2023年考研外語模擬試卷11

考研外語模擬試卷11

一、UseofEnglish

1、Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawinds,firesweptacross4,250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpine,California.Morethan650peoplewere(1)_____immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters(2)_____tocontroltheconflagration(alarge,destructivefire大火),(3)_____ofsmoke(4)_____over9,000mandsentcloudsof(5)_____driftingacrossSanDiego,nearly50kmaway.A(6)_____ofairtankers(acargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel運輸水或燃料的飛機)andhelicopters(7)_____waterandfire-retarding(8)_____overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe(9)_____wasstartedbya(10)_____discardedcigarette.California,(11)_____rainingatthistimeofyear,hadonly1mmofprecipitation(rain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictime)inDecember,making(12)_____thestate's(13)_____wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970's(14)_____homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere(15)_____bywildfire.Afterthat(16)_____residentMaryTituswroteherself(17)_____aboutwhattodo,shouldanotherfire(18)_____forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof(19)_____IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid,"Ihad30minutes,Iwas(20)_____"

A.evacuated

B.slip

C.run

D.rush

2、(2)

A.struck

B.fought

C.struggled

D.trial

3、(3)

A.sets

B.columns

C.rows

D.arrays

4、(4)

A.rose

B.rise

C.raise

D.raised

5、(5)

A.ash

B.ass

C.as

D.ah

6、(6)

A.armada

B.line

C.fleet

D.group

7、(7)

A.splashed

B.dropped

C.fell

D.dripped

8、(8)

A.chemicals

B.substance

C.chemistry

D.element

9、(9)

A.spark

B.flash

C.blaze

D.glow

10、(10)

A.single

B.unique

C.rare

D.only

11、(11)

A.formally

B.normally

C.morally

D.formerly

12、(12)

A.it

B.that

C.which

D.what

13、(13)

A.wet

B.dry

C.drier

D.driest

14、(14)

A.main

B.large

C.major

D.principal

15、(15)

A.destroying

B.destroyed

C.destructed

D.destructing

16、(16)

A.experiment

B.trial

C.experience

D.event

17、(17)

A.reminders

B.notes

C.diaries

D.warning

18、(18)

A.still

B.ever

C.never

D.yet

19、(19)

A.what

B.that

C.which

D.it

20、(20)

A.luck

B.unlucky

C.lucky

D.unfortunate

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

PermitmefirsttothankourChinesehostsforyourextraordinaryarrangementsandhospitality.MywifeandI,aswellasourentireparty,aredeeplygrateful.Intheshortperiodofsixdays,wehavegonealongerdistancethantheLongMarch.Wehaveacquiredakeensenseofthediversity,dynamism,andprogressofChinaunderyourpoliciesofreform.andopeningtotheoutsideworld.

MorethaneightyearshavepassedsincevicepremierDengXiaopingandIjoinedhandstoestablishfulldiplomaticrelationsbetweenourtwogreatnations.OurhopeandvisionwastoforgeaSino-Americanrelationshipwhichwouldcontributetoworldpeaceandthewelfareofourtwopeoples.IpersonallylookedupontheforgingoffirmSino-Americantiesasahistoricallysignificantexperiment.

Wefacedthequestionin1978,astosomeextentwestilldotoday:Cantwonationsasdifferentasours—yoursoneoftheoldestcivilizationsonearth,mineoneoftheyoungest;yoursasocialiststateandminecommittedtocapitalism;yoursadevelopingcountryandmineadevelopedone—cantwonationssurmountandindeeddrawuponthesedifferencestobuildanunprecedentedanddistinctiverelationshipinworldaffairs?Ifwearesuccessful,inonegreatstepourtwonationswillhavebeenabletoeaseoneofthegreatestsourcesoftensionininternationalaffairs:thatbetweenthedevelopinganddevelopedworlds.Westillhavealongwaytogo,anditisstilltooearlytoconcludethatourexperimentwillculminateinsuccess,butcertainlytheresultsofthefirsttenyearsarepromising.Sino-Americantieshavebecomeextensive,affectingallaspectsofournationallives:commerce,culture,education,scientificexchangeandourseparatenationalsecuritypolicies.

I'mmostproudofthelargenumberofChinesestudentsbeingeducatedinourcountry—nowabout18000.Iteachsomeofthemandseethebenefitsthatcomefromthisexchange.Atthesametime,wearelearningvaluablelessonsfromyou.Nonetheless,problemsremaininoureconomic,educationalandstrategicrelations.

AsaprivateAmericancitizenIrecognizethatmanyoftheburdensandopportunitiesofourrelationshiphavenowpassedtothenon-governmentalsectorsofourtwosocieties:toindividuals,ourcorporations,universities,researchinstitutes,foundations,andsoon.ThereisnodoubtthatSino-Americanrelationshavereachedanewstage.Inthiscontext,itisimportantforourtwosocietiestosearchforareasofcooperationwhichclearlyaddtoourmutualbenefit.

Inthatregard,I'mdelightedthatGlobal2000-BCCIislaunchingtwoprojectsintheareaofpublichealth.Althoughoursisrelativelyquitesmall,suchactivities,whencombinedwithourcommonforeignpolicyinterestsandagrowingcommercialrelationship,shouldhelptoremovethelingeringfragilityinSi-no-Americanrelations.

Bysaying"...wehavegonealongerdistancethantheLongMarch"inthefirstparagraph,thespeakerintendsto______.

A.showthattheirvisitismoreimportantthantheLongMarch

B.showthattheyareverybusyduringthevisit

C.inform.theaudienceofhistiresomefeelingofhislongdistancetravel

D.emphasizethesuccesshisvisittoChina

2、

TheSino-Americanrelationshipisofgreatimportancebecause______.

A.thetwonationsaredifferentintheirsystems

B.thetwonationsarebigones

C.theworldpeaceandthewelfareofthetwopeoplesmaybefurtherguaranteed

D.thetwonationsbelongtodifferentworlds

3、

Accordingtoparagraph3,theauthortriestoemphasize______.

A.thepromisingfutureofSino-Americanrelationship

B.thedifficultiesinvolvedinSino-Americanrelationship

C.thedifferencesbetweenthetwonations

D.theslimpossibilitiesinfurtherdevelopingtherelationsbetweenthetwonations

4、

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUEaccordingtothepassage?______.

A.ThespeakerhasbeendeeplyimpressedbythegreatchangeinChina.

B.ThespeakerhaslittleconfidenceinthefutureofSino-Americanrelations.

C.TherearestillmanyproblemstobesolvedconcerningSino-Americanrelations.

D.Therearemoreandmorenon-governmentalcontactsbetweenthetwonations.

5、

WhichofthefollowingmaybestdescribethetoneofthespeechbytheformerU.S.PresidentCarter?

A.Doubtfulanduncertain

B.Friendlyandhopeful

C.Seriousandcritical

D.Casualandfriendly

6、Thephysicistinvestigatingtherelationshipbetweentimeandspace,thechemistisexploringthepropertiesofanewsubstance,thebiologistprobingthemysteriesofthecontinuityoflife,andtheanthropologistsearchingforhumanoriginsshareacommontraitcuriosity.Notthatnonscientistsarenotcurious;mostpeoplepossessthischaracteristic.Thescientist,however,usesaspecificmethodtomakeresearchesintotheseenigmaticproblems—thescientificmethod.

Unfortunately,scienceanditsmethodaremisunderstood.Themultiplicationofourknowledgeinmedicineandtechnologyhasledtoideathatsciencecancureallandexplainallandthatonlyenoughtime,moneyandintelligenceareneeded.Intruth,sciencecan'tprovideallanswers.Infact,manyphenomenaarenotevensubjecttoscientificexplanations.

Ontheothersideofthecoin,sciencehasbeenattackedasacauseofmostcontemporaryproblems.Itissaidtoberesponsibleforthedepersonalizationoftheindividual,forstrippingcreativityfromhumanbehavior,andforcreatingmassivethreatstothespeciesthroughthedevelopmentofnuclearpower,insecticideandpollutingmachinery.Ifweanalyzethesituation,wecanseethatitwasnottheoriginalintentofthepeoplewhodevelopedcomputerstodebasehumankind,norwasmassproductionproposedasamethodtocrushcreativity.Itiswhatsociety,policymakersespecially,doeswithscientificandachievementsthatmakesthemsocialorantisocial.Thereisnothinginherentlygoodorbadaboutscience.

Whichofthefollowingisthemaintopicofthepassage?______.

A.Scientistsandtheircuriosity

B.Understandingsofscience

C.Scienceandscientificmethod

D.Misunderstandingsofscience

7、

Thelastsentenceofparagraph2couldbeexplainedaswhichofthefollowing?______.

A.Manyphenomenacanbesubjectsofscientificexplanations

B.Manyphenomenacanfindanswersinscientificexplanations

C.Scientificexplanationscan'tprovideanswerstomanyphenomena

D.Scientificexplanationsarenotrelatedtomanyphenomena

8、

Theexpression"todebasehumankind'inpara.3couldbeexplainedas______.

A.toprovidebasetohumankind

B.toreducethevalueofhumankind

C.togetridofhumankind

D.tocompetewithhumankind

9、

Accordingtothelastparagraph,whichofthefollowingwillbeacceptedbytheauthor?______.

A.Scienceisthecauseofmodemproblems

B.Scienceitselfisneithergoodnorbad

C.Scienceleadstoenvironmentalpollution

D.Sciencecausesmanyantisocialacts

10、

Intheexpression"Ontheothersideofthecoin"inPara.3"thecoin"isusedtoreferto______.

A.themisunderstandingofscience

B.thescientificexplanation

C.themoneyneededinscientificresearch

D.thecuriosityofscientistsandnonscientists

11、Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed,hisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.

Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenoclearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpect,thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromoneanother,andthereisagreatdealofdebatebetweenproponentsofeachtheory.Thecontroversyisoftenreferredtoas"nature/nurture".

Thosewhosupportthe"nature"sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehavior.patternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalandgeneticfactors.Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristics,andbehavior.iscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehavior.ispredeterminedtosuchadegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.

Proponentsofthe"nurture"theory,or,astheyareoftencalled,behaviorists,claimedthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist,B.F.Skinnerseeshumansasbeingswhosebehavior.isalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.Thebehaviorists'viewofthehumanbeingisquitemechanistic;theymaintainthat,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.

Eitherofthesetheoriescannotyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.Infact,itisquitelikelythatthekeytoourbehavior.liessomewherebetweenthesetwoextremes.Thatthecontroversywillcontinueforalongtimeiscertain.

Whichoneofthefollowingstatementswouldsupportersofthe"nature"theoryagreewith?

A.Aperson'sinstinctshavelittleeffectonhisaction

B.Environmentisimportantindeterminingaperson'sbehavior.andpersonality

C.Biologicalreasonshaveastronginfluenceonhowweact

D.Thebehaviorists'viewcorrectlyexplainshowweact

12、

Whichoneofthefollowingstatementswouldproponentsofthe"nurture"theoryagreewith?______.

A.Person'scharacterisgreatlyinfluencedbyhisenvironment

B.Behavioristtheoryisnotcorrect

C.Biologicallybasedinstinctsareimportantinhowweact

D.Environmenthaslittletodowithbehavior

13、

B.F.Skinner______.

A.supportsthenaturetheory

B.believesintheimportanceofgenesindeterminingpersonality

C.thinkstheenvironmentplaysanimportantroleindeterminingcharacter

D.believesinstinctsgovernbehavior

14、

Concerningthenature/nurturecontroversy,thewriterofthisarticle______.

A．supportsthenaturetheory

B．supportsthenurturetheory

C．believesbotharecompletelywrong

D．thinksthatthecorrectexplanationofhumanbehavior.willtakeideasfromboththeories

15、

IntheUnitedStates,BlackpeopleoftenscorebelowWhitepeopleonintelligencetests,withthisinmind,whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?______.

A.NatureproponentswouldsaythatWhitesaregeneticallysuperiortoBlacks

B.SupportersofthenaturetheorywouldsaythatWhitesscorewellbecausetheyhaveasuperiorenvironment

C.BehavioristswouldsaythatBlackoftenlacktheeducationalandenvironmentalnadvantagesthatWhitesenjoy

D.NurtureproponentswoulddisagreethatBlacksarebiologicallyinferiortowhites

16、Learningsciencehelpschildrentodevelopwaysofunderstandingtheworldaroundthem.Forthistheyhavetobuildupconceptswhichhelpthemlinktheirexperiencestogether;theymustlearnwaysofgainingandorganizinginformationandofapplyingandtestingideas.Thiscontributesnotonlytochildren'sabilitytomakebettersenseofthingsaroundthem,butpreparesthemtodealmoreeffectivelywithwiderdecision-makingandproblem-solvingintheirlives.Scienceisasbasicapartofeducationasnumeracyandliteracy;itdailybecomesmoreimportantasthecomplexityoftechnologyincreasesandtoucheseverypartofourlives.

Learningsciencecanbringadoublebenefitbecausescienceisbothamethodandasetofideas;bothaprocessandaproduct.Theprocessofscienceprovideawayoffindingoutinformation,testingideasandseekingexplanations.Theproductsofscienceareideaswhichcanbeappliedinhelpingtounderstandnewexperiences.

Theword"can"isusedadvisedlyhere;itindicatesthatthereisthepotentialtobringthesebenefitsbutnoguaranteethattheywillberealizedwithouttakingtheappropriatesteps.Inlearningsciencethedevelopmentoftheprocesssideandtheproductsidemustgohandinhand;theyaretotallyinterdependent.Thishasimportantimplicationsforthekindsofactivitieschildrenneedtoencounterintheireducation.Butbeforepursuingtheseimplications,therearestilltwofurtherimportantpointswhichunderlinethevalueofincludingscienceinprimaryeducation.

Thefirstisthatwhetherweteachchildrenscienceornot,theywillbedevelopingideasabouttheworldaroundfromtheirearliestyears.Iftheseideasarebasedoncasualobservation,non-investigatedeventsandtheacceptanceofhearsay,thentheyarelikelytobenon-scientific,"everyday"ideas.Thereareplentyofsuchideasaroundforchildrentopickup.Mymotherbelieved(andperhapsstilldoesdespitemyefforts)thatifthesunshinesthroughthewindowontothefireitputsthefireout,thatcheesemaggots(acommonencounterinheryouthwhenfoodwassoldunwrapped)aremadeofcheeseanddevelopspontaneouslyfromit,thatplacingalidonapanofboilingwatermakesitboilatalowertemperature,thatelectricitytravelsmoreeasilyifthewiresarenottwisted.Similarmythsstillaboundandnodoubtinfluencechildren'sattemptstomakesenseoftheirexperience.Aswellashearsay,lefttothemselves,childrenwillalsoform.someideaswhichseemunscientific;forexample,thattomakesomethingmoverequiresaforcebuttostopitneedsnoforce.Alltheseideascouldeasilybeputtothetest;children'sscienceeducationshouldmakechildrenwanttodoit.Thentheynotonlyhavethechancetomodifytheirideas,buttheylearntobeskepticalaboutso-called"truthsuntilthesehavebeenputtothetest.Eventuallytheywillrealizethatallideasareworkinghypotheseswhichcanneverbeprovedright,butareusefulaslongastheyfittheevidenceofexperienceandexperiment.

Theimportanceofbeginningthislearningearlyinchildren'seducationistwofold.Ontheonehandthechildrenbegintorealizethatusefulideasmustfittheevidence;ontheotherhandtheyarelesslikelytoform.andtoaccepteverydayideaswhichcanbeshowntobeindirectconflictwithevidenceandscientificconcepts.Thereareresearchfindingstoshowthatthelongerthenon-scientificideashavebeenheld,themoredifficulttheyaretochange.Manychildrencometosecondaryscience,notmerelylackingthescientificideastheyneed,butpossessingalternativeideaswhichareabarriertounderstandingtheirsciencelessons.

Thesecondpointaboutstartingtolearnscience,andtolearnscientifically,attheprimarylevelisconnectedwithattitudestothesubject.Thereisevidencethatattitudestosciencese

A.theimportanceofscienceinhumandevelopment

B.theproperwaysofteachingchildrenscience

C.thenecessityforchildrentolearnscience

D.thecorrectattitudetoscienceasasubjectinprimaryeducation

17、

AllthefollowingarementionedinthepassageasreasonswhychildrenshouldlearnscienceEXCEPT______.

A．makingbettersenseofthingsaroundthem

B．improvingtheirdecision-makingability

C．cultivatingtheirproblem-solvingability

D．developingtheirtotalpersonality

18、

WhichofthefollowingisNOTMENTIONEDaccordingtothepassage?

A.Theappropriatestepstobetakeninteachingchildrenscience

B.Theimportanceforchildrentolearnscience

C.Thenecessityofincludingscienceinprimaryeducation

D.Thebenefitslearningsciencecanbringabout

19、

Thewriter'smainpurposeofwritingparagraph4is______.

A．toillustratehowchildrenmaybehavetounscientificideas

B．toexplainwhychildrensoeasilypickupunscientificideas

C．totellthereadershisownexperiencewhenhewasyoung

D．tosupporttheideathatscienceshouldbeincludedinprimaryeducation

20、

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.

A．manyprimaryschoolteachersdonotpayenoughattentiontotheproperarrangementoftheirsubjects

B．childrenmayeasilybeaffectedbytheirparents'attitudetoscience

C．theearlylearningofsciencemayhaveapositiveeffectonchildren'slaterdevelopment

D．everyoneshouldlearnsomethingaboutscience

21、PartB(10points)

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-G.Someoftheparagraphshavebeenplacedforyou.(10points)

A.Whyisforeigntext"renderedmeaningless"whenpassedthroughanonlinetranslationtool?AccordingtoSabineReul,whorunsaFrankfurt-basedtranslationcompany,translationtoolshavelimiteduses,andproblemsarisewhenwebusersexpecttoomuchfromthem."Atranslationtoolworksforsomethings,"saysReul."SayaBritishcompanywantstoorderaboxofscrewsfromaGermansupplier.AsentencelikeWeneedoneboxofacertaintypeofscrew'issomethingthatamachinecouldtranslatereasonablyaccurately—thoughprimitively."

B.Yetwhenitcomestotranslatingblocksoftext-wordsandsentencesthatconveythoughtsandsentiments,onlinetoolsareboundtofail,sheadds."Beyondsimplesentences,theonlineprocesssimplydoesn'tworkbecausemachinesdon'tunderstandgrammarandsemantics,nevermindidiomandstyle.""Languageisnotasystemofsignsinthemechanicalsenseoftheword",saysReul."Itisalivingmediumthatisusedtoconveythought.Andthatiswheremachinesfail.Humaninputisindispensableaslongascomputerscannotthink."Reulandothertranslatorslookforwardtothedaywhenclevercomputersmighthelptoeasetheirworkload—butthattimehasnotarrivedyet.

C.EarlierthismonththesmallGermantownofHomberg-an-der-Efze,northofFrankfurt,hadtopulpanentireprintrunofitsEnglish-languagetourismbrochureafterofficialsusedanInternettranslatingtooltotranslatetheGermantext.Accordingtoonereport,thebrochurewas"renderedmeaningless"bytheonlinetool.MartinWagner,mayorofHomberg-an-der-Efze,admitsthatthetownmadea"blunder".AsaresultofofficialstryingtosavemoneybygettingtheInternettodoatranslator'sjob,atotalof7500brochureshadtobebinned.

D.Itwouldbeniceifcomputerscoulddothejob.Andcertainlythequestformachinetranslationhaspromptedalotoflinguisticresearchthatmayprovevaluableinunforeseenways.Butexperiencetodateconfirmsthateventhemostsubtlecomputerprogramdoesn'tthinkandyouneedtobeabletothinkinordertotranslate."

E.Thisstoryhighlightssomeofthepitfallsoftranslatingonline.Therearemanyinstanttranslationtoolsontheweb,buttheyarebestusedforindividualwordsandshortphrases,ratherthanforbrochures,booksoranythingcomplex.Forexample,oneofthejoysofthewebisthatitgrantsyouaccesstoanarrayofforeignnewssources.Yetifyouweretouseatranslationtooltotrytomakesenseofsuchreports,youcouldendupwitharatherskewedandsurrealviewoftheworld.

F.Untilthedawnofthinkingcomputers,onlinetranslationtoolsarebestreservedforwords,basicsentencesandusefulholidayphrase.Fortourismbrochures,newspaperreportsandtherest,youwillhavetorelyonsomeold-fashioned"humaninput".

G.Relyingononlinetranslationtoolscanbeariskybusiness,especiallyifyouexpecttoomuchofit.Forthetimebeing,mighttranslationbesomethingbestlefttothehumans?

Order:Gisthe1stparagraph,andFisthelast.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Anawkward-lookingcharactersuchasCyranodeBergeracmightsniffatthesuggestion,butrecentscientificresearchshowsbeauty,brainsandbrawnmayinfactallbeallied,writesDr.RajPersaud.

(46)Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothestereotypicallyatt