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第四+五篇SmallButWiseOnDecember14,NASA1blastedasmallbutmightytelescopeintospace.ThetelescopeiscalledWISEandisaboutaswidearoundasatrashcan.Don'tletitssmallsizefoolyou:WISEhasapowerfuldigitalcamera,anditwillbetakingpicturesofsomethewildestobjects2intheknownuniverse,includingasteroids,faintstars,blazinggalaxies3andgiantcloudsofdustwhereplanetsandstarsareborn."I'mveryexcitedbecausewe'regoingtobeseeingpartsoftheuniversethatwehaven'tseenbefore,"saidNedWright,ascientistwhodirectstheWISEproject.Sincearrivinginspace,theWISEtelescopehasbeencirclingtheEarth,heldbygravityinapolarorbit4(thismeansitcrossesclosetothenorthandsouthpoleswitheachlap5).Itscameraispointedoutward,awayfromtheEarth,andWISEwillsnapapictureofadifferentpartoftheskyevery11minutes.Aftersixmonthsitwillhavetakenpicturesacrosstheentiresky.ThepicturestakenbyWISEwon'tbelikeeverydaydigitalphotographs,however.WISEstandsfor"Wide-fieldInfraredSurveyExplorer."Asitsnamesuggests,theWISEcameratakespicturesoffeaturesthatgiveoffinfraredradiation6.Radiationisenergythattravelsasawave.Visiblelight,includingthefamiliarspectrumoflight7thatbecomesvisibleinarainbow,isanexampleofradiation.Whenanordinarydigitalcameratakesapictureofatree,forexample,itreceivesthewavesofvisiblelightthatarereflectedoffthetree.Whenthesewavesenterthecamerathroughthelens,they'reprocessedbythecamera,whichthenputstheimagetogether.Wavesofinfraredradiationarelongerthanwavesofvisiblelight,soordinarydigitalcamerasdon'tseethem,andneitherdotheeyesofhumanbeings.Althoughinvisibletotheeye,longerinfraredradiationcanbedetectedaswarmthbytheskin.That'sakeyideatowhyWISEwillbeabletoseethingsothertelescopescan't.Noteverythingintheuniverseshowsupinvisiblelight.Asteroids,forexample,aregiantrocksthatfloatthroughspace—buttheyabsorbmostofthelightthatreachesthem.Theydon'treflectlight,sothey'redifficulttosee.Buttheydogiveoffinfraredradiation,soaninfraredtelescopelikeWISEwillbeabletoproduceimagesofthem.DuringitsmissionWISEwilltakepicturesofhundredsofthousandsofasteroids.Browndwarfs8areanotherkindofdeep-spaceobjectthatwillshowupinWISE'spictures.Theseobjectsare"failed"stars—whichmeanstheyarenotmassiveenoughtojumpstart9thesamekindofreactionsthatpowerstarssuchasthesun.Instead,browndwarfssimplyshrinkandcooldown.They'resodimthatthey'realmostimpossibletoseewithvisiblelight,butintheinfraredspectrumtheyglow.詞匯:trashcan/'tr??,k?n/n.垃圾箱infrared/'infr?'red/adj.紅外線asteroid/'?st?r?id/n.小行星dwarf/dw?:f/n.矮星注釋:1.NASA(美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局)是縮寫(xiě)詞,全稱是NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration。2.thewildestobjects:任何你能想象得到的天體。wild有“未被人馴養(yǎng)的”“荒唐的”“離奇的”意思。3.faintstars,blazinggalaxies:指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無(wú)法觀察到的天體。4.polarorbit:極地軌道。指軌道平面與赤道面夾角為90。的人造地球衛(wèi)星軌道。人造衛(wèi)星運(yùn)行時(shí)能到達(dá)南北極區(qū)上空,即衛(wèi)星能飛經(jīng)全球范圍的上空。需要在全球范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行觀測(cè)和應(yīng)用的氣象衛(wèi)星、導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星、地球資源衛(wèi)星等都采用這種軌道。5.lap:一圈。原指競(jìng)賽場(chǎng)的一圈或游泳池的一個(gè)來(lái)回,如:Sheovertooktheotherrunnersonthelastlap.她最后一圈超過(guò)了其他參賽者。6.infraredradiation:紅外線輻射7.spectrumoflight:光譜,即,光輻射的波長(zhǎng)分布區(qū)域。8.Browndwarfs:褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡,很難發(fā)現(xiàn)它們,要確定它們的大小就更加困難。9.jumpstart:啟動(dòng)練習(xí):1.WhatissospecialaboutWISE?AItissmallinsizebutcarriesalargecamera.BItisassmallasatrashcan.CItsdigitalcameracanhelpastronomerstoseetheunknownspace.DNeverbeforehasatelescopecarriedadigitalcamerainspace.2.WhichisNOTthesynonymfortheword"snap"inthethirdparagraph?Amake.Bshoot.Ctake.Dphotograph.3.ThecameraonWISEAisnodifferentfromanordinarycamera.Bdoesnotseeinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoes.Ccatchestheinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoesnot.Dreflectslightthathumaneyescansee.4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcorrectabout"asteroids"accordingtoparagraph7?AAsteroidsfloatthroughspacegivingoffvisiblelight.BAsteroidsdonotreflectlightthatreachesthem.CItisdifficulttotakeasteroids'picturesbyordinarycameras,DTheWISEtelescopecantakepicturesofasteroids5.Whatisimpliedinthelastparagraph?ABrowndwarfsgiveoffvisiblelight.BBrowndwarfsgiveoffinfraredradiation.CBrowndwarfsarepowerstarslikethesun.DBrowndwarfsareimpossibletoseewiththeWISEtelescope.答案與題解:1.C短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE的特殊之處就在于,雖然體積小,但它的數(shù)碼相機(jī)能拍到任何天體,所以能夠幫助天文學(xué)家觀測(cè)到宇宙空間中(intheknownuniverse)的未保衛(wèi)自己的領(lǐng)地。4.anincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups:其他動(dòng)物群體在數(shù)量和品種上的增長(zhǎng)。5.biomass:物質(zhì)名詞,由bio和mass兩部分組成,意為“生物量”“生物質(zhì)”。6.biodiversity:物質(zhì)名詞,由bio和diversity兩部分組成,意為“生物多樣性”。7.themaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem:螞蟻對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)作用。8.belowgroundprocesses:土壤下面的(工作)過(guò)程,即影響生態(tài)環(huán)境的過(guò)程。練習(xí):1.Whyareantscomparedtoecosystemengineers?ABecausetheybuildtheirownnests.BBecausetheycollectfood.CBecausetheiractivityaffectstheenvironment.DBecausetheyarepredators.2.Aspredators,antsApreyonsmallaswellaslargeanimals.BcollectnutritiousfoodfromthesoilCcollectfoodasdecomposers.Dpreyonspeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.3.DirSanders'studycenteredonhowantsAcanmanagetothriveinhugenumbers.Bdefendtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Cattackthoseinvadinganimalsforsurvival.Dproducesuchabigimpactontheenvironment.4.Whatdoesparagraph6tellus?AAntsbringaboutanegativeinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.BAntsbringaboutapositiveinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.CAnts'predationcounteractsthepositiveinfluencetheymayhaveonanarea.DAthigherdensity,antsproduceapositiveinfluenceonanarea.5.Whatstillremainsunclearaboutants,accordingtothelastparagraph?AWhatrolesdoantsplayintheecosysteminwhichtheylive?BHowdoantsaffecttheanimaldiversityinagivenecosystem?CHowdohumanactivitiesaffectants'influenceonagivenecosystem?DHowdoantsalterthephysicalandchemicalenvironment?答案與題解:1.C短文的第一段提供了答案。A不是正確答案,因?yàn)椴⒉皇且驗(yàn)槲浵仌?huì)筑巢才被譽(yù)為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師,而是因?yàn)樗鼈冎埠瞳@取食物的方式改變了土壤的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平,為整個(gè)食物鏈提供了很好的生態(tài)環(huán)境(見(jiàn)第二段)。2.A答案能夠從短文的第三段直接找到。該段告訴我們,螞蟻的掠食范圍很廣,甚至包括比它們體積更大的動(dòng)物(largeranimals)。prey在這里的意思是“捕獵,捕食”,作為動(dòng)詞,后面跟介詞on或upon。3.DDirkSanders說(shuō):“Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtletiesofit.”(第五段)所以,D是正確選擇。句中thesubtletiesofit的意思是:螞蟻對(duì)環(huán)境影響的精妙之處。4.B短文第六段第二句的大概意思是,螞蟻數(shù)量?。╝lowdensityofants)的話,能使其他動(dòng)物的品種和數(shù)量增加(increasedthediversityanddensityofotheranimals),從而給環(huán)境帶來(lái)積極影響;第三句說(shuō),如果螞蟻的數(shù)量大(Athigherdensities),就不可能產(chǎn)生同樣的影響,或者是相反的影響,這表明,螞蟻的掠食活動(dòng)會(huì)抵銷螞蟻給環(huán)境帶來(lái)的積極影響。第七段DrFrankvanVeen表達(dá)了大體相同的內(nèi)容。5.C最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告訴我們,螞蟻極易受人類的影響(theseorganismsarehighlyresponsivetohumanimpact),第三句告訴我們,科學(xué)家還不清楚人類對(duì)螞蟻這種干擾如何破壞螞蟻對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)作用(”itisnotclearhowsuchdisturbancedamagesthemaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem.”)。譯文:第四十六篇螞蟻?zhàn)鳛椤吧鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”對(duì)環(huán)境影響巨大埃克斯特大學(xué)所做的研究表明,螞蟻?zhàn)鳛椤吧鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”和食肉動(dòng)物的行為對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境影響巨大。該研究發(fā)表在動(dòng)物生態(tài)雜志上,它表明螞蟻對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境有兩大顯著的影響。第一,通過(guò)筑巢而挪動(dòng)土壤或采集食物,螞蟻影響土壤的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平。這可間接影響當(dāng)?shù)貜母锏绞澄镦湼邔拥脑S多動(dòng)物種群的數(shù)量。第二,它們捕食的動(dòng)物種類很多,包括那些被大量工蟻攻擊的大獵物。DirkSanders是該大學(xué)生態(tài)和保護(hù)中心所做的此項(xiàng)研究的作者,他說(shuō):“螞蟻是高效的食肉動(dòng)物,而且能大量繁殖。它們具有很強(qiáng)的領(lǐng)地意識(shí),并且會(huì)竭盡全力對(duì)抗其他的食肉動(dòng)物來(lái)保衛(wèi)自己的領(lǐng)地。所有這些都意味著螞蟻對(duì)周圍環(huán)境影響巨大?!薄霸谠撗芯恐?,我們第一次對(duì)螞蟻帶來(lái)的影響程度及微妙程度進(jìn)行研究。所得到的發(fā)現(xiàn)是:盡管是食肉動(dòng)物,螞蟻的出現(xiàn)能促使其他動(dòng)物族群在數(shù)量和品種上的增長(zhǎng)。并對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境起到切實(shí)重要的作用,對(duì)大草原的食物鏈影響巨大?!盨anders說(shuō)。該研究在德國(guó)進(jìn)行,它對(duì)花園黑螞蟻和一般的紅螞蟻在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影響力進(jìn)行研究。黑螞蟻和紅螞蟻在整個(gè)歐洲包括英國(guó)都能找到。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一個(gè)地區(qū)的螞蟻密度小,而其他動(dòng)物尤其是食草動(dòng)物和腐生物的數(shù)量和種類會(huì)增多。如果螞蟻的密度大,就不可能產(chǎn)生同樣的影響,或者產(chǎn)生相反的影響,這表明,螞蟻的掠食活動(dòng)會(huì)抵消螞蟻給環(huán)境帶來(lái)的積極影響。DrFrankvanVeen是本研究的另一作者,他說(shuō):“我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)是:如果螞蟻的數(shù)量少,其對(duì)土壤的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平的影響會(huì)對(duì)動(dòng)物族群產(chǎn)生積極的效果。如果螞蟻的數(shù)量增加,其捕食的影響會(huì)達(dá)到最大化,因此會(huì)抵消螞蟻通過(guò)生態(tài)工程給環(huán)境帶來(lái)的積極影響?!蔽浵伿巧鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,不僅因?yàn)樗加泻艽蟛糠值纳锪?,而且因?yàn)槠渥鳛樯鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師的角色。螞蟻具有難以想象的多樣性,但極易受人類的影響,這就使它的多樣性有顯著的減少。然而,科學(xué)家還不消楚人類對(duì)螞蟻這種干擾如何破壞螞蟻對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)作用。螞蟻通過(guò)變動(dòng)物理的和化學(xué)的環(huán)境,通過(guò)對(duì)植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影響而對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境起至關(guān)重要的作用。第十三篇SolarPowerwithoutSolarCellsAdramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflightdiscoveredbyUniversityofMichigan1researcherscouldleadtosolarpowerwithouttraditionalsemiconductor-basedsolarcells.Theresearchersfoundawaytomakean"optical1,"saidStephenRand,aprofessorinthedepartmentsofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,PhysicsandAppliedPhysics.Lighthaselectricandmagneticcomponents.Untilnow,scientiststhoughtthe2ofthemagneticfieldweresoweakthattheycouldbeignored.WhatRandandhiscolleaguesfoundisthatattherightintensity,whenlightistravelingthroughamaterialthatdoesnotconductelectricity,thelightfieldcangeneratemagneticeffectsthatare100milliontimesstrongerthan3expected.4thesecircumstances,themagneticeffectsdevelopstrengthequivalenttoastrongelectriceffect."Thiscouldleadtoanewkindofsolarcellwithoutsemiconductorsandwithoutabsorptiontoproducechargeseparation,"Randsaid."Insolarcells,the5goesintoamaterial,getsabsorbedandcreatesheat.Here,weexpecttohaveaverylowheatload2.Insteadofthelightbeingabsorbed,energyisstoredinthemagneticmoment3.Intensemagnetizationcanbeinducedbyintenselightandthenitisultimatelycapableofprovidingacapacitivepower6."Whatmakesthispossibleisapreviouslyundetectedbrandof"opticalrectification4,"saysWilliamFisher,adoctoralstudent5inappliedphysics.Intraditionalopticalrectification,light'selectricfieldcausesachargeseparation,orapulling7ofthepositiveandnegativecharges6inamaterial.Thissetsupavoltage,similarto8inabattery.RandandFisherfoundthatundertherightcircumstancesandinrighttypesofmaterials,thelight'smagneticfieldcanalsocreateopticalrectification.Thelightmustbeshonethrough7a9thatdoesnot10electricity,suchasglass.Anditmustbefocusedtoanintensityof10millionwattspersquarecentimeter8.Sunlightisn'tthisintenseonitsown,butnewmaterialsarebeingsoughtthatwouldworkatlowerintensities,Fishersaid."Inourmostrecentpaper,weshowthatincoherentlight9likesunlightistheoreticallyalmostas11inproducingchargeseparationaslaserlightis,"Fishersaid.Thisnew12couldmakesolarpowercheaper,theresearcherssay.Theypredictthatwithimprovedmaterialstheycouldachieve10percentefficiencyin13solarpowertouseableenergy.That'sequivalenttotoday'scommercial-gradesolarcells."Tomanufacture14solarcells,youhavetodoextensivesemiconductorprocessing,"Fishersaid."Allwewouldneedarelensestofocusthelightandafibertoguideit.Glassworksfor15.It'salreadymadeinbulk10,anditdoesn'trequireasmuchprocessing.Transparentceramicsmightbeevenbetter."詞匯:optical/'?ptik?l/adj.光學(xué)的incoherent/,ink?u’hi?r?nt/adj.非相干的capacitive/k?'p?sitiv/adj.電容(量)的semiconductor/,semik?n’d?kt?/n.半導(dǎo)體rectification/,rektifi'kei??n/n.改正,修正ceramics/si'r?miks/n.陶瓷注釋:1.UniversityofMichigan:密歇根大學(xué)。建校于1817年,是美國(guó)名列前茅的公立大學(xué),擁有優(yōu)良的師資和頂尖的商學(xué)院、法學(xué)院、醫(yī)學(xué)院和工學(xué)院。2.heatload:熱負(fù)荷3.magneticmoment:磁矩4.opticalrectification:光學(xué)校正5.doctoralstudent:博士生6.positiveandnegativecharges:正電荷與負(fù)電荷7.shonethrough:shone是shine的過(guò)去式。shinethrough是“(光)通過(guò)”。8.anintensityof10millionwattspersquarecentimeter:每平方厘米一千萬(wàn)瓦特的強(qiáng)度9.incoherentlight:非相干光10.It'salreadymadeinbulk:它(指玻璃)已大量生產(chǎn)。inbulk是“大量,成批”。練習(xí):1.AmicroscopeBinstrumentCfiberDbattery2.AmodificationsBeffectsCapplicationsDresults3.AfrequentlyBprivatelyCpreviouslyDformally4.AUnderBAtCOnDOver5.AlightBelectricityCchemicalDmagnetism6.AplantBequipmentCsourceDline7.AdownBupCtogetherDapart8.AthisBthatCthoseDit9.AmaterialBlensCmeterDdetector10.AproduceBconveyCuseDconduct11.AremoteBpoorCeffectiveDrare12.AprototypeBskillCtechniqueDmiracle13.AconvertingBobtainingCdeliveringDtransmitting14.AcompactBmodernCdurableDhandy15.AothersBsomeCallDboth答案與題解:1.D第一段說(shuō)密歇根大學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn),光所產(chǎn)生的巨大磁效應(yīng)有望用于太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電,從而取代傳統(tǒng)的半導(dǎo)體太陽(yáng)能電池。因此本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是battery。opticalbattery是“光電池”。opticalmicroscope(光學(xué)顯微鏡)、opticalinstrument(光學(xué)儀器)或opticalfiber(光纖)與第一段的意思沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。2.B選擇本題的答案的依據(jù)還是要回到第一段。第一段第一句的起始詞語(yǔ)是“Adramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflight"。本篇文章中心議題是用magneticeffectoflight開(kāi)發(fā)新型的太陽(yáng)能電池。而以前的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為magneticeffectoflight太微弱,不值得去關(guān)注它。因此,本題選effects與上下文的意思很連貫。3.C本句的意思是:當(dāng)光通過(guò)一種絕緣材料時(shí),光場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生的磁效應(yīng)比以前想象的要強(qiáng)一億倍。previously是當(dāng)然的選擇。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)填入句子中,意思不合邏輯:frequently(頻繁地)/privately(私下地)/formerly(正式地)expected。4.Aunderthesecircumstances是固定詞組,意為“在這種情況下”。也可以說(shuō)inthesecircumstances,而at、on或over都不與circumstances連用。5.A通篇文章談的是光產(chǎn)生的磁效應(yīng),所以在太陽(yáng)能電池中,當(dāng)然是光進(jìn)入某種材料起作用。答案是選項(xiàng)A。6.C密歇根大學(xué)的科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)太陽(yáng)光產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的磁效應(yīng),再轉(zhuǎn)換為電,所以磁效應(yīng)是產(chǎn)生電的源泉(source)。powerplant(發(fā)電廠)、powerequipment(電力設(shè)備)或powerline(輸電線)與上文的意思接不上。7.Dor在本句的意思是“即”,后面的詞語(yǔ)是解釋專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)chargeseparation(電荷分離)。選apart與pushing構(gòu)成pushingapart。pushingapart的意思相當(dāng)于separation。所以本題的答案是D。8.B從上下文判斷,要填人的代詞是替代前面的voltage。根據(jù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法,替代單數(shù)名詞的代詞要用that,替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞的代詞要用those。voltage是單數(shù),所以that是答案。9.A從本句句末的suchasglass判斷,要填入的詞一定是包括glass的概括詞。因此,只有選項(xiàng)material符合這個(gè)條件。而且第三、四段也都提到光磁場(chǎng)效應(yīng)是由光通過(guò)一個(gè)不導(dǎo)電的材料(material)而產(chǎn)生的。10.D答案的根據(jù)可以在第三段中找到。原句是:"WhatRandandhiscolleaguesfoundisthatattherightintensity,whenlightistravelingthroughamaterialthatdoesnotconductelectricity,thelightfieldcangeneratemagneticeffectsthatare100milliontimesstrongerthanpreviouslyexpected.”選項(xiàng)conduct是答案。11.C激光通過(guò)特定材料時(shí)能產(chǎn)生chargeseparation。密歇根大學(xué)科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),陽(yáng)光通過(guò)特定材料時(shí)也像激光一樣能產(chǎn)生chargeseparation。如果chargeseparation是remote、poor或rare,密歇根大學(xué)科學(xué)家所說(shuō)的利用光磁場(chǎng)效應(yīng)開(kāi)發(fā)新型的太陽(yáng)能電池就不可能成立。所以答案是effective。12.C說(shuō)這種樣機(jī)(thisprototype)、技巧(thisskill)或這一奇跡(thismiracle)能降低太陽(yáng)能的價(jià)格,似乎離題太遠(yuǎn)。只有用這一技術(shù)(thistechnology)概括上一段的意思才準(zhǔn)確。因此本題答案是technology。13.A科學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè),通過(guò)改進(jìn)材料,可使太陽(yáng)能轉(zhuǎn)化成可用能源的效率達(dá)到10%。本題的答案是converting。而obtaining(得到)、delivering(輸送)和transmitting(發(fā)射)與“能量轉(zhuǎn)換”掛不上號(hào)。14.B通篇文章沒(méi)有談到新型太陽(yáng)能電池是compact(緊湊小型的)、durable(耐用的)或handy(使用便利的),所以不會(huì)是答案。選modern是合理的,因?yàn)槊苄髮W(xué)科學(xué)家研發(fā)的不用半導(dǎo)體的太陽(yáng)能電池是先進(jìn)的。15.D答案是both,指代的是上一句的“tofocusthelightandafibertoguideit”這兩點(diǎn)。譯文:第十三篇沒(méi)有太陽(yáng)能電池的太陽(yáng)能密歇根大學(xué)的研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn),光所產(chǎn)生的巨大磁效應(yīng)有望用于太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電,從而取代傳統(tǒng)的半導(dǎo)體太陽(yáng)能電池。StephenRand是電力工程和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)系以及物理和應(yīng)用物理系的故授,他講道:“研究者們找到了制造光電池的方法”。光具有電磁成分。而以前的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為電磁光太微弱,不值得去關(guān)注。Rand和他的同事的發(fā)現(xiàn)是,在適當(dāng)?shù)膹?qiáng)度下,當(dāng)光通過(guò)一個(gè)不導(dǎo)電的物質(zhì),光場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生的磁效應(yīng)比以前想象的要大一億倍。在這種情況下,光磁效應(yīng)所釋放的能量堪比強(qiáng)電效應(yīng)。“這有可能開(kāi)發(fā)出不用半導(dǎo)體或不用吸入電荷分離的新型太陽(yáng)能電池,太陽(yáng)能電池是利用光射入一種材料,吸收和產(chǎn)生熱量。而目前我們期望有一種非常低的熱負(fù)荷來(lái)取代用磁矩吸收光源,儲(chǔ)存能量。強(qiáng)光可以誘導(dǎo)強(qiáng)磁力,強(qiáng)磁力最終能夠發(fā)電”。Rand教授說(shuō)?!笆怪蔀榭赡艿氖?,之前有一種探測(cè)不到的叫光學(xué)矯正的電光”。應(yīng)用物理學(xué)的博士生WilliamFisher如是說(shuō)。在傳統(tǒng)的光學(xué)嬌正中,光電場(chǎng)致使電荷分離或把材料中的正負(fù)電荷分開(kāi),這就具有像電池一樣的電壓了。Rand和Fisher發(fā)現(xiàn),如果周圍的環(huán)境合適并且材料適合,光磁場(chǎng)也可能產(chǎn)生光學(xué)矯正。光必須穿過(guò)像玻璃一樣的不導(dǎo)電物質(zhì)。并且聚集的電量為每平方厘米一千萬(wàn)瓦。太陽(yáng)光自己沒(méi)有那么強(qiáng),但是正在尋找的新型材料能夠在低電流狀態(tài)下完成工作。Fisher說(shuō):“在我們最近的論文中,我們表明,像太陽(yáng)這樣的非相干光,理論上能夠像激光一樣產(chǎn)生電荷分離?!毖芯空邆償嘌?,這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)能使太陽(yáng)能降低成本,他們預(yù)測(cè),一且使用改進(jìn)的材料,太陽(yáng)能可轉(zhuǎn)換成可用能量,其轉(zhuǎn)換率可達(dá)10%。這等同于當(dāng)下商用的太陽(yáng)能電池。目前要生產(chǎn)太陽(yáng)能電池,必須要進(jìn)行大量的半導(dǎo)體的加工,而我們將來(lái)所需要的只是聚光的透鏡和導(dǎo)入光線的纖維。玻璃能起到以上雙重作用。它已被大量生產(chǎn),而且不大需要太多的加工。如使用透明陶瓷會(huì)更好。第十五篇“Liquefaction”KeytoMuchofJapaneseEarthquakeDamageThemassivesubductionzone1earthquakeinJapancausedasignificantlevelofsoil"liquefaction"2thathassurprisedresearcherswithits1severity,anewanalysisshows."We'veseenlocalized3examplesofsoilliquefactionasextremeasthisbefore,butthedistanceand2ofdamageinJapanwereunusuallysevere,"saidScottAshford,aprofessorofgeotechnicalengineering4atOregonStateUniversity5."Entirestructuresweretiltedandsinkingintothesediments,"Ashfordsaid."Theshiftsinsoildestroyedwater,drainandgaspipelines6,cripplingtheutilitiesandinfrastructurethesecommunitiesneedto3.Wesawsomeplacesthatsankasmuchasfourfeet."Somedegreeofsoilliquefaction7iscommoninalmostanymajorearthquake.It'saphenomenoninwhichsoilssoakedwithwater,particularlyrecentsedimentsorsand,canlosemuchoftheir4andflowduringanearthquake.Thiscanallowstructurestoshiftorsinkor5.Butmostearthquakesaremuch6thantherecenteventinJapan,Ashfordsaid.ThelengthoftheJapaneseearthquake,asmuchasfiveminutes,mayforceresearcherstoreconsidertheextentofliquefactiondamagepossiblyoccurringinsituationssuchasthis8."Withsuchalong-lastingearthquake,wesaw7structuresthatmighthavebeenokayafter30secondsjustcontinuedtosinkandtiltastheshakingcontinuedforseveralmoreminutes,"hesaid."Anditwasclearthatyoungersediments,andespeciallyareasbuilton8filledground,aremuchmorevulnerable."ThedataprovidedbyanalyzingtheJapaneseearthquake,researcherssaid,shouldmakeitpossibletoimprovetheunderstandingofthissoil9andbetterprepareforitinthefuture.Ashfordsaiditwascriticalfortheteamtocollecttheinformationquickly,10damagewasremovedintherecoveryefforts9."There'snodoubtthatwe'lllearnthingsfromwhathappenedinJapan10that11willhelpustoreducerisksinothersimilar11,"Ashfordsaid."Futureconstructioninsomeplacesmaymakemoreuseoftechniquesknowntoreduceliquefaction,suchasbettercompactiontomakesoilsdense,oruseofreinforcingstonecolumns."AshfordpointedoutthatnorthernCaliforniahaveyoungersoilsvulnerabletoliquefaction—onthecoast,nearriverdepositsorinareaswithfilledground.The"young"sediments,ingeologicterms,maybethose12withinthepast10,000yearsormore.InOregon,forinstance,thatdescribesmuchofdowntownPortland,thePortlandInternationalAirportandothercities.Anything13ariverandoldfloodplainsisasuspect12,andtheOregonDepartmentofTransportationhasalreadyconcludedthat1,100bridgesinthestateareatriskfromanearthquake.Fewerthan15percentofthemhavebeenreinforcedto14collapse.JapanhassufferedtremendouslossesintheMarch11earthquake,butJapaneseconstruction15helpedpreventmanybuildingsfromcollapse---evenastheytiltedandsankintotheground.詞匯:subduction/s?b'd?k??n/n.俯沖sediment/'sedim?nt/n.沉積;沉淀物liquefaction/likwi'f?k??n/n.液化infrastructure/'Infr?,str?kt??/n.基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施geotecnical/d?i?u'teknik?l]adj.巖土技術(shù)compaction/k?m'p?k??n/n.壓緊的vulnerable/'v?ln?r?bl/ad].易受傷害的注釋:1.subductionzone:俯沖帶。亦稱下降帶、潛沒(méi)帶、消亡帶。板塊構(gòu)造說(shuō)認(rèn)為,當(dāng)大洋板塊移動(dòng)并與大陸板塊相遇時(shí),由于大洋板塊巖石密度較大,地位也低,便俯沖到大陸板塊之下,這一俯沖部分叫做俯沖帶。俯沖帶兩側(cè)板塊會(huì)聚邊界稱會(huì)聚邊緣(convergentboundary)。俯沖帶上面反映震源活動(dòng)的地帶稱“貝尼奧夫地震帶(Benioffseismiczone)"。2.soil"liquefaction":土壤液化。土壤液化現(xiàn)象是指由于孔隙水壓力上升,有效應(yīng)力減小所導(dǎo)致的土壤從固態(tài)到液態(tài)的變化,飽水的疏松的粉、細(xì)砂土在振動(dòng)作用下突然破壞而呈現(xiàn)液態(tài)的現(xiàn)象。3.localized:小范圍的4.geotechnicalengineering:巖土工程。5.OregonStateUniversity:俄勒岡州立大學(xué),建校于1858年,位于美國(guó)俄勒岡州科瓦利斯,全校設(shè)11個(gè)學(xué)院,80多個(gè)專業(yè),尤以農(nóng)科和工程最為突出。2008年俄勒岡州立大學(xué)的核能工程專業(yè)在全美大學(xué)中排名第9名。6.water,drainandgaspipelines:自來(lái)水管道、排水管道和煤氣管道。"water,drainandgaspipelines”即“waterpipelines,drainpipelinesandgaspipelines"。7.somedegreeofsoilliquefaction:某種程度的土壤液化8.toreconsidertheextentofliquefactiondamagepossiblyoccurringinsituationssuchasthis:本句的意思是:重新審視類似這次(持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的)地震中因土壤液化而可能造成的毀壞的規(guī)模。9.recoveryefforts:重建工作10.thatwe'lllearnthingsfromwhathappenedinJapan:我們將從日本的地震中學(xué)到很多東西。該句是同位語(yǔ)從句,說(shuō)出前半句nodoubt的內(nèi)容。11.that:that引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句,修辭前半句中的things。12.suspect:被懷疑對(duì)象。文中指的是那些疑似危險(xiǎn)的土壤。練習(xí):1.A.internalB.differentC.difficultD.widespread2.A.volumeB.lengthC.extentD.width3.A.functionB.repairC.buildD.remove4.A.durabilityB.strengthC.abilityD.property5.A.a(chǎn)scendB.compactC.collapseD.recover6.A.shorterB.longerC.simplerD.stranger7.A.whenB.whatC.howD.which8.A.occasionallyB.frequentlyC.speciallyD.recently9.A.developmentB.phenomenonC.formationD.composition10.A.unlessB.untilC.afterD.before11.A.findingsB.locationsC.eventsD.sources12.A.deliveredB.depositedC.destroyedD.detached13.A.nearB.fromC.insideD.over14.A.preventB.accelerateC.predictD.detect15.A.stylesB.sitesC.costsD.standards答案與題解:1.D前文說(shuō)到日本的俯沖帶地震是massive(巨大的),而且砂土液化到達(dá)一個(gè)significantlevel。根據(jù)上述描述,選widespread(分布廣泛的)修飾severity是正確的。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)與severity搭配后,意思接不上。2.C本句由but連接并列的兩個(gè)分句組成。第一個(gè)分句說(shuō)以前也發(fā)生過(guò)地震引發(fā)的砂土液化的現(xiàn)象,但涉及范圍較小。第二個(gè)分句通過(guò)but語(yǔ)氣一轉(zhuǎn),說(shuō)這次地震造成的破壞是罕見(jiàn)的。很顯然,選extent(程度)與distance(距離,范圍)合用說(shuō)明破壞的程度和范圍是符合上下文的意思的。3.A在“Theshiftsinsoildestroyedwater,sewerandgaspipelines,cripplingtheutilitiesandinfrastructurethesecommunitiesneedto…”中,"thesecommunitiesneedto...”是定語(yǔ)從句,指代utilities和infrastructure的關(guān)系代詞which在定語(yǔ)從句中起賓語(yǔ)作用,被省略了。need后面的動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是which,也就是utilitiesandinfrastructure。從意思上看,這些社區(qū)需要這些公用事業(yè)設(shè)備和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施起功能作用(function)。選function是對(duì)的。其他選項(xiàng)都不合適。4.B浸了水的砂土,特別是新近的沉積土、沙土等失去的不會(huì)是durability(耐用性)和ability(能力),也不會(huì)是泛泛的property(性質(zhì)),而
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