公共英語三級閱讀文章

公共英語三級閱讀文章公共英語三級閱讀文章對于閱讀理解來說，練習(xí)是最好的方法。只有在反復(fù)的閱讀中，才能培養(yǎng)良好的能力。下面，就為大家送上3篇三級閱讀文Apainterhangshisorherfinishedpictureonawall,andeveryonecanseeit.Aposerwritesawork,butnoonecanhearituntilitisperformed.Professionalsingersandplayershavegreatresponsibilities,fortheposerisutterlydependentonthem.Astudentofmusicneedsaslongandasarduousatrainingtobeeaperformerasamedicalstudentneedstobeeadoctor.Mosttrainingisconcernedwithtechnique,formusicianshavetohavethemuscularproficiencyofanathleteoraballetdancer.Singerspracticebreathingeveryday,astheirvocalchordswouldbeinadequatewithoutcontrolledmuscularsupport.Stringplayerspracticemovingthefingersofthelefthandupanddown,whiledrawingthebowtoandfrowiththerightarm——twoentirelydifferentmovements.Singersandinstrumentalistshavetobeabletogeteverynoteperfectlyintune.Pianistsaresparedthisparticularanxiety,forthenotesarealreadythere,waitingforthem,anditisthepianotuner'sresponsibilitytotunetheinstrumentforthem.Buttheyhavetheirowndifficulties:thehammersthathitthestringshavetobecoaxednottosoundlikepercussion,andeachoverlappingtonehastosoundclear.Thisproblemofgettingcleartextureisonethatconfrontsstudentconductors:theyhavetolearntoknoweverynoteofthemusicandhowitshouldsound,andtheyhavetoaimatcontrollingthesesoundswithfanaticalbutselflessauthority.Techniqueisofnouseunlessitisbinedwithmusicalknowledgeandunderstanding.Greatartistsarethosewhoaresothoroughlyathomeinthelanguageofmusicthattheycanenjoyperformingworkswritteninanycentury.畫家將已完成的作品掛在墻上，每個人都可以欣賞到。作曲家寫完了一部作品，得由演奏者將其演奏出來，其他人才能得以欣賞。因為作曲家是如此完全地依賴于職業(yè)歌手和職業(yè)演奏者，所以職業(yè)歌手和職業(yè)演奏者肩上的擔子可謂不輕。一名學(xué)音樂的學(xué)生要想成為一名演奏者，需要經(jīng)受長期的、嚴格的訓(xùn)練，就象一名醫(yī)科的學(xué)生要成為一名醫(yī)生一樣。絕大多數(shù)的訓(xùn)練是技巧性的。音樂家們控制肌肉的熟練程度，必須到達與運發(fā)動或巴蕾舞演員相當?shù)乃?。歌手們每天都練?xí)吊嗓子，因為如果不能有效地控制肌肉的話，他們的聲帶將不能滿足演唱的要求。弦樂器的演奏者練習(xí)的那么是在左手的手指上下滑動的同時，用右手前后拉動琴弓——兩個截然不同的動作。歌手和樂器演奏者必須使所有的音符完全相同協(xié)調(diào)。鋼琴家們那么不用操這份心，因為每個音符都已在那里等待著他們了。給鋼琴調(diào)音是調(diào)音師的職責(zé)。但調(diào)音師們也有他們的難處：他們必須耐心地調(diào)理敲擊琴弦的首錘，不能讓首錘發(fā)出的聲首象是打擊樂器,而且每個交疊的音都必須要清晰。如何得到樂章清晰的紋理是學(xué)生指揮們所面臨的難題：他們必須學(xué)會了解音樂中的每一個音及其發(fā)音之道。他們還必須致力于以熱忱而又客觀的權(quán)威去控制這些音符。除非是和音樂方面的知識和悟性結(jié)合起來，單純的技巧沒有任何用處。藝術(shù)家之所以偉大在于他們對音樂語言駕輕就熟，以致于可以滿懷喜悅地演出寫于任何時代的作品。音樂方面的知識和悟性結(jié)合起來，單純的技巧沒有任何用處。藝術(shù)家之所以偉大在于他們對音樂語言駕輕就熟，以致于可以滿懷喜悅地演出寫于任何時代的作品。Pricesdeterminehowresourcesaretobeused.Theyarealsothemeansbywhichproductsandservicesthatareinlimitedsupplyarerationedamongbuyers.ThepricesystemoftheUnitedStatesisaplexworkposedofthepricesofalltheproductsboughtandsoldintheeconomyaswellasthoseofamyriadofservices,includinglabor,professional,transportation,andpublic-utilityservices.Theinterrelationshipsofallthesepricesmakeupthe"system"ofprices.Thepriceofanyparticularproductorserviceislinkedtoabroad,plicatedsystemofpricesinwhicheverythingseemstodependmoreorlessuponeverythingelse.Ifoneweretoaskagroupofrandomlyselectedindividualstodefine"price",manywouldreplythatpriceisanamountofmoneypaidbythebuyertothesellerofaproductorserviceor,inotherwords,thatpriceisthemoneyvalueofaproductorserviceasagreeduponinamarkettransaction.Thisdefinitionis,ofcourse,validasfarasitgoes.Forapleteunderstandingofapriceinanyparticulartransaction,muchmorethantheamountofmoneyinvolvedmustbeknown.Boththebuyerandthesellershouldbefamiliarwithnotonlythemoneyamount,butwiththeamountandqualityoftheproductorservicetobeexchanged,thetimeandplaceatwhichtheexchangewilltakeplaceandpaymentwillbemade,theformofmoneytobeused,thecredittermsanddiscountsthatapplytothetransaction,guaranteesontheproductorservice,deliveryterms,returnprivileges,andotherfactors.Inotherwords,bothbuyerandsellershouldbefullyawareofallthefactorsthatprisethetotal"package"beingexchangedfortheasked-foramountofmoneyinorderthattheymayevaluateagivenprice.價格決定資源的使用方式。價格也是有限的產(chǎn)品與效勞在買方中的配給手段。美國的價格系統(tǒng)是復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)，包括經(jīng)濟生活中一切產(chǎn)品買賣的價格，也包括名目繁多的各種效勞，諸如勞動力、專職人員、交通運輸、公共事業(yè)等效勞的價格。所有這些價格的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系構(gòu)成了價格系統(tǒng)。任何一種個別產(chǎn)品或效勞的價格都與這個龐大而復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)密切相關(guān)，而且或多或少地受到系統(tǒng)中其它成份的制約。如果隨機挑選一群人，問問他們?nèi)绾味x"價格"，許多人會答復(fù)價格就是根據(jù)賣方提供的產(chǎn)品或效勞，買方向其付出的錢數(shù)。換句話說，價格就是市場交易中大家認同的產(chǎn)品或效勞的貨幣量。該定義就其本身來說自有其道理。但要獲得對價格在任何一樁交易中的完整認識，就必須考慮到大量"非貨幣"因素的影響。買賣雙方不但要清楚交易中的錢數(shù)，而且要非常熟悉交易物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量，交易的時間、地點，采用哪種形式付款，有怎樣的緩付和優(yōu)惠，對交易物的質(zhì)量保證、交貨條款、退賠權(quán)利等等。也就是說，為了能估算索價，買賣雙方必須通曉構(gòu)成交易物價格的通盤細節(jié)。TherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theonemostwidelyaeptedtodayisbasedontheassumptionthatdramaevolvedfromritual.Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning,humanbeingsviewedthenaturalforcesoftheworld-eventheseasonalchanges-asunpredictable,andtheysoughtthroughvariousmeanstocontroltheseunknownandfearedpowers.Thosemeasureswhichappearedtobringthedesiredresultswerethenretainedandrepeateduntiltheyhardenedintofixedrituals.Eventuallystoriesarosewhichexplainedorveiledthemysteriesoftherites.Astimepassedsomeritualswereabandoned,butthestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.Thosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused.Furthermore,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformancesandwhentheentiremunitydidnotparticipate,acleardivisionwasusuallymadebetweenthe"actingarea"andthe"auditorium."Inaddition,therewereperformers,and,sinceconsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmistakesintheenactmentofrites,religiousleadersusuallyassumedthattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoftenimpersonatedotherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings,andmimedthedesiredeffect——suessinhuntorbattle,theingrain,therevivaloftheSun——asanactormight.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswereseparatedfromreligiousactivities.Anothertheorytracesthetheater'soriginfromthehumaninterestinstorytelling.Aordingtothisviewtales(aboutthehunt,war,orotherfeats)aregraduallyelaborated,atfirstthroughtheuseofimpersonation,action,anddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilyrhythmicalandgymnasticorthatareimitationsofanimalmovementsandsounds.關(guān)于古希臘戲劇的起源存在著多種理論，其中一個最普遍為人承受的理論假設(shè)認為戲劇從儀式演化而來。這個觀點是這樣進展論證的：一開始，人類把世界上的自然力量，甚至季節(jié)的變化都看成是不可預(yù)料的。他們試圖通過各種方式去控制這些的、令人恐懼的力量。那些似乎帶來了滿意結(jié)果的手段就被保存下來并且重復(fù)直到這些手段固化為不變的儀式，最后產(chǎn)生了能夠解釋或者掩蓋這些儀式神秘性的故事。隨著時間的推移，一些儀式被廢棄了，但這些后來被稱作神話的故事流傳下來并且為藝術(shù)和戲劇提供了素材。認為戲劇從儀式演化而來的人們還認為那些儀式包含了戲劇的根本因素，因為音樂、舞蹈、面具和服裝