathavebeentestedagainstit.ThepredatorPhytoseiulusfragariaeDenmarkandSchicha(Acari:Phytoseiidae)hasbeenfoundinassociationwiththetwospeciesinBrazil.TheobjectiveofthisworkwastocomparebiologicalparametersofP.fragariaeonT.evansiandonT.urticaeasprey.Thestudywasconductedunderlaboratoryconditionsat10,15,20,25and30°C.Atalltemperatures,survivorshipwasloweronT.evansithanonT.urticae.Nopredatorreachedadulthoodat10°Contheformerspecies;evenonthelatterspecies,onlyabout36%ofthepredatorsreachedadulthoodat10°C.Forbothprey,ingeneral,durationofeachlifestagewasshorter,totalfecunditywaslowerandintrinsicrateofpopulationincrease(rm)washigherwithincreasingtemperatures.TheslowerrateofdevelopmentofP.fragariaeonT.evansiresultedinaslightlyhigherthermalrequirement(103.9degree-days)onthatpreythanonT.urticae(97.1degree-days).Thevaluesofnetreproductionrate(R0),intrinsicrateofincrease(rm)andfiniterateofincrease(λ)weresignificantlyhigheronT.urticae,indicatingfasterpopulationincreaseofthepredatoronthispreyspecies.Thehighestvalueofrmofthepredatorwas0.154and0.337femaleperfemaleperdayonT.evansiandonT.urticae,respectively.TheresultssuggestedthatP.fragariaecannotbeconsideredagoodpredatorofT.evansi.ParameterpreyTemperature(°C)A15202530RegressionequationBR2(%)nC伊氏葉螨25283226-二斑葉螨36363542-T伊氏葉螨35.8±12.1b21.4±7.1b17.4±4.9a13.7±4.5aò=104.535-6.221T+0.107T293.8二斑葉螨40.6±11.1a28.1±7.7a15.6±4.3a12.5±3.2aò=112.410-6.166T+0.094T297.3R0伊氏葉螨5.5±1.8b6.1±1.8b8.5±2.5b7.3±2.3bò=-5.210+0.966T-0.018T275.7二斑葉螨24.5±6.7a39.7±10.9a29.7±8.2a34.1±8.6aò=-27.760+5.236T-0.108T277.6rm伊氏葉螨0.048±0.016b0.084±0.028b0.123±0.041b0.145±0.052bò=-0.049+0.007T98.4二斑葉螨0.023±0.014a0.161±0.044a0.273±0.076a0.337±0.085aò=-0.177+0.017T99.5λ伊氏葉螨1.049±0.358b1.088±0.347b1.131±0.3291.156±0.388bò=0.942+0.007T99.5二斑葉螨1.082±0.296a1.140±0.312a1.242±0.344a1.326±0.336aò=0.822+0.017T99.5

二斑葉螨的捕食螨天敵很多，而伊氏葉螨被認(rèn)為不為大多捕食螨所取食。deVasconcelosetal.(2008)比較研究了小植綏螨（Phytoseiulusfragariae）以上二者為食在不同溫度條件下的生命表參數(shù)。結(jié)果表明，這種小植綏螨同樣不是伊氏葉螨的良好天敵。c:用于數(shù)據(jù)分析的個體數(shù)溫度、獵物對生命表參數(shù)的影響AbstractThecommerciallyavailablestrainsofPhytoseiuluspersimilisAthias-Henriot,thebiologicalcontrolagentofTetranychusurticaeKoch,performpoorlyintheWesternMediterranean,probablybecausetheyarenotwelladaptedtolocalclimaticconditions.Forthatreason,effortsarebeingfocusedonthedevelopmentofabiologicalcontrolprogrammeusingnativephytoseiidmites.FourspeciesofredspidermitescanbefoundinvegetablecropsineasternSpain:T.urticae,

TetranychusturkestaniUgarovandNikolski,TetranychusludeniZacherandtherecentlyintroducedTetranychusevansiBakerandPritchard.Toevaluatetheirpotentialroleasbiologicalcontrolagents,thepresentstudyevaluatesthelife-historyoflocalpopulationsofNeoseiuluscalifornicus(McGregor)andP.persimiliswhenfedonT.urticae,T.turkestani,T.evansi,andT.ludeniinthelaboratory.ResultsindicatethatN.californicusandP.persimilisareabletofeedandcompletetheirdevelopmentonthefourtestedredspidermitespecies.ThepredatorsmayexhibitaparticularlyhighcapacityforpopulationincreasewhenfedonT.urticae,T.turkestani,andT.ludeni,thusmaybeabletoprovideeffectivecontrolofthesespeciesinthefield.WhenfedT.evansi,however,predatorperformancewaspoor;significantincreaseindevelopmentandpreovipositiontimes,andareductioninovipositionperiodandfecunditywererecorded.

TheresultantlowcapacityforpopulationgrowthsuggestspoorabilityofthetwotestedpredatorstosuppressT.evansipopulationsoncommercialcrops.ItisunlikelythereforethatP.persimilisandN.californicus,nowbeingwidelyusedtocontrolT.urticaeingreenhousecropsinCentralEurope,willbeabletohaltanyspreadofT.evansitogreenhousecropsintemperateareas.營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)對生命表參數(shù)的影響生殖力生命表用途評價生物(有害生物或天敵)的增殖情況評價一種天敵對多種有害生物的作用評價多種天敵對一種有害生物的作用評價環(huán)境因素對生物的作用2.

年齡特征生命表

(age-specificlifetable)

以種群的年齡階段（如蟲態(tài)或蟲齡）作為劃分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，系統(tǒng)觀察并記載不同發(fā)育階段或年齡區(qū)組中的死亡數(shù)量、死亡原因以及成蟲階段的繁殖數(shù)量。世代隔離清楚的種群自然種群分析影響種群數(shù)量變動的關(guān)鍵因子估算種群趨勢指數(shù)組建預(yù)測模型小菜蛾P(guān)lutellaxylostella

在晚季甘藍(lán)上第三代生命表

Canada，Ottawa(Harcourt，1969)年齡組xx開始時活蟲數(shù)

lx主要致死原因dxF在x期內(nèi)的死亡蟲數(shù)dxx期內(nèi)的死亡率100qxx期內(nèi)的存活率SxK值卵(N1)1154未受精141.20.990.0044幼蟲I(1-4齡中期）1140降雨53647.00.530.2757

幼蟲II(4齡中期至結(jié)繭）604小繭蜂Microplitisplutellus

14023.2降雨7712.7小計21735.90.640.1938預(yù)蛹387寄生蜂Diadegmainsularis19851.20.490.3098蛹189姬蜂Diadromusplutella5328.20.720.1427成蟲136性（40.1%♀♀）2719.90.800.0969雌蟲×2109光周期52.448.10.520.2840“正常雌蟲”×256.6成蟲死亡48.185.00.150.8239全世代總計8.5-1145.599.3雌蛾的實際平均產(chǎn)卵量:112粒,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)卵量:216粒生命表參數(shù)計算期望卵量=1/2×（“正常雌蛾×2”）×標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)卵量=6113實際卵量=?×全世代總計×標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)卵量=?×8.5×216=918趨勢指數(shù)=918/1154=0.80雌蟲×2=成蟲數(shù)×雌蟲比×2=136

×40.1%×2=109“正常雌蛾×2”=（雌蟲×2）×雌蛾的實際平均產(chǎn)卵量/標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)卵量

=109×112/216=56.6種群存活曲線

在某一特定時刻，種群中的同齡個體隨時間移動而減少的現(xiàn)象，可以用一條曲線表示，這條曲線就是存活曲線TypeI:survivewelluntilsenescence(largemammals,humans)TypeIIisastraightline:constantprobabilityofdeath(birds)TypeIII:heavyjuvenilemortality(inverts,fish,plants)Survivorshipcurves:threegeneraltypesareoftendescribed(Deevey1947)Typicalsurvivalcurveforhumanpopulation.Noticethatthedropofsurvivorshipinearlyyearsduetoinfantmortalityhasdramaticallyreducedinrecenttimes.Theageingofthepopulationisalsoveryapparent,asthesurvivalcurvedropoccurslaterinlifeandbecomessharperafter1950.Survivorshipcurve:Survivorshipcurveskeeptrackofthefateofanygivenbirthcohort.Theyshowthepercentstilllivingatagivenage.Nowadaysinthedevelopedworldfewchildrendiebeforereproduction.InGreatBritainin1999only1%ofallchildrenbornalivediedbytheageoffive(comparedto10%inIndia,and35%inNiger).However,300yearsagoitwasquiteadifferentmatter,asthegraphaboveillustrates.IntheCityofYork(England)inthe17th.Century,only15%madeittothethresholdofreproduction(15yrs.).Only10%remainedalivebytheageoftwenty.Withsofewfemaleslivingtoreproduction,onlyahighfertilityratecouldmaintainthepopulation.Notethatchangeswitheconomicdevelopment,asshownbyNigerandIndia.NotealsotheimpactofbiasagainstfemalesinIndiaontheirsurvival--otherwise,India'scurvein1999isverysimilartoGreatBritain'sforthelate19th.C.(notshown).南美玉米苗斑螟(Elasmopalpuslignosellus)的３個世代的平均生存率（Smithetal.1989)新生若蟲接蟲后周數(shù)生存率％麥蚜（Sitobionavenae）的存活曲線(Thirakuptetal.1992)綿蠟蚧（Pulvinariaregalis）年生活史中的生存率(Speightetal.1999)

兩種小花蝽在三種恒溫條件下對西方花薊馬捕食的存活曲線及生殖率.種群趨勢指數(shù)種群趨勢指數(shù)（trendindexofpopulation)I值：下代數(shù)量和當(dāng)代數(shù)量的比值

I=Ni+1/Ni（i=1，2，3，……表示世代）I＜1時，次代種群數(shù)量下降，即種群數(shù)量發(fā)展趨勢下降I=1時，次代種群數(shù)量與當(dāng)代相當(dāng)，即種群數(shù)量保持原來水平I＞1時，次代種群數(shù)量上升，即種群數(shù)量發(fā)展趨勢增長Morris（1963）&Watt(1961,1963)數(shù)學(xué)模式

SE…………….卵的存活率SL1

SL2……….幼蟲各齡的存活率SPP……………預(yù)蛹的存活率SP……………..蛹的存活率SA…………….成蟲的存活率P♀…………….雌蟲占成蟲總數(shù)的百分率PF…………….達到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)卵量成蟲占的百分率F……………標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)卵量

I=SE?SL1?SL2?SL3??????SPP?SP?SA?F?PF?P♀

在某蟲期增加死亡率對I值的影響從I值成分中抽出一個組分對I值的影響I=S1?S2?S3?S4??????Sn?F?PF?P♀在某蟲期增加死亡率對I值的影響I=S1?S2?S3?S4?????Si???????Sn?F?PF?P♀aiI(ai)=S1?S2?S3?S4

??(Si-ai)????Sn?F?PF?P♀I(ai)/I=(Si-ai)/Si=1-ai/Si令M(ai)=I(ai)/I，則：M(ai)=1-ai/SiI(a1,a2…an)=I(1-a1/S1)?(1-a2/S2)???(1-an/Sn)M(a1,a2…an)=(1-a1/S1)?(1-a2/S2)???(1-an/Sn)............(1)............(2)(2)/(1)釋放赤眼蜂防治稻縱卷葉螟（龐雄飛，1980）已知:

第三代卵量（N3）與第二代卵量(N2)的比值I=N3/N2=5.2

第二代卵的自然寄生率平均為10%求：第二代卵期釋放赤眼蜂后，使第三代卵量維持或低于第二代水平，問釋放赤眼蜂后，卵的寄生率應(yīng)該達到多少才行？I（a）≤1I（a）=I(1–a/Sa)≤15.2(1-a/(1-10%))≤1a≥0.7269卵的寄生率達到82.69%I(ai)/I=1-ai/Si散放赤眼蜂后稻縱卷葉螟生命表（廣東，陽江海陵，龐雄飛等

1976）蟲期x死亡原因dxF放蜂區(qū)對照區(qū)x期死亡率

100qxx期存活率

100Sxx期死亡率

100qxx期存活率

100Sx

卵捕食及其它46544654寄生（放蜂區(qū)放蜂）86143466幼蟲1齡捕食及其它247612882-3齡捕食及其它24761288寄生861484.3315.674-5齡捕食及其它24761090寄生36642476預(yù)蛹寄生298199蛹捕食1486793寄生36.463.623.676.4雌蟲百分率（P♀)=57.14%,

平均每雌產(chǎn)卵量（F?PF)=74假定放蜂區(qū)的I值為It,對照區(qū)為Ic,Mt

為放蜂區(qū)It對對照區(qū)Ic增長的倍數(shù)Ic=0.54×0.66×0.88×0.88×0.1567×0.90×0.76×0.99×0.93×0.764×74×0.5714

=0.88It=0.54×0.14×0.76×0.76×0.14×0.76×0.64×0.98×0.86×0.636×74×0.5714

=0.067Mt=It/Ic=0.067/0.88=0.076校正死亡率組分分析法I

值分析法校正死亡率=78.79%I(ai)/I=1-ai/SiI(ai)/I=1-(0.86-0.34)/0.66=0.21

從I值成分中抽出一個組分對I值的影響I=S1?S2??????

????S（i-1）?Si?S（i+1）

????????Sn?F?PF?P♀I(Si)=S1?S2?????????S（i-1）?S（i+1）

?????Sn?F?PF?P♀Si越大，M（Si）越小，表示Si對I值的作用相對較小Si越小，M（Si）越大，表示Si對I值的作用相對較大M(S1)=1/S1=1/0.54=1.85M(S2)=1/S2=1.52M(S3)=1/S3=1.14M(S4)=1/S4=1.14M(S5)=1/S5=6.38M(S6)=1/S6=1.11M(S7)=1/S7=1.32M(S8)=1/S8=1.01M(S9)=1/S9=1.08M(S10)=1/S10=1.31M(P♀)=1/SP♀

=1.75M(PF)=1/SPF=2.70M（S5）最大，即由于S5的作用，使I值增加了6.38倍。釋放赤眼蜂后對稻縱卷葉螟的影響比較各組分對I值的作用M(S1)·M（S2）

········M(Sn)·M(PF)·M（SP♀）=♀

K=k1+k2+k3++++++++kn+KPF+kP♀♀令關(guān)鍵因子分析1.回歸分析法（Morris-Watt1959)

關(guān)鍵因子（Keyfactors):

指對下代（或經(jīng)歷一段時間）種群數(shù)量變動起主導(dǎo)作用的因子2.K-值圖解法（Varley&Gradwell1960)

二代稻縱卷葉螟生命表關(guān)鍵因子分析-回歸分析法(古德祥等,1983)K1K2K3K4K5K6K7K8K9K0.28610.065700.67200.01240.194600.23910.26661.73650.21580.02110.01320.24360.04090.10830.00750.21270.05780.92090.23650.02050.03210.59710.02110.53790.01420.57650.02232.05820.44440.06520.03510.90710.0360.992500.466002.91390.31520.04390.03640.36700.05630.46180.04690.63970.05402.02120.23410.04180.03390.94160.01200.55020.02100.77020.01642.6212死亡原因卵被捕食卵被寄生

卵不孵化1-2被捕食1-2齡被寄生3-5齡被捕食3-5齡被寄生蛹被捕食蛹被寄生r0.6250.5140.6610.862-0.5800.9060.0440.676-0.401b0.0760.0150.0140.346-0.0170.4060.0010.216-0.057K值圖表法若某個Ki值的變化趨勢與總的K值變化趨勢最為相似，則該Ki所代表的因子即為關(guān)鍵因子舞毒蛾Lymantriadispar(L)的生命表（新西蘭，根據(jù)Campbell1981修改）StageMortalityfactorInitialno.ofinsectsNo.ofdeathsMorta