不同人群食品的營養(yǎng)要求

不同人群食品的營養(yǎng)要求孕婦的營養(yǎng)要求乳母的營養(yǎng)要求兒童食品的營養(yǎng)要求老年食品的營養(yǎng)要求特殊人群的營養(yǎng)要求Decisions:MakingChoicesWeCanLiveWith

ThefactisthatAmericanshavechoices—lotsofchoices.Ahealthylifestyleisnotdefinedsolelybythefoodon—ornoton—one’splate.Mealswithfriendsandfamily,enjoyingtraditionalfoods,samplingthecuisinesofothercultures,andincorporatingphysicalactivityintoaregularroutineareallpartofahealthfulwayoflife.DietaryGuidelinesforAmericans

AdequateNutrientsWithinCalorieNeedsWeightManagementPhysicalActivityFoodGroupstoEncourageFatsCarbohydratesSodiumandPotassiumAlcoholicBeveragesFoodSafetyNutritionLabelingandTheFoodGuidePyramid:ReflectingtheDietaryGuidelines

It’sAllAboutYou:RelatingtheDietaryGuidelinestoAmericanLife

BeRealistic:Makesmallchangesovertimeinwhatyoueatandthelevelofactivityyoudo.Afterall,smallstepsworkbetterthangiantleaps.BeAdventurous:Expandyourtastestoenjoyavarietyoffoods.BeFlexible:Goaheadandbalancewhatyoueatandthephysicalactivityyoudooverseveraldays.Noneedtoworryaboutjustonemealoroneday.BeSensible:Enjoyallfoods,justdon’toverdoit.BeActive:Walkthedog,don’tjustwatchthedogwalk.“Feelbettertoday.Stayhealthyfortomorrow.”Makesmartchoicesfromeveryfoodgroup.Findyourbalancebetweenfoodandphysicalactivity.Getthemostnutritionoutofyourcalories.AdultNutritionalFacts:Adults Metabolismslowsdown;generallytotalfoodintakeneedstobereduced. Exerciseisanimportantcomponenttobalancingfoodintakeandoutput. Sedentarylifestylecreatesagreaterneedfordailyexercise.仔細(xì)查看產(chǎn)品標(biāo)簽（產(chǎn)品名稱、配料表、凈含量、廠名、廠址、生產(chǎn)日期、保質(zhì)期、產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)號(hào)）“乳”和“乳飲料”“果汁”和“果汁飲料”“巧克力”和“代可可脂”學(xué)會(huì)閱讀食品標(biāo)簽山寨食品代可可脂：反式脂肪酸的一種，1.引起人體膽固醇升高2.對(duì)胎兒體重和II型糖尿病具有潛在影響3.老年癡呆癥的誘因之一2006年，國家規(guī)定：凡是代可可脂含量>5%的不能稱為“巧克力”，標(biāo)簽上也須注明可可脂代可可脂食品標(biāo)簽上規(guī)定：1.4+1的標(biāo)注2.相應(yīng)的營養(yǎng)素參考百分比營養(yǎng)參考素價(jià)值（NRV%）：某種食品提供每日某營養(yǎng)素或能量總需量的百分比營養(yǎng)標(biāo)簽看上去很營養(yǎng)1.品名：鮮橙多（橙汁飲料）2.配料：水、白砂糖、橙濃縮汁、食品添加劑（維生素C,D-異抗壞血酸鈉）3.果汁含量：≥10%4.糖：4%5.能量：2%6.維生素C：25%食品標(biāo)簽各種標(biāo)識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)基因標(biāo)識(shí)輻照食品標(biāo)識(shí)孕婦的營養(yǎng)和膳食1.孕婦營養(yǎng)對(duì)母嬰健康的影響2.孕婦的營養(yǎng)生理特點(diǎn)3.孕婦營養(yǎng)需要4.孕婦的合理膳食孕婦營養(yǎng)對(duì)母嬰健康的影響1.孕婦營養(yǎng)與自身健康：孕婦攝取的熱能和各種營養(yǎng)素不但要維持自身需要且供給胎兒生長發(fā)育；嬰兒體格2.孕婦營養(yǎng)與胎兒健康胎兒、新生兒死亡率嬰兒智力孕婦的營養(yǎng)生理特點(diǎn)

消化功能改變腎臟負(fù)擔(dān)加重營養(yǎng)素吸收功能變化熱能代謝增強(qiáng)血容量增加水貯留量增加孕婦營養(yǎng)需要熱能增加：1.體重增加；2.基礎(chǔ)代謝率高；3.胎兒生長；4.母體胎盤及組織增加；5.貯備蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪；蛋白質(zhì)增加：1.貯留蛋白質(zhì)2.子宮、胎盤、乳房發(fā)育；3.早期胎兒的必需氨基酸由母體供給；應(yīng)保證氨基酸平衡，優(yōu)質(zhì)蛋白質(zhì)占50%以上，蛋白質(zhì)熱量占總熱量的15%攝食一定量的飽和和不飽和脂肪，攝入量適宜占總熱量的25~30%碳水化合物充足，占55~60%妊娠中最重要的礦物質(zhì)為鈣磷、鐵、鋅和碘維生素：1.脂溶性維生素：VA需要量增加，VD和VE的需要量增加；2.孕婦新陳代謝旺盛，對(duì)VB1VB2和煙酸的需要量增加；葉酸、VB12與紅細(xì)胞成熟有關(guān)，需要量增加；VC需要量增加。孕婦的合理膳食妊娠早期：少食多餐，飲食少油膩，易消化，多提供碳水化合物高的谷類食物，多吃含鋅的食物，多吃水果蔬菜調(diào)節(jié)口味，促進(jìn)消化；少量吃些乳、蛋、肉、禽；妊娠中期、后期：對(duì)熱能和營養(yǎng)素的需要量增加，應(yīng)多攝取營養(yǎng)價(jià)值高的食品；（乳類食品、蛋類食品、畜禽肉和魚類、動(dòng)物內(nèi)臟、豆類食品、蔬菜水果等）乳母的營養(yǎng)和膳食熱能：蛋白質(zhì)：脂類：礦物質(zhì)：鈣、鐵、銅、鋅、碘維生素產(chǎn)褥期：對(duì)熱能和營養(yǎng)素需要量大，補(bǔ)充鈣劑、維生素強(qiáng)化食品或魚肝油；哺乳期：膳食與妊娠中期、后期相似，乳母需要量較孕婦多，應(yīng)食品數(shù)量多。乳母的營養(yǎng)要求：熱能和各種營養(yǎng)素需要量增加兒童食品的營養(yǎng)要求1.營養(yǎng)特點(diǎn)：口腔；胃；腸；2.母乳喂養(yǎng)優(yōu)點(diǎn)：含有嬰兒所需的各種營養(yǎng)素；含有抗體；有抗過敏作用；含脂肪酸比例適宜；含有豐富的維生素；蛋白質(zhì)含量適宜、易消化；乳糖含量高于牛乳；有利于大腸中雙歧桿菌和乳酸菌的生長普通牛奶和母乳營養(yǎng)成分牛奶（100ml）母乳（100ml）蛋白質(zhì)含量蛋白類型氨基酸脂肪成分微量元素含量維生素含量抗體乳糖3.50g以酪蛋白為主（78%）含硫氨基酸、酸性氨基酸較母乳高以飽和脂肪酸為主，缺乏亞油酸銅.鋅.鐵較母乳低VA.VD等較母乳少不含有低于母乳1.34g以白蛋白為主（60%）以不飽和脂肪酸為主，亞油酸為牛乳的7倍含有母乳中含量高嬰幼兒食品的營養(yǎng)要求母乳化奶粉強(qiáng)化嬰兒奶粉非乳類代乳食品

以谷類為基礎(chǔ)食品，強(qiáng)化蛋白質(zhì)（包括奶蛋白和大豆蛋白，含量>15%），低糖低鹽、提高亞油酸，強(qiáng)化維生素和礦物質(zhì)無乳糖奶、大豆乳、氨基酸牛乳、果糖牛乳、中鏈脂肪牛乳以牛奶為原料，向牛乳中添加及從牛乳中提取某些成分，使其質(zhì)量和數(shù)量上接近母乳以牛奶為原料，加入一定量的大豆可溶物質(zhì)，適量添加蔗糖、乳糖、某些微量元素和多種維生素，是嬰兒主食品嬰幼兒食品離乳食品療效食品兒童、青少年?duì)I養(yǎng)處于生長發(fā)育的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，合理營養(yǎng)是保證正常生長發(fā)育的重要物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)；熱能和營養(yǎng)素?cái)z取量應(yīng)充足，比例適宜，食品多樣化，各種營養(yǎng)缺乏病降到最低；兒童、青少年?duì)I養(yǎng)要求1.一日三餐食品：早餐占30%，中餐占40%，晚餐占30%；2.課間加餐制：3.學(xué)校午餐制：4.強(qiáng)化食品：5.提高視力營養(yǎng)素：維生素A、B1、B2和鈣、鋅、硒；6.智力營養(yǎng)素：蛋白質(zhì)、碳水化合物、亞油酸和磷脂、鈣、維生素B1、B2、煙酸；動(dòng)物內(nèi)臟、水產(chǎn)魚類、大豆、蛋類、核桃和芝麻、黃花菜等PreschoolChildrenSweetsshouldbelimitedinapreschoolchild’sdiet;nutrient-richfoodscanbeusedtosatisfyhunger.Aftertheageofone,achild’sgrowthrateslowsandwithit,theappetite;Childrendeveloptastesforcertainfoodsatanearlyage.Theeatinghabitsandattitudeschildrenlearnarelikelytolastalifetime.Itisimportanttostarthealthyeatinghabitsearly.SomesuggestionstohelpencourageyoungchildrentoeatavarietyoffoodsInviteafriendtoeat;you’llbeamazedhowmuchtheyeatwhentheirfriendsareeating.Whenintroducinganewfood,refertoitasagrown-upfood.Serveittothechildonlyifheorsherequestsitafterseeinghowmuchyouenjoyit.Serveyoungchildren’smealsontheirownsmall-sizeddishes.Givethemtinyservings,sotheycanhavesatisfactionofeatingeverythingontheplate.SomesuggestionstohelpencourageyoungchildrentoeatavarietyoffoodsServefingerfoodsoften.Childrenliketochoosefromavarietyoffoods,asinabuffet.Childrenwillusuallyeatthefoodstheyhavehelpedprepare.Varymealsituations-picnicinfrontofthefireplace,park,etc.Childrenusuallypreferrawvegetablestocooked.Avoidmakingdessertarewardforvegetableeating.Relaxandletmealtimebeatimeforeveryonetoenjoy.Usesnackstoimprovefoodhabits.

IronTeenfemalesneed15mg/dayTeenmalesneed12mg/dayGoodsources:meat,poultry,fish,cereal,beans,greenleafygreenvegetable.Absorptionhelp:VitaminCSources:FruitsAbsorptionBlockers:Coffee/tea,wholegrains,spinachandahighfiberdietNutrient-DenseFoodsNutrientdenseisahigher%ofNutrientsthan%ofCaloriesNutrientdense %ofNutrient vs.%ofcaloriesWhenitcomestoeating,don’tbeclueless.Hangwiththenutrient-densefoodsheavyonvitamins,minerals,andothernutrients.ExerciseMythsTrueorFalseThemoreyousweat,themorecaloriesyouburn.Walkingamileburnsthesameamountofcaloriesasrunningamile.Thebesttimetoexerciseisintheevening.Wateristhebestfluidreplacementtodrinkduringandafterexercise.Regularactivitydoesnothavethehealthbenefitsthatvigorousexerciseoffers.1.×Sweat(perspiration)hasnorelationtohowmanycaloriesyouburnorpermanentweightloss.Sweatismerelyyourbody’smechanismforreleasingheat.Therefore,neverweararubbersuitorheavyclothestopromoteweightloss,itcanbeverydangerous.2.√Becauseittakeslongertowalkamilethanrun,youexpendaboutthesameamountofcalories.3.×Thereisnosingle“besttime”toexercise.Thebesttimetoexerciseisthetimemostconvenientforyou.Regardlessofwhattimeadayyouexerciseyouwillgainbenefits.(Realizethatexercisingbeforebedactsasastimulantandexercisingrightafteramealmaybeuncomfortable.4.√Wateristhebestfluidreplacement.Sportdrinks(Gatorade,etc.)willnotgreatlyaffectyourperformanceunlessyouareexercisingformorethan2hourscontinuously.5.×Unlessyouaretrainingforaspecificevent,regularactivitywillimprovecardiovascularfitness.Dailyactivitiesmightincludesuchthingsasstretchbreaks,parkingfurtheraway,takingthestairs,goingforawalk,agameoftennis,yardwork,chasingkids,etc.Morevigorousexerciseisgood,butsoisdailyactivity.Expertsnowrecommendthateveryoneaccumulate30+minutesofactivity