2021年考研英語一真題及答案

2023年最新整理——考試真題資料2023年最新整理——考試真題資料2023年最新整理——考試真題資料PAGEPAGE132021年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It 1 youngadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen 2 startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But 3 agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingoutthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe4ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe5thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor6thistypeofdecline.Theresearcherslookedatdatathat 7 measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand 8 thatdatareportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople9 highermeasuresofabdominalfat 10 worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceasyears 11 .Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe13.Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould14thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent15forandwomen.16 ,therearestepsyoucan 17 tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicaland mental 18 .Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour 19 aerobicexerciseandfollowingaMediterranean-style 20 thatishighinfibereliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.[A]pauses[A]generally[B]returns[B]formally[C]fades[C]accidentally[D]peaks[D]alternatively3.[A]since[B]while[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]consumption[C]accumulation[D]separation5.[A]decision[B]possibility[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]ensure[B]delay[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]predicted[D]included8.[A]devoted[B]converted[C]compared[D]applied9.[A]above[B]with[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]played[D]scored11.[A]wentby[B]setoff[C]drewin[D]ranout12.[A]superior[B]parallel[C]attributable[D]resistant[A]restored [B]isolated [C]controlled[A]explain [B]spread [C]remove[A]treatments [B]symptoms [C]demands[A]Likewise [B]Therefore [C]Meanwhile[A]take [B]watch [C]count[A]process [B]wellbeing [C]formation[A]love [B]level [C]knowledge[A]design [B]diet [C]prescription

[D]involved[D]alter[D]compensations[D]Instead[D]change[D]coordination[D]space[D]routineSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorMarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1HowcanBritain’strainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreaserailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyearrise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastbutitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftherailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,but passengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofservicefor thesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibility forthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofapackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonrailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,interruptedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.Theauthorholdsthatthisincreaseinrailpassengersfares .haskeptpacewithinflationremainsanunreasonablemeasureisabigsurprisetocommuterswilleasetrainoperators’burdenThestockbrokerinParagraph2isusedtostandfor .localinvestorsordinarytaxpayerscardriversrailtravellersItisindicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators .havefailedtoprovideanadequateservicehavesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikesareofferingcompensationstocommutersaretyingtorepairrelationswiththeunionsIfunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface .thelossofinvestmentthecollapseofoperationsachangeofownershipareductionofrevenueWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?ConstantComplainingWorkEver-risingFaresSustainableCanNationalisationBringHope?Text2Lastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowthatbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybetheantipovertyprogram.In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They’realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButCCTprogramsdon’tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.becauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.Ferrarowantedtoseeifpoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012—includingduringphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram—in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provinces.“Weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,”Ferrarosays.likelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisguess.FerrarosuggeststheresultsmaytransfertootherpartsofAsia,duetocommonalitiessuchastheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhatgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodfortheenvironment.Evenifthisprogramdidn reducepoverty,Ferrarosays,“thevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.”Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto .helppoorfamiliesgetbetterofffacilitatehealthcarereformimprovelocaleducationsystemslowerdeforestationratesThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat .cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoorCCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyleseconomicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradationantipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmersInhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout .itsannualrateofpovertyalleviationtherelationofCCTstoitsforestlosstheroleofitsforestsinclimatechangeitsacceptancelevelofCCTsAccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat .itcanboostgrainproductionitcanprotecttheenvironmentitwillreduceregionalinequalityitwillbenefitotherAsiancountriesWhatisthetextcenteredon?Theprocessofastudy.Thetransferabilityofastudy.Thedebatesoveraprogram.Theeffectsofaprogram.Text3Asahistorianwho’salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,I’vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).I ’vefoundquiteafew,and—sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter—theyhavebeencausingquiteastir. PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof‘SmilingVictorians’makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,staringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbydigitalstandards,exposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.“Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,”ranonepopularVictoriansaying,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsethealthyandclean,regular‘pearlywhites’wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)lackedclass:drunks,trampsandmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe“nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedAccordingtoParagraph1,thepostsonTwitter .illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotographyhighlightedsocialroleinVictorianstudiesre-evaluatedthenotionofpublicimagechangedimpressionoftheVictoriansWhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas .athought-provokingideaamisguidedattitudeacontroversialviewadeep-rootedbeliefWhichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?WhendidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographydifferently?WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?Text4Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals’.Thatwhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill—inpartbecauseofpushbackfrombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution,itonlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.TheRepublican-pennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejectedtheauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderdeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentsregulatebroadbandproviderseither.Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikefavoringitsownvideo-streamingattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheirstreamingservicesbutnottheirown.OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatorymove.ButJudgePatriciaMillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat“theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodernbroadbandservice,”andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldinterveneto“avoidtrappingInternetregulationintechnologicalInthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheattempttoblockallstaterulesonnetneutrality,whilepreservingthepowertopreemptindividualstatelawsthatthatundermineitsorder.ThatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia,whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewakeoftheabdication.Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovideswould .bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrolslowdownthetrafficontheirnetworkshowpartialityintreatingclientsintensifycompetitionwiththeirrivalsFacedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCC .stickstoanout-of-dateordertakesananti-regulatorystancehasissuedaspecialresolutionhasallowedthestatestointerveneWhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.Itisundertheinvestigation.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealsdecision .focusesontrivialitiesconveysanambiguousmessageisatoddswithitsearlierrulingsisoutoftouchwithrealityWhatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.Broadbandproviders’rightsshouldbeprotected.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligence(AI)istypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofinwhatwaysisAlchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.HereareafewwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:BetterhiringpracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions.“Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,”saysPedroDomingos,authorof TheMasterAlgorithm:HowtheQuestfortheUltimateLearningMachineWillRemakeOurWorldandacomputerscienceprofessorattheUniversityofWashington.Inaddition,“(41) OnecompanythatdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.MoreeffectivemarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.(42) Theseare“toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople,”saysPatrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.SavingcustomersmoneyEnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,savingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompanies,meanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyaccessrisk.Domingossays,“(43) ”Improvedaccuracy“Machinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdatavaluable,”saysWinston.It“helpspeoplemakesmarter(44)ProtectingandmaintaininginfrastructureAnumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAIimageprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen.they fail first and then you fix them, very expensive,” says “(45) ”AIreplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou’redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujusthavetimefor. TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIcess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereusefulforemployeestogoto.We’realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,theywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcostthecompanymoney.AIlooksatrésumésingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthepromisingcandidates.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsChinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)WorldWarIIwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodernWesternsocieties.Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3-5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesforentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingauniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidly(thoughunevenly)duringthe1970sand1980s.Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.TherewasfirsttherateofinmanycountriesofWesternEurope,thenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsduringthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven,eight,or10yearsbythemiddleofthe1970s.Second,growthobviouslyaffectedtheabsolutesizebothofsystemsandindividualinstitutions.Andthird,growthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionoftherelevantageenr